Showing papers on "Power station published in 2009"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of grid code technical requirements regarding the connection of large wind farms to the electric power systems, including active and reactive power regulation, voltage and frequency operating limits and wind farm behaviour during grid disturbances.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of grid code technical requirements regarding the connection of large wind farms to the electric power systems. The grid codes examined are generally compiled by transmission system operators (TSOs) of countries or regions with high wind penetration and therefore incorporate the accumulated experience after several years of system operation at significant wind penetration levels. The paper focuses on the most important technical requirements for wind farms, included in most grid codes, such as active and reactive power regulation, voltage and frequency operating limits and wind farm behaviour during grid disturbances. The paper also includes a review of modern wind turbine technologies, regarding their capability of satisfying the requirements set by the codes, demonstrating that recent developments in wind turbine technology provide wind farms with stability and regulation capabilities directly comparable to those of conventional generating plants.
1,331 citations
Book•
31 Aug 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental principles and modelling of the electrical generator and power electronic systems used in large wind turbines are described and the influence of wind turbines on power system operation and stability is discussed.
Abstract: With increasing concern over climate change and the security of energy supplies, wind power is emerging as an important source of electrical energy throughout the world. Modern wind turbines use advanced power electronics to provide efficient generator control and to ensure compatible operation with the power system. Wind Energy Generation describes the fundamental principles and modelling of the electrical generator and power electronic systems used in large wind turbines. It also discusses how they interact with the power system and the influence of wind turbines on power system operation and stability.
497 citations
TL;DR: The use of organic working fluids for the realization of the so-called organic rankine cycle (ORC) has been proven to be a promising solution for decentralized combined heat and power production (CHP) as discussed by the authors.
474 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the energy and exergy analysis of the Al-Hussein power plant in Jordan is presented, and the performance of the plant was estimated by a component-wise modeling and a detailed break-up of energy and energy exergy losses for the considered plant has been presented.
390 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a life cycle assessment of CO2 capture and storage for several lignite power plant technologies, including post-combustion, pre-combination and oxyfuel capture processes.
269 citations
Book•
01 Dec 2009TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, including I-V Characteristics of PV, MPPT techniques, and power electronic interfaces for PV systems.
Abstract: Solar Energy Harvesting Introduction I-V Characteristics of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems PV Models and Equivalent Circuits Sun Tracking Systems MPPT Techniques Shading Effects on PV Cells Power Electronic Interfaces for PV Systems Sizing the PV Panel and Battery Pack for Stand-Alone PV Applications Modern Solar Energy Applications Wind Energy Harvesting Introduction Winds History of Wind Energy Harvesting Fundamentals of Wind Energy Harvesting Wind Turbine Systems Wind Turbines Different Electrical Machines in Wind Turbines Synchronous Generators Wind Harvesting Research and Development Tidal Energy Harvesting Introduction Categories of Tidal Power and Corresponding Generation Technology Turbine and Generator's Control Tidal Energy Conversion Systems Grid Connection Interfaces for Tidal Energy Harvesting Applications Potential Resources Environmental Impacts Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting Introduction to Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting The Power of Ocean Waves Wave Energy Harvesting Technologies Wave Energy Applications Wave Energy in Future Ocean Thermal Energy Harvesting History Classification of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversions (OTECs) Technical Obstacles of Closed-Cycle OTEC Systems Components of an OTEC System Control of an OTEC Power Plant Control of a Steam Turbine Potential Resources Multipurpose Utilization of OTEC Systems Impact on Environment Index A Summary and References appear at the end of each chapter.
255 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis for the Hamedan steam power plant is performed. But the results show that the most significant sources of exergy destruction in the boiler system are due to the combustion reaction and its high temperature.
