Showing papers on "Power station published in 1985"

Wind energy systems

Abstract: This book presents the papers given at a workshop on wind turbines. Topics considered at the workshop included aerodynamics, load conditions, Darrieus rotors, composite materials, turbine blades, fabrication, fiberglass, vibrations, wind power plants, control systems, data acquisition systems, performance testing, horizontal axis turbines, vertical axis turbines, tornado turbines, electric generators, and wind turbine arrays.

Systems study for the removal, recovery, and disposal of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power plants in the US

Abstract: This report examines the feasibility of preventing man-made CO/sub 2/ from entering the atmosphere. Utilities produce about 30% of the emissions of CO/sub 2/, therefore, the system is first applied in this study to the power plant effluents. An absorption/stripping stack gas scrubbing and regeneration process was chosen for the present system study. An improved solvent process is used and the process is integrated with the power plant operations to improve the efficiency of the combined plant. Three methods of disposal are selected and appropriately applied, depending on geographical proximity to the source power plants. The US Department of Energy Federal Region Divisions for utility power plants was utilized to aggregate and design the disposal system. The energy requirement to drive the various parts of the system is estimated. This is a first order design and cost estimation system study, made primarily for the purpose of determining the order of magnitude feasibility and economic costs for the removal, recovery, and disposal of CO/sub 2/ from power plant stacks in the US. The base year chosen for the systems analysis was 1980 and all capacity and costs are indexed to that year.

Hydro-electric power plant

Abstract: A hydro-electric power plant specifically structured to operate in connection with a water reservoir supplied from a natural body of water such as an ocean, lake, etc. and which is structured to be at least partially self-sufficient while at the same time providing excess electrical energy in the operation of an auxiliary production facility such as an aluminum smelting plant.

Compressed -Air Energy Storage (CAES): Overview, Performance and Cost Data for 25MW to 220MW Plants

Abstract: Comparative results are presented for the performance and cost data of 25MW-220MW compressed-air energy storage (CAES) power plants. The data include steady-state and dynamic load following characteristics, turbomachinery versus storage costs and siting flexibility for this type of energy storage power plant. Also presented is a description of the various types of air storage geologic formations available in about 3/4 of the United States.

An Algorithm for Scheduling a Large Pumped Storage Plant

Abstract: The Michigan Electric Coordination Center (MEPCC), operated by Consumers Power and Detroit Edison Companies, has the responsibility for scheduling the Ludington pumped storage plant. Ludington has an extremely large economic effect on the Consumers Power and Detroit Edison Companies' system due to its size (over 1800 MW net demonstrated generating capability). This paper presents a dynamic programming algorithm for scheduling large pumped storage plants and shows how this method can be coordinated with the commitment of the thermal units of the system.

Geographical dimensions of energy

Abstract: I. Research Contributions in Energy Geography.- 1. Coal.- 2. Petroleum and Natural Gas.- 3. Nuclear Energy.- 4. Renewable Energy.- 5. Energy Conservation.- II. Resource Development Issues.- 6. Offshore Oil and Gas Development in the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.- 7. Location and the Development of Energy Supplies from Biomass Sources.- 8. The Development Potential of New Energy Resources: A Spatial-Economic Analysis of Coalbed Methane.- 9. Planning for Nuclear Power Plant Accidents: Some Neglected Spatial and Behavioral Considerations.- III. Power Plant Siting and Land Use.- 10. Existing and Future Siting Patterns of Electric Utility Power Plants.- 11. Modeling Imperfect Spatial Energy Markets.- 12. Nuclear Power in the US and UK: The Role of Siting in Safety Philosophy.- 13. Energy, Participation and Planning: The Case of Electricity Generation in Great Britain.- 14. Land Requirements for Solar Electricity Alternatives.- IV. Patterns of Energy Use.- 15. The Urban Geography of Residential Energy Consumption.- 16. Spatially-Oriented Energy Consumption Scenarios: Method and Application to Holland.- 17. House Prices and House Buyers: Does Energy Matter?.- 18. Residential Energy Conservation Among the Elderly.- V. Multiregional and Environmental Issues.- 19. Energy-Economic Measures for Selected Economies of the World, 1960-81.- 20. Regional Development as an Entropic Process: A Canadian Example.- 21. Changing Energy Prices and State Revenue.- 22. Constraints on Regional Coal Production in the US: A Time Series Analysis.- 23. Regional Economic Trade-Offs in Sulfur Emissions Control Policy.- 24. Hydroelectric Energy: An Agent of Change in Amazonia (Northern Brazil).- VI. Prospects in Energy Geography.- 25. Geography and Energy: The Quest for Roles and Missions.

