Showing papers on "Power station published in 2007"
TL;DR: In this article, the wind resources assessment models, site selection models and aerodynamic models including wake effect are reviewed and different performance and reliability evaluation models, various problems related to wind turbine components (blade, gearbox, generator and transformer) and grid for wind energy system have been discussed.
Abstract: Energy is an essential ingredient of socio-economic development and economic growth. Renewable energy sources like wind energy is indigenous and can help in reducing the dependency on fossil fuels. Wind is the indirect form of solar energy and is always being replenished by the sun. Wind is caused by differential heating of the earth's surface by the sun. It has been estimated that roughly 10 million MW of energy are continuously available in the earth's wind. Wind energy provides a variable and environmental friendly option and national energy security at a time when decreasing global reserves of fossil fuels threatens the long-term sustainability of global economy. This paper reviews the wind resources assessment models, site selection models and aerodynamic models including wake effect. The different existing performance and reliability evaluation models, various problems related to wind turbine components (blade, gearbox, generator and transformer) and grid for wind energy system have been discussed. This paper also reviews different techniques and loads for design, control systems and economics of wind energy conversion system.
908 citations
01 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, a new power electronics based approach is described which allows a grid compatible integration of predominantly renewable electricity generators even in weak grids making them appear to be electromechanical synchronous machines.
Abstract: Demands in the area of electrical energy generation and distribution, as a result of energy policies, are leading to far reaching changes in the structure of the energy supply, which is characterised, on the one hand, by the substitution of conventional power stations by renewable energy generation, a decision which has already been made, and, on the other hand, by the changeover from centralised to decentralised energy generation. From an electrical engineering point of view, a new situation will arise for consumers concerning security of supply and power quality, which calls for further technical measures by the grid operators to ensure that the increasingly stringent supply criteria can be met. This article describes a new power electronics based approach which allows a grid compatible integration of predominantly renewable electricity generators even in weak grids making them appear to be electromechanical synchronous machines. As a consequence, all the proven properties of this type of machine which have so far defined the grid continue to do so, even when integrating photovoltaic or wind energy. These properties include, for instance, interaction between grid and generator as in a remote power dispatch, reaction to transients as well as the full electrical effects of a rotating mass. In addition, this new development can be operated in such a way that it provides primary reserve allowing, from a grid point of view, electricity generators such as wind and PV to be regarded as conventional power stations.
850 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use a generalized modeling tool to estimate and compare the emissions, efficiency, resource requirements and current costs of fossil fuel power plants with CCS on a systematic basis.
706 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a software has been developed to find thermodynamic suitable fluids for ORC in biomass power and heat plants, where the highest efficiencies are found within the family of alkylbenzenes.
683 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the most significant experience in power generation from biomass liquids produced by fast pyrolysis processes is reviewed and R&D needs identified for each power plant technologies addressed are diesel engines, gas turbines, and natural gas/steam power plants.
Abstract: Power production from biomass derived pyrolysis liquids has been under development for the past few years. If technically successful, it would make decentralized bio-energy production possible. Several technologies and system components have been developed by academia, R&D organizations, and industrial companies in many countries. Much experience has been gained and many useful results published. The present work aims at reviewing the most significant experience in power generation from biomass liquids produced by fast pyrolysis processes. Power plant technologies addressed are diesel engines, gas turbines, and natural gas/steam power plants. Main results are reviewed and R&D needs identified for each technology. The analysis shows that even for the most promising solutions long-term demonstration has not yet been achieved. Pyrolysis liquid use in gas turbine plants and in co-firing mode in large power stations are technically most advanced. Recent work with diesel engines also appears quite promising.
564 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a microgrid, where the sources can operate in parallel to the grid or can operate on an island, providing utility power station services.
Abstract: Application of individual distributed generators can cause as many problems as it may solve. A better way to realize the emerging potential of distributed generation is to take a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a “microgrid.” The sources can operate in parallel to the grid or can operate in island, providing utility power station services. The system will disconnect from the utility during large events (e.g., faults and voltage collapses), but may also intentionally disconnect when the quality of power from the grid falls below certain standards. Utilization of waste heat from the sources will increase total efficiency, making the project more financially attractive. University of Wisconsin laboratory verification of microgrid control concepts are included.
