Showing papers on "Potassium nitrate published in 2021"

Potassium: A Vital Macronutrient in Potato Production—A Review

Abstract: Potassium (K) is a primary macronutrient for overall plant growth, yield potential, product quality and stress resistance of crops. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops require a high amount of potassium to achieve the ideal yield and quality. Therefore, the determination of optimum K rate and efficient source for potato is necessary because K affects crop physiological processes, dry matter production, cooking, and processing requirements. Through modeling on the pooled data extracted from 62 studies, the highest tuber yields might be obtained at an exchangeable soil K level of 200 mg kg−1 approximately, dependent on soil pH, texture, and organic matter. Through modeling on the data of 48 studies, it also revealed that application of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and potassium chloride (KCl) at rates of 200 kg ha−1 and potassium nitrate (KNO3) at a rate of 100 kg ha−1 might achieve the ideal yield, implying the importance of K sources in potato production. However, these values (either soil exchangeable K content, or fertilizer rates) might not be applicable in a specific growing environment for a specific potato variety. It seems that there is no discrimination among split, pre-plant or in-season application of K, although pre-plant fertilization might be a trustworthy strategy for economic tuber yield. Owing to the luxury consumption of K by potato crop, a combination of factors, including soil exchangeable K level, petiole K concentration, crop removal amount, soil conditions, management practices, climatic conditions, and potato variety, should be considered in order to make rational K fertilizer recommendations.

Effects of N deposition on the quality and quantity of soil organic matter in a boreal forest: Contrasting roles of ammonium and nitrate

Abstract: Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition plays a critical role in soil organic matter (SOM) transformation, but the responses of the quantity and quality of SOM to ammonium and nitrate fertilization remain unclear. In this work, a 6-year field experiment amended with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) fertilizers at four rates of 0, 10, 20, and 40 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was conducted in a boreal forest. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis and elemental analysis were used to investigate the chemical composition and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in bulk soils and two density fractions (light fraction 1.70 g cm−3). Soil microbial community composition was determined based on phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis. Results showed that the SOC contents in the organic and mineral layers under nitrate addition were significantly increased by 27–87%. By contrast, ammonium addition significantly decreased the SOC contents in the organic layer by 28–54%. Nitrate addition increased relative proportions of acetic acid in the light fraction and toluene in bulk soil, but decreased relative abundance of phenol in bulk soil, indicating that more plant-derived input contributed to the increase of SOC. Contrastingly, ammonium addition increased the proportions of benzene in bulk soil and pyrrole as well as the mineralization index (pyrrole/phenol) in the heavy fraction, suggesting more advanced mineralization degree of SOM. Moreover, ammonium addition altered microbial community structure with a higher ratio of fungi/bacteria (F/B) while nitrate addition had little effect on soil microbial community. Overall, our findings highlight the contrasting roles of ammonium and nitrate in SOM dynamics, which should be distinguished to accurately predict the responses of SOC sequestration to N deposition especially in N-limited boreal forests.

Comparative study of nucleation and growth mechanism of cobalt electrodeposited on ITO substrate in nitrate and chloride electrolytes

Abstract: A comparative study of the electrochemical deposition of cobalt on tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrate was carried out using electrochemical techniques in nitrate and chloride electrolytes. The bath used for the study in a nitrate medium contains 0.01 M of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2. 6H2O) with 0.1 M of potassium nitrate (KNO3). For the chloride medium study, the electrolyte consists of a mixture of 0.01 M CoCl2 with 0.1 M potassium chloride (KCl). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the chronoamperometry (CA) have been used to study the kinetics, nucleation, and growth mechanism. The (CV) and (CA) measurements revealed that the electrodeposition of cobalt (Co) at a negative potential around −0.95 V versus SCE (saturated calomel electrode) is a quasi-reversible reaction controlled by the diffusion process in the two electrolytes. The measured current transient curves were compared to those calculated from Scharifker-Hills and Heerman-Tarallo models. It was found that a progressive three-dimensional (3D) nucleation mechanism governed the nucleation and the growth of Co on the ITO substrate in chloride solution, while in nitrate solution, the nucleation mechanism followed the instantaneous 3D model. The characterization of samples by X-ray diffraction had shown that the cobalt electrodeposited on ITO substrate has a hexagonal crystal structure whatever the electrolyte composition.

Renal handling of nitrate in women and men with elevated blood pressure.

