Showing papers on "Power station published in 1986"

Monitoring generators and large motors

Abstract: The paper describes how techniques for monitoring the condition of generators and large motors have been used and developed in one region of the UK Central Electricity Generating Board. Many parameters need to be monitored on a generator, so that a comprehensive and clear picture of any degradation can be built up for use in planning shutdowns and maintenance. Only a few parameters are needed for motors. The criteria are given of experiences with selected monitoring techniques.

A Monte-Carlo Simulation Method for the Economic Assessment of the Contribution of Wind Energy to Power Systems

Abstract: A method for determining the costeffectiveness of wind energy and the economic limitations of penetration into electrical power systems is presented. It is based on a Monte-Carlo approach which simulates the hour-by-hour operation of the power system. The hourly random variations in wind and load are modeled in addition to the operating constraints inherent in conventional generation. The economic assessment is based on a selected one-year simulation period, Two examples of the application of this method are given.

Solar power collection apparatus

Abstract: This invention provides a solar power collection apparatus, with a plurality of Earth surface supported reflectors (heliostats) which reflect sunlight onto a solar receiver which is upheld in an elevated position by one or more tethered aerostats. Variants of the invention may be sited over land or water surfaces. The solar receiver will typically convert light energy into heat energy, which may be used directly or converted into electricity (e.g. by a steam, Brayton cycle, or Rankine cycle turbine power plant). The aerostat(s) which support the solar receiver may obtain lift from helium, hydrogen, or hot air (heated using heat from the receiver/power plant). Automatic control means may be provided for the reflectors to track motions of the aerostat supported solar receiver.

Pressurized fuel cell system

Abstract: The fuel cell power plant uses stacks which are supplied with compressed air from turbocompressors. The turbines on the turbocompressors are operated with expanding cathode exhaust gases from the stack. Product water is recovered from the cathode exhaust gases after the latter pass through the turbines. Flow and/or pressure sensors are disposed downstream of the compressors to monitor the air exiting the compressor. Should the sensors detect an abnormal condition, which could result from changes in power level, or ambient temperature, then the sensors will open a normally closed valve to divert coolant steam to the turbines to provide the increased energy needed to bring the turbines up to speed.

Medium-load power generating station with an integrated coal gasification plant

Abstract: Medium-load power generating station with an integrated coal gasification plant, a gas turbine power generating station part connected to the coal gasification plant, a steam power generating station part connected to the raw gas heat exchanger plant of the coal gasification plant, a methanol synthesis plant having a plurality of modules connected in parallel to each other, and a purified gas distribution system which connects the methanol synthesis plant to the gas turbine power generating station part and which includes a purified gas continuous flow interim storage plant and is connected on the gas side to the raw gas heat exchanger plant. The methanol synthesis plant is associated, for hydrogen enrichment, to a "cooler-saturator loop" which is connected to the raw gas heat exchanger plant and consists of the saturator, a converting plant, cooler and following gas purification plant. In one mode of operation, a water electrolysis plant is associated with the methanol synthesis plant and its hydrogen line is connected to the methanol synthesis plant, and its oxygen line is connected to the coal gasifier.

Control system for electric power plant

Abstract: An integrated control system for a power plant having a generator, a turbine, a gate for controlling flow through the turbine, a voltage regulator, a bus and a main circuit breaker. The control system comprises a nonvolatile memory for storing configuration data that includes a plurality of configuration parameters for the power plant. The control system further includes input devices for producing input data concerning current plant conditions including turbine speed, gate position, generator current and voltage, bus current and voltage, and the position of the main circuit breaker. A multi-tasking processor processes the input data in accordance with the configuration data, to produce control signals for controlling the power plant. An editing function is also provided to enable an operator to edit the configuration data, so that the control system can readily be configured for a particular power plant. The editing function may be provided by including a communication port through which the configuration data may be loaded to and from an external device on which the configuration data is edited.