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to perform the energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis for the Hamedan steam power plant. In the first part of the paper, the exergy destruction and exergy loss of each component of this power plant is estimated. Moreover, the effects of the load variations and ambient temperature are calculated in order to obtain a good insight into this analysis. The exergy efficiencies of the boiler, turbine, pump, heaters and the condenser are estimated at different ambient temperatures. The results show that energy losses have mainly occurred in the condenser where 306.9 MW is lost to the environment while only 67.63 MW has been lost from the boiler. Nevertheless, the irreversibility rate of the boiler is higher than the irreversibility rates of the other components. It is due to the fact that the combustion reaction and its high temperature are the most significant sources of exergy destruction in the boiler system, which can be reduced by preheating the combustion air and reducing the air–fuel ratio. When the ambient temperature is increased from 5 to 24°C, the irreversibility rate of the boiler, turbine, feed water heaters, pumps and the total irreversibility rate of the plant are increased. In addition, as the load varies from 125 to 250 MW (i.e. full load) the exergy efficiency of the boiler and turbine, condenser and heaters are increased due to the fact that the power plant is designed for the full load. In the second part of the paper, the exergoeconomic analysis is done for each component of the power plant in order to calculate the cost of exergy destruction. The results show that the boiler has the highest cost of exergy destruction. In addition, an optimization procedure is developed for that power plant. The results show that by considering the decision variables, the cost of exergy destruction and purchase can be decreased by almost 17.11%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
245 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multicriteria analysis based on hierarchically structured criteria is presented to address the overall assessment of power plants according to the technological, economic, and sustainability aspects.
244 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an approach to make wind power become a more reliable source on both energy and capacity by using energy storage devices is presented. But, it is difficult to predict and control the output of wind generation, its potential impacts on the electric grid are different from the traditional energy sources.
Abstract: With the advancements in wind turbine technologies, the cost of wind energy has become competitive with other fuel-based generation resources. Due to the price hike of fossil fuel and the concern of global warming, the development of wind power has rapidly progressed over the last decade. The annual growth rate has exceeded 26% since the 1990s. Many countries have set a goal for high penetration levels of wind generation. Recently, several large-scale wind generation projects have been implemented all over the world. It is economically beneficial to integrate very large amounts of wind capacity in power systems. Unlike other traditional generation facilities, using wind turbines presents technical challenges in producing continuous and controllable electric power. A distinct feature of wind energy is its nature of being ldquointermittent.rdquo Since it is difficult to predict and control the output of wind generation, its potential impacts on the electric grid are different from the traditional energy sources. At a high penetration level, an extrafast response reserve capacity is needed to cover the shortfall of generation when a sudden deficit of wind takes place. To enable a proper management of the uncertainty, this paper presents an approach to make wind power become a more reliable source on both energy and capacity by using energy storage devices. Combining the wind power generation system with energy storage will reduce fluctuation of wind power. Since it requires capital investment for the storage system, it is important to estimate the reasonable storage capacities for the desired applications. In addition, an energy storage application for reducing the output variation during the gust wind is also studied.
235 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic model of an absorber is presented and the results of two transient operational scenarios are shown; start-up and load reduction; issues regarding the operability of the absorber column in case of load-varying upstream power-plants are discussed.
Abstract: Post-combustion concepts based on absorption of CO2 in aqueous amine solutions are considered the most mature technologies for CO2 capture from power plants. Several steady-state models of the absorption process exist. However, a dynamic model is required in order to study the behavior of the absorption process downstream of a power plant that operates at varying load. In this paper, a dynamic model of an absorber is presented and the results of two transient operational scenarios are shown; start-up and load reduction. In addition, issues regarding the operability of the absorber column in case of load-varying upstream power-plants are discussed. It is concluded that the present dynamic absorber model can be applied to study operability in absorber columns during the course of dynamic operation. However, a dynamic model of the total system is required in order to evaluate all operational challenges, such as load variation and high degree of heat integration between the power plant and the absorber/stripper plant.
230 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytic relationship for the energy penalty for post-combustion capture and storage of CO2 from pulverized-coal (PC) fired power plants was derived from thermodynamic principles and identified which variables are most difficult to constrain.
Abstract: A review of the literature has found a factor of 4 spread in the estimated values of the energy penalty for post-combustion capture and storage of CO2 from pulverized-coal (PC) fired power plants. We elucidate the cause of that spread by deriving an analytic relationship for the energy penalty from thermodynamic principles and by identifying which variables are most difficult to constrain. We define the energy penalty for CCS to be the fraction of fuel that must be dedicated to CCS for a fixed quantity of work output. That penalty can manifest itself as either the additional fuel required to maintain a power plant's output or the loss of output for a constant fuel input. Of the 17 parameters that constitute the energy penalty, only the fraction of available waste heat that is recovered for use and the 2nd-law separation efficiency are poorly constrained. We provide an absolute lower bound for the energy penalty of ∼11%, and we demonstrate to what degree increasing the fraction of available-waste-heat recovery can reduce the energy penalty from the higher values reported. It is further argued that an energy penalty of ∼40% will be easily achieved while one of ∼29% represents a decent target value. Furthermore, we analyze the distribution of PC plants in the U.S. and calculate a distribution for the additional fuel required to operate all these plants with CO2 capture and storage (CCS).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared two different approaches (the equilibrium-based approach versus the ratebased approach) in modelling the absorber dynamically and to understand the dynamic behaviour of the absorbers during part load operation and with disturbances from the stripper.