Abstract: Aim The inorganic anions nitrate and nitrite are oxidation products of nitric oxide (NO) that have often been used as an index of NO generation. More than just being surrogate markers of NO, nitrate/nitrite can recycle to bioactive NO again. Nitrate is predominantly eliminated via the kidneys; however, there is less knowledge regarding tubular handling. The aim of this study, as part of a large randomized controlled trial, was to explore potential sex differences in renal nitrate handling during low and high dietary nitrate intake. We hypothesized that renal clearance and excretion of nitrate are higher in men compared to women. Methods In prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals (n = 231), nitrate and nitrite were measured in plasma and urine at low dietary nitrate intake (baseline) and after 5 weeks supplementation with nitrate (300 mg potassium nitrate/day) or placebo (300 mg potassium chloride/day). Twenty-four hours ambulatory blood pressure recordings and urine collections were conducted. Results At baseline, plasma nitrate and nitrite, as well as the downstream marker of NO signalling cyclic guanosine monophosphate, were similar in women and men. Approximately 80% of filtered nitrate was spared by the kidneys. Urinary nitrate concentration, amount of nitrate excreted, renal nitrate clearance (Cnitrate ) and fractional excretion of nitrate (FEnitrate ) were lower in women compared to men. No association was observed between plasma nitrate concentrations and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), nor between FEnitrate and GFR in either sex. After 5 weeks of nitrate supplementation plasma nitrate and nitrite increased significantly, but blood pressure remained unchanged. FEnitrate increased significantly and the sex difference observed at baseline disappeared. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate substantial nitrate sparing capacity of the kidneys, which is higher in women compared to men. This suggests higher tubular nitrate reabsorption in women but the underlying mechanism(s) warrants further investigation.

Effectiveness of various potassium sources on vegetative growth, flowering, essential oil productivity and some chemical constituents of yarrow (achillea millefolium l.) plant

Abstract: Achillea millefolium is a major medicinal and aromatic herb and has antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic and antitumor effects in its essential oil. This research was conducted at Floriculture Farm and in the Laboratories of Horticulture Departments, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons to study the effect of foliar spraying at 2000 mg/l with various potassium sources i.e., potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium humate, potassium nitrate, potassium silicate, potassium sulphate, monopotassium phosphate and di-potassium hydrogen phosphate on vegetative growth, flowering, essential oil productivity and some chemical constituents of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) plants. Results showed that various potassium sources scored highly significant effects on vegetative growth and flowering of A. millefolium L. plant, particularly potassium nitrate followed potassium humate. Moreover, the richest leaf N% was resulted by potassium nitrate, whereas, spraying A. millefolium L. plants with monopotassium phosphate treatment induced the highest values of the percentage of P (%) and total chlorophylls content (%) as well as the maximum K (%), while total carbohydrate content was given by potassium sulphate. In addition, spraying yarrow plant with potassium citrate treatment induced the maximum values of essential oil parameters. Furthermore, the constituents of volatile oil of A. millefolium L. showed 13 components have been recognized. The major components were α-bisabolol oxide B, limonene, carvacrol and chamazulene. Consequently, spraying A. millefolium L. plants with potassium nitrate or potassium humate is recommended, to boost growth, flowering and some chemical constituents, whereas potassium citrate and potassium silicate treatment induced the richest values of essential oils production

Thermal Storage of Nitrate Salts as Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

Abstract: This study presents the energy storage potential of nitrate salts for specific applications in energy systems that use renewable resources. For this, the thermal, chemical, and morphological characterization of 11 samples of nitrate salts as phase change materials (PCM) was conducted. Specifically, sodium nitrate (NaNO3), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) were considered as base materials; and various binary and ternary mixtures were evaluated. For the evaluation of the materials, differential Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify the temperature and enthalpy of phase change, thermal stability, microstructure, and the identification of functional groups were applied. Among the relevant results, sodium nitrite presented the highest phase change enthalpy of 220.7 J/g, and the mixture of 50% NaNO3 and 50% NaNO2 presented an enthalpy of 185.6 J/g with a phase change start and end temperature of 228.4 and 238.6 °C, respectively. This result indicates that sodium nitrite mixtures allow the thermal storage capacity of PCMs to increase. In conclusion, these materials are suitable for medium and high-temperature thermal energy storage systems due to their thermal and chemical stability, and high thermal storage capacity.