Gas turbine power station with air storage and method for operating the same

Abstract: The gas turbine of an air storage gas turbine power station is so designed that it can provide the nominal output requirement without extracting air from the storage cavern (17). The compressor group (3+4) has internal control organs in the form of guide vanes and possibly also rotor blading which can be adjusted during operation. This adjustable blading makes it possible to maintain the pressure ratio necessary for attaining the nominal power during the other operating conditions also and makes it possible to keep the compressor final pressure at at least the same level as the storage air pressure. By this means, it is possible to fill the storage cavern (17) during the whole of the part-load range and during idling operation in addition to filling it by exclusively electric motor drive of the compressor group (3+4) by the generator (2 or 31), connected as motor, or by an electric motor (29) specially provided for this purpose. So that the rigid coupling between the compressor group (3+4) and the running turbine (1 or 30) can be made or broken, a rotational speed synchronizing device is provided between the line of driving shafts (5+6) of the turbine, preferably in the form of a hydrodynamic torque converter (7 or 33) which can be locked or of an electromagnetic induction coupling. The turbine (1; 30) preferably has adjustable guide vanes or partial admission in the first stage.

Nuclear Energy Cost Data Base: A reference data base for nuclear and coal-fired powerplant power generation cost analysis

Abstract: A reference data base and standard methodology are needed for performing comparative nuclear and fossil power generation cost analyses for the Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy. This report contains such a methodology together with reference assumptions and data to be used with the methodology. It is intended to provide basic guidelines or a starting point for analyses and to serve as a focal point in establishing parameters and methods to be used in economic comparisons of nuclear systems with alternatives. The data base is applicable for economic comparisons of new base load light-water reactors on either the current once-through cycle or self-generated recycle, high- and low-sulfur coal-fired plants, and oil- and natural gas-fired electric generating plants coming on line around the turn of the century. In additions to light-water reactors and fossil fuel-fired plants, preliminary cost information is also presented on liquid metal reactor plants. This report includes a data base containing proposed technical and economic assumptions to be used in analyses, discussions of recommended methodology to be used in calculating power generation costs, and a sample calculation for illustrative benchmark purposes.

Optimization of a combined wind and solar power plant

Abstract: The paper is concerned with determining the optimized active areas of a photo voltaic conversion system, of a group of electricity generating wind machines and the optimal capacity of a battery storage system for a combined power plant. Minimization of the total life-cycle cost of the system is the criterion to obtaining the optimized parameters of the system. The algorithm consists of generating the system costs corresponding to various values of the parameters and to use these costs in a search procedure to determine the minimum. Each point is generated by a simulation program describing the system behaviour The purpose of the work described in this paper is the optimization of a combined solar/wind power plant. Electricity is generated by photovoltaic panels, by wind generators and eventually by diesel sets. This combined use of the renewable energy sources has been applied on the Greek island Kythnos. The existing system is equipped with a lead-acid battery storage system and a number of diesel generators. Previous work has described the characteristics of the system and the development of a simulation program (Samarakou and Hennet, 1985). The data obtained from the simulation indicated that an improvement of the system dimension could lead to decreasing the total life-cycle cost of the installation. The problems of frequency disturbances and of temporary unreliability of some devices are not considered in this paper because their effect on the system efficiency cannot systematically be attributed to one or another particular system component. The proposed optimization technique is a pseudo-gradient type search procedure which allows the global minimal cost to be found after a limited number of iterations. Each simulation is run hour by hour over a period of one year. It is a simplified version of the Kythnos plant simulation, generalizing the application either to autonomous systems or to systems integrated with other energy sources.

A Feasible Utility Scale Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Plant

Abstract: This paper presents the latest design features and estimated costs of a 5000 MWh/1000 MW Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) plant. SMES is proposed as a commercially viable technology for electric utility load leveling. The primary advantage of SMES over other electrical energy storage technologies is its high net roundtrip efficiency. Other features include rapid availability and low maintenance and operating costs. Economic comparisons are made with other energy storage options and with combustion turbines.

Energy-saving method and apparatus for automatically controlling cooling pumps of steam power plants

Abstract: A system for energy-efficiently operating large capacity cooling pumps in a steam cycle electrical power generating plant which condenses steam using ambient water (e.g., from a lake, cooling tower, or stream) supplied by two or more large electrical motor-driven pumps is disclosed. The system sets reference values for condenser pressure, ambient water temperature, and feedwater flow or electric load, and when conditions change significantly, it cycles on or off one pump, measures and calculates energy efficiency, and depending upon those calculations, either recycles the pump off or on or maintains the status quo and updates the reference values for the plant, and automatically repeats the process upon another significant change of conditions. The system uses a digital computer, sensors, and interface units, for automatically controlling on or off the electric motors of the pumps.

