Showing papers on "Poverty published in 1973"

The Income Elasticity of the Poverty Line

Abstract: COMPARISONS of the extent of poverty at different times are greatly affected by whether the dividing line between the poor and the rest of the population changes as average income grows over time, and if so to what degree.1 The absolute income standard and the relative income standard are polar hypotheses about the income elasticity of the poverty line. Under an absolute standard of poverty, the poverty line is constant (in deflated dollars). In terms of what people thought of as poverty a century ago, the absolute standard implies that today almost no one is poor in the United States. Under a relative standard of poverty, the poverty line changes in the same proportion as average income if the relative income distribution is constant. The relative standard implies that if the shape of the income distribution is the same today as a century ago, the poverty problem is now no less.2 Probably more likely than either of these extremes is that people's judgment about the dividing line between poverty and a more adequate standard of living is determined by a mixture of concerns over both absoluteand relative conditions.3 If so, growth in average income increases the poverty line, but by less than in the same proportion. This proposition -that the income elasticity of the poverty line is between zero and one-is the hypothesis tested in this paper. I Time Series Analysis of Gallup Poll Results

Mass Poverty in Pakistan: Some Preliminary Findings

Abstract: The disillusionment of many developing countries with past policies which paid exclusive attention to the rate of growth has, in recent years, led to a some¬what belated interest in the problems of unemployment, income distribution and mass poverty. Pakistan/perhaps, has the unique, if dubious, distinction of being one of the first developing countries both to adopt and, later, to reject growthmanship as a national creed.1 Although serious doubts about the assumptions and implications of the official strategy of economic growth in Pakistan began to be expressed in 1968, the issues were clouded by the political demand for the autonomy, and later the separation of the eastern wing of the country. At the recent Pakistan Economic Conference, held in February 1973, some of the basic issues of Pakistan's development strategy were discussed hi detail in various papers [1], [7], [14], [25]. The focus of these papers was on income distribution and employment and their implications for the future growth strategy. The present author in his paper [14] at the Conference, presented some tentative estimates of mass poverty and unemployment in West Pakistan. The present paper is designed to give more systematic estimates of the extent of mass poverty in Pakistan.

The Rotating Credit Association: An Adaptation to Poverty.

Abstract: Rotating credit associations are curious economic institutions which have been reported in many areas of the world. Most frequently they have been analyzed with reference to peasant and urbanizing populations. It has been argued that they serve as "middle rung" economic institutions which promote modernization and train individuals to participate in the economic institutions of modernizing nations. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a hitherto unreported association, the cundina, and to analyze it in terms of a different conceptual framework. It has been argued that if poverty is to be fully understood, the life ways of poor people must be viewed and analyzed as adaptations to the conditions which create poverty. In this paper poverty is explained in terms of the concept of relative deprivation and the concept of adaptation is defined with relevance to this phenomenon. Based upon the cundina as well as a reassessment of the ethnographic literature, this paper suggests that rotating credit associati...

Inequality in Retrospect

Abstract: Inequality is a short book (192 pages of text) with quite limited objectives. It sought to show that equalizing opportunity, especially educational opportunity, would not do much to reduce economic inequality or alleviate poverty. Given the book's immodest title, however, many readers evidently expected something more than these negative findings. James Coleman and Stephan Michelson both fault the book for not having gone beyond its negative thesis to explicate the actual causes of income inequality. Philip Jackson rightly complains that the few pages we devote to defining the purposes of schooling are cursory and inadequate.

Ethnic, Economic, and Social Psychological Factors in the Source of Medical Care.

Abstract: Research into the utilization of services is important theoretically as well as practically. From a review of the literature bearing on the use of health services, it may be seen that three alternative models of the determinants of such behavior emerge: 1) unequal access; 2) culture of poverty; 3) cultural and social psychological differences related to ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Data are presented on source of medical care for an area probability sample of Los Angeles County. These data indicate that complex cultural factors are important determinants of this aspect of the utilization of services. The implications of these findings for pluralism in the organization of services are discussed.

Paupers: The Making of the New Claiming Class

Abstract: Originally published in 1973, Paupers looks at poverty through the lens of class and the Welfare State. The book examines those living in poverty, and the direct effects poverty has. The book follows the basis that the economic factors which gave rise to poverty, have little to do with the Welfare State, and that fragmentary changes, can do little to change them. The book’s core argument examines the political and social significance of poverty, and look at the underlying causes and effects of the drift towards a more unequal and unjust society. The book also analyses the factors which bring economically disadvantaged people together, and what happens when they join for collective action.