364 citations
TL;DR: In this article, nine different concepts for natural gas fired power plants with CO2 capture have been investigated, and a comparison is made based on net plant efficiency and emission of CO2, where a 400MW combined cycle plant is applied as a reference case.
346 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the impact of uncertain wind forecasts on the value of stored energy (such as pumped hydro) in a future U.K. system, where wind supplies over 20% of the energy.
Abstract: This paper considers the impact of uncertain wind forecasts on the value of stored energy (such as pumped hydro) in a future U.K. system, where wind supplies over 20% of the energy. Providing more of the increased requirement for reserves from standing reserve sources could increase system operation efficiency, enhance wind power absorption, achieve fuel cost savings, and reduce CO2 emissions. Generally, storage-based standing reserve's value is driven by the amount of installed wind and by generation system flexibility. Benefits are more significant in systems with low generation flexibility and with large installed wind capacity. Storage is uniquely able to stock up generated excesses during high-wind/low-demand periods, and subsequently discharge this energy as needed. When storage is combined with standing reserve provided from conventional generation (e.g., open-cycle gas turbines), it is valuable in servicing the highly frequent smaller imbalances
302 citations
01 Sep 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey the technical challenges that must be overcome to develop deepwater offshore wind energy technologies and provide a framework from which the first-order economics can be assessed.
Abstract: The major objective of this paper is to survey the technical challenges that must be overcome to develop deepwater offshore wind energy technologies and to provide a framework from which the first-order economics can be assessed.
287 citations
TL;DR: A fuzzified multi-objective particle swarm optimization (FMOPSO) algorithm is proposed and implemented to dispatch the electric power considering both economic and environmental issues and its effectiveness is demonstrated by comparing its performance with other approaches including weighted aggregation (WA) and evolutionary multi-Objective optimization algorithms.
285 citations
TL;DR: This study calculates for small- and large-project sizes, the relative cost of transportation by truck, rail, ship, and pipeline for three biomass feedstocks, by truck and Pipeline for ethanol, and by transmission line for electrical power.
Abstract: Logistics cost, the cost of moving feedstock or products, is a key component of the overall cost of recovering energy from biomass. In this study, we calculate for small- and large-project sizes, the relative cost of transportation by truck, rail, ship, and pipeline for three biomass feedstocks, by truck and pipeline for ethanol, and by transmission line for electrical power. Distance fixed costs (loading and unloading) and distance variable costs (transport, including power losses during transmission), are calculated for each biomass type and mode of transportation. Costs are normalized to a common basis of a giga Joules of biomass. The relative cost of moving products vs feedstock is an approximate measure of the incentive for location of biomass processing at the source of biomass, rather than at the point of ultimate consumption of produced energy. In general, the cost of transporting biomass is more than the cost of transporting its energy products. The gap in cost for transporting biomass vs power is significantly higher than the incremental cost of building and operating a power plant remote from a transmission grid. The cost of power transmission and ethanol transport by pipeline is highly dependent on scale of project. Transport of ethanol by truck has a lower cost than by pipeline up to capacities of 1800 t/d. The high cost of transshipment to a ship precludes shipping from being an economical mode of transport for distances less than 800 km (woodchips) and 1500 km (baled agricultural residues).
TL;DR: In this article, an assessment of the costs and benefits of wind generation on the UK electricity system is carried out, assuming different levels of wind power capacity, and it is concluded that the system will be able to accommodate significant increases in wind power generation with relatively small increases in overall costs of supply, about 5% of the current domestic electricity price.
TL;DR: In this article, a concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPVT) system operating at elevated temperature is proposed for simultaneous production of electrical and high grade thermal energy, and the performance and cost of a CPVT system with single effect absorption cooling are investigated in detail.
TL;DR: There is clear scope for a breakthrough in capture cost to around 15 $/t of CO2 avoided with this system, mainly because the capture system is generating additional power and because the avoided CO2 comes from the capture of the CO2 generated by the coal fed to the calciner.