The circulating fluid bed reactor — its main features and applications

Abstract: After a brief review of the development of the circulating fluid bed (CFB) reactor principle, its main features as an efficient tool in performing reactions between gases and finely grained solids are discussed. Today, the circulating fluid bed reactor is used in numerous industrial processes or has passed the pilot or demonstration stage in many others. Large-scale CFB calciners have replaced the rotary kiln in the alumina industry. Combustion of carbon-containing fossil fuels and process residues for energy supply with accompanying low levels of noxious emissions is one of the most promising fields of future applications, especially in the power industry and municipal combined heat and power generation. Dry-scrubbing of process and power plant waste gases is also promising. Many more industrial applications of CFB reactors can be expected.

An optimal planning method for a marine heat and power generation plant by considering its operational problem

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to develop a computer-aided optimal planning method for designing a marine heat and power generation plant which is composed of combining Diesel and turbogenerators, an exhaust gas economizer, auxiliary boilers and so forth. As there exist many alternative combinations concerning generators and boilers in constructing the abovementioned plant, it is important to determine the plant construction properly by selecting total numbers and scales of respective generators and boilers so as to optimize the long-term economy of the plant. In this planning method, several design conditions are first set which are necessary for the planning of the objective plant, i.e. several patterns of ship's operational condition are set first, and both energy demands and steam output from an exhaust gas economizer are estimated for each pattern. Next, setting an alternative plant composed of combining generators and boilers adequately, the optimal operational policy for each pattern is determined by minimizing the fuel cost under several physical constraints based on linear and quadratic programming methods. Considering the results obtained above hierarchically, annual capital and operational costs of each plant are calculated, and the best plant construction is lastly determined by comparing the economy of all alternative plants. A numerical study has been carried out on a plant of a high speed container ship actually planned, and it is ascertained that to find the best construction of the plant the optimal planning method proposed here is advantageous compared with the conventional trial and error method.

Device for degassing the condensate in the cycle of an electricity generating plant

Abstract: In a device for degassing the feed-water line in the cycle of, for example, a nuclear heated electricity generating plant, steam bubbles are introduced into the condensate beneath the water level in the condensate collecting vessel via spray nozzles in order to solve the acute steam generator corrosion problems. For this purpose, a flow channel, in which the condensate follows a particular path to the hot well is provided in the vessel. Several spray nozzles are provided spaced out in the flow direction of the condensate. The steam/gas mixture escaping from the condensate is guided in counterflow to a steam balance opening which is located in the intermediate floor in the entry region of the flow channel the intermediate floor screening the vessel from the condensation space of the condenser.

Co-Ordinated Governor/Exciter Stabilizer Design in Multi-Machine Power Systems

Abstract: This paper describes the application of multi-variable control design methods to the problem of designing co-ordinated stabilizers in a multi-machine environment. Linear state space methods are used to design co-ordinating stabilizing inputs for the exciter and governor loops, based on a number of local outputs. The dynamics of the multi-machine power system are taken into account by determining a dynamic equivalent model of the power system as seen from the transformer bus of the design generator. This is accomplished using identification techniques as described in a previous paper[2]. The generator equations are linearized and combined with this dynamic equivalent of the remainder of the power system, resulting in a reduced order representation of the combined system. Linear optimal control methods are then used to determine the co-ordinated controller. The effects of nonlinearities are taken into account by experimenting with different cost function weightings. The method is demonstrated by applying it to a generating station in an example 63 bus power system with a total of 59 generators represented.

Wind Array Power Prediction for Improved Operating Economics and Reliability

Abstract: A methodology for predicting wind power variations one or more hours ahead is developed. This prediction method is required for unit commitment and generation control strategies that have been developed to provide economic and reliable operation for utilities with large wind penetrations. The methodology utilizes a set of meteorological towers that encircle the wind turbine clusters at a radius of 100 miles. The prediction methodology must determine (1) the direction of propagation of the meteorological event, (2) the subset of meteorological towers that are in the direction of motion of the meteorological event and thus are to be used in the prediction, (3) the delays between the prediction sites in the wind turbine cluster and the selected subset of reference sites in the ring of meteorological towers to be used for prediction, and (4) the parameters of the predictive model that predicts wind speed based on weighted delayed wind speed measurements at the selected reference sites.