Ameliorative effects of exogenous ascorbic acid and potassium nitrate on antioxidant defence system and mineral nutrients uptake in tomatoes under salt stress

Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of ascorbic acid (AsA) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) on the salt-based oxidative stress in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. leaves. The obtained results showed that the saline stress had negative effect on plant vegetative growth and other biochemical parameters. The KNO3 (10 and 20 mM) and AsA (1 and 2 mM) treatments increased the relative water content (RWC) in fresh leaves and dry matter (DM) under salinity (125 mM). The addition of AsA and KNO3 significantly increased both antioxidative enzyme activities (i.e. superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase) and the photosynthetic pigments contents of the plant leaves, while the Lipid peroxidation and proline levels decreased. It was considerable that the negative effects of salt-stress were reduced for vegetative growth and other biochemical parameters of tomato plants. The results of this study showed that the usage of AsA and KNO3 could increase salt stress tolerance and ensure protection for tomato plants against oxidative stress.

Influence of Foliar Application of Calcium Nitrate and Potassium Nitrate On Qualitative and Quantitative Traits of Seedless Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.)

Abstract: Foliar application of nutrient is more efficient than soil-applied. In this project the effect of calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate on qualitative and quantitative traits was investigated in seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.). Seedless barberry shrubs with different reproductive statuses (ON and OFF) were treated with spraying of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) or potassium nitrate (KNO3) solutions at concentration of 0.5% and distilled water (as control) four times during different fruit growth and development stages. The results showed that foliar application of both chemical salts significantly increased the number of clusters per branch, the number of berries per branch and the number of berries per cluster in 2017. The highest and the lowest number of clusters per branch, and the number of berries per branch were obtained in KNO3 and control treatments, respectively in 2018. Also, the greatest number of berries per cluster was recorded in treated plants with Ca(NO3)2 in 2018. The nitrogen content of fruit was higher in Ca(NO3)2 treatment. The highest fruit calcium content was obtained in Ca(NO3)2 treatment in both seasons. Berries treated with distilled water (control) were redder, and the fruits treated with Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 (0.5%) were brighter in the 2017 season. However, the quality of treated fruit with Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 (0.5%) was higher than the control in both years. The results showed that foliar spraying with Ca(NO3)2 and KNO3 significantly improved the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of barberry fruit compared to the control.

Genotypic variations in nitrate respiration along with potassium nitrate treatment - accountable for water logging tolerance in maize

Abstract: The present investigation was undertaken to study the effects of water logging and potassium nitrate treatment on the status of nitrate metabolism in maize genotypes, I 167 and LM 5, showing differential tolerance towards water logging stress. Water logging reduced length and biomass of LM 5 (stress susceptible) seedlings to a higher extent than those of I 167 (stress tolerant). Foliar spray of 1% KNO3 increased seedling growth in both the genotypes. The water logged I 167 seedlings maintained their nitrate levels more efficiently than those of LM 5 seedlings. The parallel increase in NO content in the hypoxic roots showed the effective utilization of NO in nitrate respiration pathway of I 167 seedlings. The increased NO content in the shoots of water logged LM 5 seedlings irrespective of their reduced NR activity showed that the susceptible genotype might have preferentially utilized nitrite ions for NO generation rather than ammonium assimilation during early stage of water logging stress. KNO3 spray increased alanine amino transferase (AlaAT) and glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activities along with an increase in amino acid and protein content of I 167 shoots that might be responsible for better assimilation of amino acids in the tolerant genotype. It may thus be concluded that there were genotypic differences in nitrate metabolism under water logging stress and potassium nitrate significantly improved ammonium assimilation of maize genotypes.

Effect of Spraying Algae Extract and Potassium Nitrate on the Yield and Fruit Quality of Barhee Date Palms

Abstract: The effect of foliar spray with algae extract and/or potassium nitrate on the quantity and quality of Barhee date palm yields was investigated during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Inflorescences of Barhee date palms were sprayed twice, after pollination (1st April of each season) and one month later, with algae extract at concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0% and with potassium nitrate at concentrations of 1% and 2% applied individually or in combinations. The obtained results showed that all of the sprayed treatments enhanced the yield and fruit properties when compared to the controls. Spraying inflorescences of Barhee date palms with algae extract and/or potassium nitrate had a significant effect on the yield and on the physical and chemical properties of the fruit when compared with the untreated palms. The increase in yield and qualitative properties was associated with increasing concentrations of both materials (algae extract and potassium nitrate). The best results were detected with spray containing high rates of combined treatment (1% algae extract + 2% potassium nitrate) applied twice in both seasons studied because this treatment resulted in the highest value of fruit and bunch weight, increased the yield per palm compared to the control by about 60.2%, and improved the fruit physical properties (fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit shape index, flesh weight, and seed weight) and fruit chemical properties (total soluble solids (TSS); acidity; TSS/acid ratio; tannins; and reducing, nonreducing, and total sugars) of the Barhee date palm given the experimental conditions.