Abstract: This paper presents the basic economics of an emerging concept for CO2 capture from flue gases in power plants. The complete system includes three key cost components: a full combustion power plant, a second power plant working as an oxy-fired fluidized bed calciner, and a fluidized bed carbonator interconnected with the calciner and capturing CO2 from the combustion power plant. The simplicity in the economic analysis is possible because the key cost data for the two major first components are well established in the open literature. It is shown that there is clear scope for a breakthrough in capture cost to around 15 $/t of CO2 avoided with this system. This is mainly because the capture system is generating additional power (from the additional coal fed to the calciner) and because the avoided CO2 comes from the capture of the CO2 generated by the coal fed to the calciner and the CO2 captured (as CaCO3) from the flue gases of the existing power plant, that is also released in the calciner.
TL;DR: Comparison of different forms of commercial power generation by use of the fuel cycle methods developed in European studies shows the health burdens to be greatest for power stations that most pollute outdoor air, and lower still for nuclear power.
TL;DR: In this paper, the expected future cost of power plants with CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is investigated. And the effects of uncertainties in key parameters on projected cost reductions also are evaluated via sensitivity analysis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used RetScreen software for energy production and economical assessment of a 5MW installed capacity photovoltaic-based grid connected power plant for electricity generation.
Abstract: This paper utilizes monthly average daily global solar radiation and sunshine duration data to study the distribution of radiation and sunshine duration over Saudi Arabia. The analysis also includes the renewable energy production and economical evaluation of a 5 MW installed capacity photovoltaic based grid connected power plant for electricity generation. The study utilizes RetScreen software for energy production and economical assessment. It is found that the global solar radiation varies between a minimum of 1.63 MWh/m2 yr–1 at Tabuk and a maximum of 2.56 MWh/m2 yr–1 at Bisha while the mean remained as 2.06 MWh/m2 yr–1. The duration of sunshine varied between 7.4 and 9.4 h with an overall mean of 8.89 h. The specific yield was found to vary from 211.5 to 319.0 kWh/m2 with a mean of 260.83 kWh/m2. The renewable energy produced each year from 5 MWp installed capacity plant was varied between 8196 and 12,360 MWh while the mean remained as 10,077 MWh/yr–1. The economical indicators like internal rate of return, the simple payback period, the years to positive cash flows, the net present value, the annual life cycle savings, the profitability index and the cost of renewable energy production showed that Bishah was the best site for PV based power plant development and Tabuk the worst. From environmental point of view, it was found that on an average an approximate quantity of 8182 ton of green house gases can be avoided entering into the local atmosphere each year.
TL;DR: The European Power Plant Conceptual Study (PPCS) as mentioned in this paper has been a study of conceptual designs of five commercial fusion power plants and the main emphasis was on system integration, focusing on five power plant models which are illustrative of a wider spectrum of possibilities.
Abstract: The European fusion programme is ‘reactor oriented’ and it is aimed at the successive demonstration of the scientific, the technological and the economic feasibility of fusion power. The European Power Plant Conceptual Study (PPCS) has been a study of conceptual designs of five commercial fusion power plants and the main emphasis was on system integration. It focused on five power plant models which are illustrative of a wider spectrum of possibilities. They are all based on the tokamak concept and they have approximately the same net electrical power output, 1500 MWe. These span a range from relatively near-term, based on limited technology and plasma physics extrapolations, to an advanced conception. The PPCS allows one to clarify the concept of DEMO, the device that will bridge the gap between ITER and the first-of-a-kind fusion power plant. An assessment of the PPCS models with limited extrapolations highlighted a number of issues that must be addressed to establish the DEMO physics and technological basis.
01 Nov 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the expected future cost of power plants with CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is investigated. And the effects of uncertainties in key parameters on projected cost reductions also are evaluated via sensitivity analysis.
Abstract: Given the dominance of power plant emissions of greenhouse gases, and the growing worldwide interest in CO2 capture and storage (CCS) as a potential climate change mitigation option, the expected future cost of power plants with CO2 capture is of significant interest. Reductions in the cost of technologies as a result of learning-by-doing, RD coal-based integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants with pre-combustion capture; and coal-fired oxyfuel combustion for new PC plants. We first assess the rates of cost reductions achieved by other energy and environmental process technologies in the past. Then, by analogy with leading capture plant designs, we estimate future cost reductions that might be achieved by power plants employing CO2 capture. Effects of uncertainties in key parameters on projected cost reductions also are evaluated via sensitivity analysis.