TL;DR: In this paper, a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) study of one floating concept has been performed and the results are presented in a comparison with existing LCA studies of conventional offshore wind power and electricity from a natural gas combined cycle.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used an empirical approach to investigate and compare different properties of four typical capacity credit definitions and found that the choice of definition indeed can have a significant impact on the results.
Abstract: Several methods for computing capacity credit values of power plants have been presented over the years. This paper uses an empirical approach to investigate and compare different properties of four typical capacity credit definitions. It is shown that the choice of definition indeed can have a significant impact on the results. Concerning three of the analyzed methods, it is found that important factors that influence the capacity credit are the overall generation adequacy and the penetration factor of the power plant; this means that the same generating unit will generally have a higher capacity credit if added to a system with high loss of load probability, and the unit will have a higher capacity credit if its installed capacity is small compared to the total installed capacity of the system. The results of the fourth method only depend on the size and availability of the generating units.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the integration of functions for the calculation of the water demand of power plants into a water resources management model, which allows them to simulate the interconnection between the power plant's water demand and water availability.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the performance of air separation technology (cryogenic and high temperature membrane based) on the efficiency of a coal-fired oxyfuel steam power plant and showed that both showed comparable efficiency potentials whereas the membrane based technology needs a higher degree of integration into the power cycle to compete efficiencies of the oxyfuel power plant with cryogenic ASU.
TL;DR: In this article, a probabilistic constrained load flow (PCLF) problem suitable for modern power systems with wind power generation and electric vehicles (EV) demand or supply is represented.
Abstract: A new formulation and solution of probabilistic constrained load flow (PCLF) problem suitable for modern power systems with wind power generation and electric vehicles (EV) demand or supply is represented. The developed stochastic model of EV demand/supply and the wind power generation model are incorporated into load flow studies. In the resulted PCLF formulation, discrete and continuous control parameters are engaged. Therefore, a hybrid learning automata system (HLAS) is developed to find the optimal offline control settings over a whole planning period of power system. The process of HLAS is applied to a new introduced 14-busbar test system which comprises two wind turbine (WT) generators, one small power plant, and two EV-plug-in stations connected at two PQ buses. The results demonstrate the excellent performance of the HLAS for PCLF problem. New formulae to facilitate the optimal integration of WT generation in correlation with EV demand/supply into the electricity grids are also introduced, resulting in the first benchmark. Novel conclusions for EV portfolio management are drawn.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present their experience of the design, build and exploitation of hybrid power systems in the Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, and the following major subjects are considered: the experience of exploitation of a hybrid solar-wind power plant, the concept of a wind power plant with a battery energy storage, the utilization of a DC micro-grid for the integration of different electrical energy sources.
Book•
16 Mar 2009TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the characteristics of wind, such as shear, power potential, and turbulence, and discuss the measurement and siting of individual wind turbines and wind farms.
Abstract: Due to the mounting demand for energy and increasing population of the world, switching from nonrenewable fossil fuels to other energy sources is not an optionit is a necessity. Focusing on a cost-effective option for the generation of electricity, Wind Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment covers all facets of wind energy and wind turbines. The book begins by outlining the history of wind energy, before providing reasons to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy. After examining the characteristics of wind, such as shear, power potential, and turbulence, it discusses the measurement and siting of individual wind turbines and wind farms. The text then presents the aerodynamics, operation, control, applications, and types of wind turbines. The author also describes the design of wind turbines and system performance for single wind turbines, water pumping, village systems, and wind farms. In addition, he explores the wind industry from its inception in the 1970s to today as well as the political and economic factors regarding the adoption of wind as an energy source. Since energy cannot be created nor destroyedonly transformed to another formwe are not encountering an energy crisis. Rather, we face an energy dilemma in the use of finite energy resources and their effects on the environment, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels. Wind Energy explores one of the most economical solutions to alleviate our energy problems.
TL;DR: A model of a wind or solar photovoltaic plus gas system using measured 1-min time-resolved emissions and heat rate data from two types of natural gas generators, and power data from four wind plants and one solar plant finds CO2 emissions achieve approximately 80% of the emissions reductions expected if the power fluctuations caused no additional emissions.