Plasma-fixated nitrogen as fertilizer for turf grass

Abstract: We investigated the use of plasma-fixated nitrogen, which produces nitrates (NO3−) in water, as a possible nitrogen fertilizer for recreational turf such as rye grass and bent grass. Experiments were carried out to study the effects of nitrate concentration on growth, the further effects of adding phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) to the plasma nitrated solution to make an N–P–K complete fertilizer, and to compare the efficacy of plasma-fixated nitrogen to sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3). The results indicate that the growth and biomass of the plants were strongly dependent on the concentration of the plasma-fixated nitrogen. Adding P–K to the plasma-fixated nitrogen improved grass growth. Grass that was supplied plasma-fixated nitrogen had improved growth compared to those supplied with equal amounts of NaNO3 and KNO3. This work highlights the potential use of plasma-fixated nitrogen as a fertilizer source for commonly used turf grass.

Exogenous potassium nitrate alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress in maize

Abstract: The effects of the exogenous potassium nitrate application on major antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigment content, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and free proline were investigated in salt-stressed (75 mM NaCl) maize genotype (ADA 9510). Plants were grown in growth chamber for ten days. After five days of applications (control, 0 mM NaCl), S75 (75 mM NaCl), potassium nitrate (3 mM KNO3) and S75 + potassium nitrate (75 mM NaCl + 3 mM KNO3), plants were harvested. The results showed that salt stress significantly decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and free proline contents were increased by salt stress. These results showed that salinity led to the oxidative stress and destruction of photosynthetic pigments in maize leaves. The exogenous potassium nitrate application, on the other hand, caused to the increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoid, elevated level of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase, and decreased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and free proline content. This kind of changes may indicate that the exogenous potassium nitrate application activates the antioxidant defence system and counteract the oxidative stress. Thus, it may be concluded that the exogenous potassium nitrate application improves salt tolerance and encourage the growth of maize plants under salt stress at early seedling stage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4245196

Qualidade de beterraba de mesa (Beta vulgaris) em função de fontes e doses de potássio

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of table beet (Beta vulgaris) as a function of potassium source. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Vicosa - Campus Rio Paranaiba - MG. Two experiments were carried out in the summer and winter seasons and with the same experimental matrix. The sources studied were potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium nitrate. The doses of K were 60, 120, and 240 mg/dm³ of K. The additional treatment was the control without K application. The factors under study were combined in a factorial scheme (3 x 3) + 1 and distributed in blocks to the random with six repetitions. The quality was positively altered by fertilization with K, regardless of the applied sources. Fertilization with K resulting in higher acidity, better firmness, higher L* A and B color intensity, and a linear increase in sucrose. After storage, these variables were reduced in roots without K fertilization and kept when there was fertilization. The quality of roots (soluble solids, texture, and sucrose) of plants grown in winter was higher than in summer crops, with no significant influence of the K source. After being stored, the roots of plants grown in winter showed increased concentration of sucrose, color intensity (L*), acidity, and soluble solids as a function of doses. Thus, it is concluded that K sources do not have significant effects on quality at harvest and after storage in table beets. These variables are increased by potassium fertilization independently of the applied source.

Granular sulfur-containing nitrogen-potassium fertilizer and method for its production

Abstract: FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: granular sulfur-containing nitrogen-potassium fertilizer includes a nitrogen-containing component and potassium sulfate, while additionally contains potassium nitrate at a mass ratio of potassium sulfate and potassium nitrate of 1: (1.1 - 1.2), and the nitrogen-containing component is ammonium sulfate nitrate of the composition (NH4)2SO4⋅2NH4NO3with its content in the fertilizer of 60-70 wt%. A method for producing sulfur-containing nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is proposed.EFFECT: inventions make it possible to obtain a granular sulfur-containing nitrogen-potassium fertilizer with an optimal ratio of the main nutrients (NK) and an optimal ratio of sulfur to these elements, while increasing the physical and mechanical properties of the granules.2 cl, 2 tbl, 7 ex

Clinical Comparison of 5% Potassium Nitrate and 10% Strontium Chloride Toothpastes in Alleviating Dentin Hypersensitivity Following Manual Scaling: A Pilot Study