Patent•
27 Dec 2007
TL;DR: A self-sustaining, portable, power station that may be moved by land, air, or sea to an area that has no utilities is defined in this paper, where the station is provided with at least one wind turbine and/or solar panel arrays in communication with one electrical distribution and storage means.
Abstract: A self-sustaining, portable, power station that may be moved by land, air, or sea to an area that has no utilities. The station is provided with at least one wind turbine and/or solar panel arrays in communication with at least one electrical distribution and storage means. The derived electricity is used to power various systems including, albeit not limited to, a communications system, a water filtration system, a water distribution system to allow the public to draw potable water and provide basic hygiene. The electricity derived may also be used to run outside systems, such as schools, hospitals, or the like.
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated assessment in the form of a life cycle analysis and a cost assessment combined with a systematic comparison with renewable energies regarding future conditions in the power plant market for the situation in Germany is done.
TL;DR: In this paper, a concise survey of up-date investigations and simulations of the low-temperature Clausius-Rankine (C-R) cycle as well as authors own results of calculations regarding effectiveness of operation of the power station following such cycle is presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the cost of methanol production from biomass and CO 2 recovery from the flue gasses of a fossil fuel-fired power station and found that the production cost of CO 2-based methanols was between 500 and 600€/tonne.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided the essential information and approaches for integration of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture units into power plants, particularly the supercritical type, so that energy utilization and CO2 emissions can be well managed in the subject power plants.
TL;DR: In this article, a full-scale prototype of a wave power plant has been installed off the Swedish west coast and the overall wave energy converter concept has been verified, and initial results have been collected and s...
Abstract: A full-scale prototype of a wave power plant has been installed off the Swedish west coast and the overall wave energy converter concept has been verified. Initial results have been collected and s ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented an optimal configuration of power system in isolated island installing renewable energy power production plants, which consists of diesel generators, wind turbine generators, PV system and batteries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed a pre-feasibility of wind penetration into an existing diesel plant of a village in north eastern part of Saudi Arabia, where wind speed data from a near by airport and the load data from the village have been used.
Abstract: The green sources of energy are being encouraged to reduce the environmental pollution and combat the global warming of the planet. A target of 12% usage of wind energy only has been agreed by the UNO country members to achieve by 2020. So, the power of the wind is being used to generate electricity both as grid connected and isolated wind-diesel hybrid power plants. This paper performed a pre-feasibility of wind penetration into an existing diesel plant of a village in north eastern part of Saudi Arabia. For simulation purpose, wind speed data from a near by airport and the load data from the village have been used. The hybrid system design tool HOMER has been used to perform the feasibility study. In the present scenario, for wind speed less than 6.0 m/s the, the existing diesel power plant is the only feasible solution over the range of fuel prices used in the simulation. The wind diesel hybrid system becomes feasible at a wind speed of 6.0 m/s or more and a fuel price of 0.1 $/L or more. If the carbon tax is taken into consideration and subsidy is abolished then it is expected that the hybrid system become feasible. The maximum annual capacity shortage did not have any effect on the cost of energy which may be accounted for larger sizes of wind machines and diesel generators. It is recommended that the wind data must be collected at the village at three different heights using a wind mast of 40 m for a minimum of one complete year and then the hybrid system must be re-designed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a numerical study of the optimum sizing and design of a pumping station unit in a hybrid wind-hydro plant and compare the standard design that consists of a number of identical pumps operating in parallel with two other configurations, using one variable-speed pump or an additional set of smaller jockey pumps.
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-criteria sustainability assessment of various options of the energy power system of the JP Elektroprivreda of Bosnia and Herzegovina is performed.
01 Jun 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the source energy and emissions from the energy measured at the building are calculated using the conversion inefficiencies at the power plant and the transmission and distribution losses from the power plants to the building.
Abstract: This document supports the other measurement procedures and all building energy-monitoring projects by providing methods to calculate the source energy and emissions from the energy measured at the building Energy and emission factors typically account for the conversion inefficiencies at the power plant and the transmission and distribution losses from the power plant to the building The energy and emission factors provided here also include the precombustion effects, which are the energy and emissions associated with extracting, processing, and delivering the primary fuels to the point of conversion in the electrical power plants or directly in the buildings