Abstract: Renewables portfolio standards (RPS) encourage large-scale deployment of wind and solar electric power. Their power output varies rapidly, even when several sites are added together. In many locations, natural gas generators are the lowest cost resource available to compensate for this variability, and must ramp up and down quickly to keep the grid stable, affecting their emissions of NOx and CO2. We model a wind or solar photovoltaic plus gas system using measured 1-min time-resolved emissions and heat rate data from two types of natural gas generators, and power data from four wind plants and one solar plant. Over a wide range of renewable penetration, we find CO2 emissions achieve ∼80% of the emissions reductions expected if the power fluctuations caused no additional emissions. Using steam injection, gas generators achieve only 30−50% of expected NOx emissions reductions, and with dry control NOx emissions increase substantially. We quantify the interaction between state RPSs and NOx constraints, find...
TL;DR: In this paper, a control strategy to regulate active power for doubly fed induction generator under various operating conditions is presented to make the wind farm operation more like a conventional power plant, and testing results showing the control performance in the simulated conditions validate the feasibility of the operation in power dispatch upon operator's request, and maintain stability under variant wind speed.
Abstract: As installed capacity of wind power retains a significant proportion of generation mix in the electric system, operators have the increasing expectation that wind turbines should function in some ways similar to the conventional plants. In addition to some basic capabilities to regulate reactive power for voltage support, the counterpart in active power control is also the major concern. This paper presents a control strategy to regulate active power for doubly fed induction generator under various operating conditions. Testing results showing the control performance in the simulated conditions validate the feasibility of the operation in power dispatch upon operator's request, and maintain stability under variant wind speed. Additionally, supplemental functions in generation margin assessment, in spinning reserve support, and in governor droop are presented to make the wind farm operation more like a conventional power plant.
TL;DR: In this paper, the threats that wind farms pose to birds and bats are explored, and an approximate calculation for the number of birds killed per kWh generated for wind electricity, fossil fuel, and nuclear power systems is presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate the concept of applying learning curves in a consistent manner to performance as well as cost variables in order to assess the future development of power plants with CO2 capture.
TL;DR: In this article, the energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic analysis of diesel engine powered cogeneration (DEPC) power plant is presented. But, the DEPC is mostly preferred in regions where natural gas is not available or not preferable because of high unit prices.
TL;DR: In this article, the design process of a mini-grid hybrid power system with reverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areas, together with an economic analysis and environmental considerations for the project life cycle are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, an economic optimization of the minimum heat transfer temperature difference (pinch value) in particular heat exchangers has been performed and then the optimum heat transfer area of heat exchanger has been calculated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe modern wind power systems, introduce the issues of large penetration of wind power into power systems and discuss the possible methods of making wind turbines/farms act as a power source, like conventional power plants in power systems.
Abstract: The paper describes modern wind power systems, introduces the issues of large penetration of wind power into power systems, and discusses the possible methods of making wind turbines/farms act as a power source, like conventional power plants in power systems. Firstly, the paper describes modern wind turbines and wind farms, and then introduces the wind power development and wind farms. An optimization platform for designing electrical systems of offshore wind farms is briefed. The major issues related to the grid connection requirements and the operation of wind turbines/farms in power systems are illustrated.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed an integrated modeling framework to evaluate the performance and cost of alternative carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies for fossil-fueled power plants in the context of multi-pollutant control requirements.
TL;DR: In this article, an innovative way for wind energy to participate in some sort of frequency control using kinetic energy stored in the rotor for a fast power reserve that could be delivered in a short period (from several seconds up to a few tens of seconds) is presented.
Abstract: An innovative way for wind energy to participate in some sort of frequency control using kinetic energy stored in the rotor for a fast power reserve that could be delivered in a short period (from several seconds up to a few tens of seconds) is presented. This kinetic-energy-based fast reserve is ensured despite wind speed variations - a disoptimisation of the power coefficient through the modification of the rotor speed set point or through the pitch control. In case of a frequency drop, the power coefficient could then be increased to produce more energy. This approach could help to reduce the dynamics and the depth of the frequency drops and therefore allow wind farms to participate in frequency control. Basic economic aspects of the provision of fast power reserve by wind turbines as a function of the amount of reserve considered are also discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a biogas-based pico-hydro (pH) and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system was simulated for remote villages in Cameroon using a load of 73kWh/day and 8.3kWp.