Abstract: entin Hypersensitivity (DH) has been defined as 'an acute sharp pain of short duration due to exposed dentin, in response to external stimuli that cannot be ascribed to any other form of dental defect and pathology'.1,2 It is a painful response to different irritants such as tooth brushing, sweet and/or sour food etc.3 It is one of the most commonly encountered clinical problems in routine practice. It has also been considered as a chronic pain condition by some authors.4 It is a multi-factorial disease condition caused by enamel loss that could be due to any trauma, gingival recession, erosion and tooth wear.1 The prevalence of DH in the human population is about 10 to 30% , with a female predominance.5 Any surface of tooth can be affected but most common sites are buccal and cervical region of canine and premolars.3 DH can affect any age but usually peaks during the third and fourth decade of life.3 It has been proposed that dentin is composed of dentinal tubules that are covered by mineralized structures on crown by enamel or on the root by the cementum.6 Exposed dentinal tubules due to gingival recession or loss of enamel, play an important role in dentin hypersensitivity.7,8 Many theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including 'Odontoblast Receptor Theory', 'Dentin Innervation Theory' but the most widely accepted theory is the 'Hydrodynamic Theory'. According to this theory, when dentinal tubules come into contact with any stimuli, the dentinal fluid present in tubules tends to move towards the pulp. This movement stimulates the nerve endings in the pulp and that leads to discomfort with pain called dentin hypersensitivity.5 Many agents to manage DH are currently being used 1. Registrar, Department of Periodontology, Riphah International University. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, Riphah International University 3. House Officer, Department of Periodontology, Riphah International University. Corresponding author: “Dr Anam Zahid Kiani” < anamzahid@gmail.com >

Effect of some salts on the mycelial growth and spore germination of fungi caused fruit rot of sweet pepper post-harvest diseases pathogens

Abstract: The paper aimed to inhibit evaluate the effects of some salts as natural products on postharvest diseases of sweet pepper fruits under the laboratory conditions and evaluate their effects on the development and suppression of these diseases. To achieve these aims, four different salts i.e. sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium nitrate and calcium chloride was applied at four concentrations, 1, 2, 3 and 4% (w/v). Salt solutions were tested on the mycelial growth and spore germination of Ulocladium chartarum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium semitectum and Geotrichum candidum. Seven days post incubation, mycelial growth of the tested fungi were completely inhibited by the used salt solutions. Generally, the obtained results indicate a clear impact for most used salts solutions especially sodium salts. Finally, the optimum concentrations of salts under the experiments study conditions for inhibiting of growth of Ulocladium chartarum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium semitectum, and its spores. Geotrichum candidum were 4, 3, 3, 3% (w/v) for sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium nitrate and calcium chloride, respectively. Conclusively, the optimum concentrations of salts in this study for inhibiting growth of some fungi were 4, 3, 3, 3% (w/v) for sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium nitrate and calcium chloride, respectively.

Critical role of potassium and sodium salts against insect-pest complex of rice

Abstract: A field experiment was carried out at Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, Hooghly during rainy ( kharif ) season, 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the effects of potassium and sodium salts on whorl maggot, leaf folder and yellow stem borer of rice. The yield and yield attributing characters were observed and benefit cost ratio was calculated. The potassium salts viz. potassium chloride (KCl), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ), potassium sulfate (K 2 SO 4 ), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ) and sodium salt as sodium chloride (NaCl) were applied by three modes viz. seed soaking for 12 hours before sowing, seedling root dipping for twelve hours before transplanting and foliar sprays at 30 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT). The experimental results revealed that the foliar spray with 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate salt at 30 and 50 DAT was the best performer against rice insect-pests by lowering down the infestation of leaf folder, dead heart and white ear head and as well as responses for good yield. Maximum benefit was recorded with foliar spray of 1% sodium chloride salt.

Physical and chemical properties of L-alanine potassium nitrate single crystal

Abstract: L-alanine potassium nitrate (LAPN) single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals were determined by X-ray diffraction technique. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) study reveals that the functional groups present in the crystal. The UV-Vis-NIR studies were carried out to find the transmittance and other optical parameters. The Vicker’s microhardness test was carried out to estimate the mechanical strength of the grown crystals. Further elastic stiffness constant (C11), yield strength (σy) and the Vicker’s parameter such as work hardening coefficient (n) were estimated using microhardness studies. Thermal stability of the grown crystals was confirmed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).