A Linear Programming Model for Acid Rain Policy Analysis

Abstract: This paper describes a new analytical model designed to explore the consequences of acid rain control strategies for coal-fired power plants in the 31 eastern United States. It employs a linear programming technique using newly developed models of coal transportation costs, minemouth coal prices, and power plant FGD costs to determine an optimum (least cost) strategy to achieve specified reductions in sulfur dioxide emissions, as proposed in several recent Congressional bills. Emissions trading among specified groups of states also can be treated in the model's optimization framework. Results are presented for scenarios in which 1995 SO/sub 2/ emissions from coal-fired power plants in the 31-state region are constrained to levels that are 8, 10 and 12 million tons per year (MMtpy) below 1980 emissions. An extensive set of sensitivity analyses (95 cases) is used to explore the effects on FGD retrofit capacity, regional coal demand, and overall abatement cost of alternative assumptions regarding the future costs of coal, transportation, pollution control equipment and regulatory requirements. Cases involving a 10 MMtpy reduction were found to exhibit the greatest sensitivity to tradeoffs between coal switching and the retrofitting of FGD equipment.

Modern Power Plant Engineering

Abstract: Modern Power Plant Engineering , Modern Power Plant Engineering , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

The Electrical Considerations in Cogeneration

Abstract: Cement plants often have large amounts of waste heat whose energy is best captured by converting it to electrical energy in a generator. To avoid restricting this energy recovery, the generator must be paralleled with another source of energy, normally the power company, so that its output can be governed by the available waste heat, rather than plant electrical needs. Operating a generator in parallel with the power company requires considerations not needed when the system is fed solely by the power company. It will be shown how the major considerations can be addressed to achieve successful parallel operation.

Power-generation plant and method

Abstract: Power generating plant comprising a pressurized fluidized bed combustor (PFBC) (11) in combination with a gas turbine (12,13) and associated compressor (14), is enabled to operate over an extended range of load and to respond rapidly to substantial load changes by arranging for such range and changes to be achievable while maintaining the PFBC at substantially constant temperature and varying, instead, the gas pressure in and mass flow rate through the PFBC. For effecting the required changes, the gas turbine and/or the compressor are provided with variable geometry, in the form of variable inlet or inter-stage guide vanes (34) and/or interstage bypass or blow-down valves (39,40).

The Q.U.B. Axisymmetric and Multi-Resonant Wave Energy Convertors

Abstract: This paper describes the optimization of the power conversion chain and the engineering design considerations of an oscillating water column wave power device which would form part of a 2-GW power station. Novel features of the principal device described include the multi-resonant concept, which considerably widens the frequency bandwidth response, and the use of the simple highly efficient Wells self-rectifying air turbine in the secondary power conversion stage. It is concluded that using established technology wave power stations comprising sea bed mounted reinforced concrete structures could produce power for as little as 1.3p per kW-hr after the initial capital repayment period and thus the economics are similar to that of hydro-electric power.

Simplified method for estimating the silica scaling potential in geothermal power plants

Abstract: The precipitation and deposition of silica on surfaces of equipment is a serious problem in many geothermal power plants. The most troublesome situations are associated with plants using steam flashed from high-temperature resources. The problem is examined from the perspective of the power plant designer and a procedure to estimate the potential seriousness of the silica deposition problem for various types of resource and for selected types of power plants is presented. The method uses correlations for the equilibrium solubilities of quartz and amorphous silica as well as for the enthalpy of saturated liquid and the latent heat of water substance. Single- and double-flash plants optimized for highest thermodynamic efficiency are considered. Binary-type plants are included generically without regard for cycle specifics. The results are shown in graphical and tabular form, and the governing equations are given in a form conducive to programming.

Divided fluidised bed

Abstract: Power plant comprising a high-velocity fluidised-bed combustor (1) is provided with a divided heat-transfer fluidised bed (3) arranged to fluidise and extract heat from hot ash generated by the combustor, means (18) (such as an L-valve) being provided to control the relative proportions of hot ash-circulated through divided portions (9, 10) of the heat-transfer bed so as to control relative power outputs of the portions of the bed. One portion (9) of the divided bed may generate process steam and the other portion (10) may heat working air for a turbine (13). The invention enables the relative proportions of heat and power generated by the plant to be rapidly varied to meet changing conditions.