Death In Vietnam: Class, Poverty, And The Risks Of War

Abstract: Has every young American man had an equal chance of getting killed in the war in Vietnam, whatever his social origins? This is the central empirical question of this article. Socially relevant and politically significant, this question is also important from a sociological standpoint. There is ample evidence that the &dquo;life chances&dquo; of the poor and of workers in general suffer by comparison to those of more privileged strata in the United States. This is true not only of such diverse &dquo;opportunities&dquo; or &dquo;rewards&dquo; as formal education, access to health and medical care, decent housing and humane working conditions, but of mortality rates themselves. In a recent analysis of more than thirty studies-many of them in the United States-of &dquo;Social Class, Life Expectancy, and Overall Mortality,&dquo; Aaron Antonovsky concluded that &dquo;despite the variegated populations surveyed, the inescapable conclusion is that class influences one’s chances of staying alive. Almost without exception, the evidence shows that classes differ in mortality rates.... What

Third‐world poverty

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Taxation and social welfare

Abstract: 66 There is a growing concern that a fair share of the national income should go to low income families. Increasingly, people talk about inequality in the distribution of in come when they speak of poverty.1 What do they mean by poverty? As society be comes affluent, the definition changes from destitution to relative deprivation. Thus, in the United States the poverty line is no longer set at an income just enough to pro vide a minimum level of physical well being. A study of the distribution of income in volves investigating a dynamic cycle of in come at three stages. At the first stage, workers receive income in exchange for pro ductive activities. At the second stage, the government collects a portion of the work ers' income in the form of taxes. At the

A formula for the 1970s: estimating need for subsidized family planning services in the United States.

Abstract: A revised formula for estimating need for family planning services utilizing the 1965 and 1970 National Fertility Studies (NFS) the Johns Hopkins Study of Adolescent Sexuality Conception and Pregnancy and the Currect Population Surveys of 1970 and 1972 was presented. Estimates of fecundity sexual activity fertility expectations and time pregnant or trying to conceive were computed for each age marital and poverty subgroup of all women of childbearing age and applied to actual counts of the 1970 Censis of women in 3 age groups (15-19 20-29 and 30-44) cross-tabulated by 3 marital status groups and by varying multiples of the federal poverty index. The result estimated the need of subsidized service at any point in time and this estimate was adjusted for women returning to the need group after delivery. The new method yields lower estimates of need at any point in time (13% lower) and per 12-month period (15% lower) than the earlier DPV formula due to increased prevalence of surgical sterilization in the 1960s age specific rates of sexual activity among unmarried reducing risk of pregnancy and new estimations for time out for pregnancy. Alternative assumptions for estimating need showed that by altering poverty level or approximate medical indigency results will differ. A decision of whether to include higher income teenagers in an effort to reduce unwanted pregnancy would also effect the estimate of need. Estimates of the number of low-income women in need of subsidized services 1973-1975 was based on increased number of women of childbearing age. The estimated needs for family planning services in each state in 1973 were presented for 3 age groups and 2 income-family size thresholds (at or below 150% of federal poverty index and at or below 200%). Substitution of local values for national values can be made in calculating the local need. In a commentary it was noted that the progress of family planning programs by subsidy from the United States government since 1969 is threatened by the transfer of of federal administration to state governments. It is suggested that the Presidents goal of family planning for all who want but cannot afford it by 1975 will not be met with this transfer.

From Discrimination to Repatriation: Mexican Life in Gary, Indiana, during the Great Depression

Abstract: DURING THE PAST DECADE Americans have been rediscovering important parts of their past. With a few notable exceptions, Mexican Americans-the nation's second largest minority-until recently rated very little space in scholarly writing in history and the social sciences. Today, however, historians and others have begun to probe the experience of Mexicans north of the border.' The history of Mexican immigrants in the United States has not been a particularly happy one. Sought primarily as cheap laborers and subjected to poverty and discrimination, Mexicans nevertheless migrated to the United States in large numbers, especially after World War I, as restrictive quotas in the 1920s cut off the flow of Euro-

Organized family planning programs in the United States: 1968-1972.

Abstract: The data analyzed in this article show that notwithstanding differences among agencies funding sources and regions the organized family planning delivery system as presently constituted with a varied mix of provider agencies is serving almost exclusively women of low or marginal incomes. About 9 in 10 of these women came from families at or below 200% of poverty; about three-quarters of them were from families at or below 150% of poverty level and about 7 in 10 were from families at or below 125% of poverty. However about 20% of women at or below 150% of poverty received family planning service from private physicians. As might be expected as the number of patients served by organized programs grew more than tripling between 1968 and 1972 to an estimated 2612000 women so did the number of counties in which services were provides and the number of agencies providing the services. In the course of this rapid growth the organized family planning programs became one of the major sources not only of medical contraception but of other preventive health services. Most of the patients were young (media age was 23) of low parity (media was 1.8 including about 30% childless) with a high school education. Less than 1/6 (16%) were receiving public assistance.