Test stand for power plants and method

Abstract: Test stands for power plants generally include a power absorbing unit for absorbing the power of the plant under test. The allowable measuring speed of the power absorbing unit depends on permissible additional weight on the coupling flange which serves to interconnect the power plant to one end of the power absorbing unit. In order to avoid the detrimental influence of increased amplitudes caused by torsional resonances the weight that exceeds the permissible weight is transferred to the opposite end of the power absorbing unit and the torque of the power plant is introduced in dampened form at that end.

Coal Gasification Systems for Power Generation

Abstract: Coal gasification systems have desirable features that recommend their consideration for use in providing fuel and steam for generating electric power. They have advanced from laboratory developments to mature technologies for providing efficient, cost-competitive power generation. The continued halt in nuclear power deployment, the uncertain availability and cost of natural gas and oil, the likelihood of increasingly severe environmental regulation of power plant air emissions and solid waste disposal, and uncertainties in the rate of growth of electric power demand are factors that favor deployment of smaller, modular capacity additions based on alternative coal-fueled power systems.

Method of controlling the depth of a fluidized bed in a power plant and a power plant with means for controlling the bed depth

Abstract: The bed depth in a power plant burning sulfur-containing fuel in a fluidized bed of material which constitutes a sulfur absorbent in a combustion chamber is controlled on the basis of plant power output. A plurality of sensors connected to the combustion chamber determine the existing bed depth. A bed material mill grinds material removed from the bed prior to returning it to the bed, the rate at which the mill operates being controlled by the extent to which the actual bed depth differs from the desired bed depth. The mill grinds some bed material to small enough size for it to be carried from the combustion chamber with the combustion gases.

Industrial membrane processes

Abstract: This book presents the papers given a symposium on the use of membranes in industrial plants Topics considered include the effect of biofilm formation on salinity power plant output on a laboratory scale, an engineering analysis of membrane-aided distillation, the development and evaluation of sulfonated polysulfone membranes for the zinc/ferricyanide battery, and the degradation of ionic membranes in the zinc/ferricyanide battery

Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics

Abstract: The four papers in this book emphasize the design, testing, and analysis of large structures. The topics covered include base isolation in the design and construction of power plant structures, new techniques in forced vibration testing of dams, design and planned use of a 2-kiloton eccentric mass vibrator for testing a nuclear power plant containment structure, and a frequency domain analysis of a tank-soil system.

Combined cycle power station

Abstract: The invention relates to a combined gas and steam turbine power plant (1) with a coal gasifier (4) upstream of the gas turbine part, with a heat exchanger system (6) downstream of the coal gasifier, with a gas cleaning system (7) downstream of the heat exchanger system, one for the combustion chamber of the gas turbine ( 14) leading clean gas line (30) with an upstream of the coal gasifier air separation plant (5), with an oxygen line feeding the coal gasifier. The problem here is to use the heat generated during air compression as rationally as possible. To this end, the invention provides that the air line (18) connecting the air compressor (15, 19) to the inlet of the air separation plant is split into two parallel branches (20, 21). In one branch a heat exchanger connected in the molecular sieve regeneration circuit of the air separation plant is switched on and in the other branch a nitrogen-air heat exchanger (26) connected to the nitrogen line leading to the combustion chamber (17) of the gas turbine. The invention is applicable to combined gas and steam turbine power plants with an integrated coal gasifier.

A Probabilistic Model of a Coal-Burning Power Plant

Abstract: A coal burning power plant is considered. Its components are grouped into appropriate modules so that the whole unit is a series systems of 7 modules. Exponential distributions are used for life time and repair time of all components according to real data. A model is developed which generates: i) the reliability of components, modules, and the unit, and ii) the average amount of power generated by the unit at any given time and over a period of time. Result agrees with a simulation model and past data. The model can be used in planning, design. It can be adopted for production systems.