Transient Analysis of Gas Turbine Power Plants, Using the Huntorf Compressed Air Storage Plant as an Example

Abstract: The design of modern gas turbines requires the predetermination of their dynamic behavior during transients of various kinds. This is especially true for air storage and closed cycle gas turbine plants. The present paper is an introduction to a computatational method which permits an accurate simulation of any gas turbine system. Starting with the conservation equations of aero/thermodynamics, the modular computer program COTRAN was developed, which calculates the transient behavior of individual components as well as of entire gas turbine systems. For example, it contains modules for compressors, turbines, combustion chambers, pipes etc. To demonstrate the effectiveness of COTRAN the shut-down tests of the air storage gas turbine plant Huntorf were simulated and results compared with experimental data. The agreement was found to be very good.Copyright © 1985 by ASME

A Method for Determining How to Operate and Control Wind Turbine Arrays in Utility Systems

Abstract: This paper addresses the simply stated but important question: If a utility has decided to install a number of arrays of wind turbine (WT) generators, how should they be operated and controlled on the load frequency control time-scale- seconds to minutes?

Decentralised current supply by heat/current connection to Stirling engine

Abstract: To improve the utilisation of primary energy, a Stirling engine is operated with an external heat supply in any combustion furnaces, utilising the great temperature gradient between the combustion gases and the forward run temperature of the heating installation, which engine is mechanically connected to a generator, and by these means high-quality electrical energy is generated. This electrical energy is consumed at place of generation or fed into the public electricity network. As a result, the high-loss current generation in large power stations and the line losses at great distances are reduced.

Plant operator training simulator

Abstract: A computer controlled training simulator for a thermal power plant includes a switching device for selecting interactive or independent operation of a boiler simulation section, a turbine simulation section and a generator simulator section. In the interactive mode, the boiler, turbine and generator sections operate as corresponding sections of a single power plant for training operators of the respective sections. In the independent mode, the individual sections are operated as the corresponding sections of three separate power plants so that training of operators of each section can proceed without delays associated with functions of the other two sections.

Geothermal power plant

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the utilization of geothermal energy by feeding a portion of hot water to failed well or deteriorated well. CONSTITUTION:A geothermal power plant 1 will feed a portion of hot water separated from gas-water mixture ejected from a geothermal well 3 by a gas- water separater 4 and returned to the underground through a return well 5 to a failed well or deteriorated well 6 through a piping 7. A pit pump 8 provided in the failed well or deteriorated well 6 will pump the mixture of hot water in the well and the hot water injected from the outside and feed through a piping 9 to a binary cycle power plant 2. Since necessary amount of hot water supply can be assured easily through utilization of hot water in the failed or deteriorated well, the utilization of geothermal energy is improved as a whole.

Simulator Study of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator Connected to a Small Hydro Network

Abstract: The paper describes a simulator study of a veritcal axis wind turbine generator connected to a small isolated hydro network. The connection to the network is done through a back-to-back de link, which is used as a static frequency changer. The penetration level of the wind turbine is in the range 13-33 percent of the rating of the ac network. The study includes the transient performance of the de link and the wind turbine drive during electrical braking and for system disturbances such as ac system faults. The study shows that the use of a stabilization signal in the de link helps to reduce large torsional vibrations in the wind turbine low speed shaft. These vibrations are observed after ac system faults. The study also shows that it is possible to obtain satisfactory operation of the overall system by adopting suitable control strategies. The study was performed as part of a Research Project (223G342) for the Canadian Electrical Association (CEA).

Method and plant for generating electrical energy

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a plant for generating electrical energy from a process gas obtained via gasification of fuels in an iron melt. In conventional processes, only the sensible heat contained in the process gas had previously been used for generating electricity by means of a steam turbine and generator, while the process gas itself was passed to other consumers. The process according to the invention and the plant required for carrying out the process provides an environmentally safe possibility for using pyrolytic and electrochemical conversion of carbon-containing fuels to generate electrical energy with a higher efficiency than in conventional power stations. This is achieved according to the invention by the carbon-containing fuels being gasified in an iron melt to produce a sulphur-free process gas, and the process gas then being directly converted into electrical energy in a high-temperature fuel cell battery. The hot waste gas produced is afterburned and in a combined gas-steam turbine is likewise converted into electrical energy.

Activity and accomplishments of dish/Stirling electric power system development

Abstract: The development of the solar parabolic-dish/Stirling-engine electricity generating plant known as the dish/Stirling electric power system is described. The dish/Stirling electric power system converts sunlight to electricity more efficiently than any known existing solar electric power system. The fabrication and characterization of the test bed concentrators that were used for Stirling module testing and of the development of parabolic dish concentrator No. 2, an advanced solar concentrator unit considered for use with the Stirling power conversion unit is discussed.

Planning and operation of electric energy systems

Abstract: This book presents the papers given at a symposium on the design and control of power system by the electric utilities. Topics considered at the symposium included power system state estimation, the scheduling of large hydroelectric power plants, power generation and transmission planning, distribution automation, security analysis and control, static VAR compensation, power plant and generation control, power system control centers, optimal power flow, digital relaying, and microcomputer systems. cc