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Showing papers on "Pregnancy published in 1971"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The association between treatment of the mothers with estrogen diethylstilbestrol during the pregnancies and the development of adenocarcinoma of the vagina in the girls is highly significant and non-significant factors include maternal age at time of birth smoking in parents intrauterine x-ray exposure and breast feeding.
Abstract: Although cancer of the vagina is rare and occurs principally in women over age 50 in the form of epidermoid carcinoma 8 girls (15-22) between 1966 and 1969 with adenocarcinoma of the vagina (clear-cell or endometrial) were seen at 2 Boston hospitals. The 4 controls (female) for each case were born within 5 days of the patient and on the same type of service (ward or private). The association between treatment of the mothers (7 or 8) with estrogen diethylstilbestrol during the pregnancies and the development of adenocarcinoma of the vagina in the girls is highly significant (p less than 0.00001). All 7 mothers began therapy in the first trimester and received either a constant dose administered to term or a continually increasing dose given almost to term. Other factors with lower levels of significance are maternal bleeding in the study pregnancy (p less than 0.05) and any prior pregnancy loss (p less than 0.01). Non-significant factors include maternal age at time of birth smoking in parents intrauterine x-ray exposure and breast feeding.

2,267 citations


Book
01 Jan 1971

586 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Maternal ingestion of stilbestrol during early pregnancy appears to have enhanced the risk of vaginal adenocarcinoma developing years later in the offspring exposed.
Abstract: Adenocarcinoma of the vagina in young women had been recorded rarely before the report of several cases treated at the Vincent Memorial Hospital between 1966 and 1969. The unusual occurrence of this tumor in eight patients born in New England hospitals between 1946 and 1951 led us to conduct a retrospective investigation in search of factors that might be associated with tumor appearance. Four matched controls were established for each patient; data were obtained by personal interview. Results show maternal bleeding during the current pregnancy and previous pregnancy loss were more common in the study group. Most significantly, seven of the eight mothers of patients with carcinoma had been treated with diethylstilbestrol started during the first trimester. None in the control group were so treated (p less than 0.00001). Maternal ingestion of stilbestrol during early pregnancy appears to have enhanced the risk of vaginal adenocarcinoma developing years later in the offspring exposed.

384 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There was an increased abortion rate in the group of 39 with detection during the first 20 weeks of gestation and an increased prematurity rate in a group of 101 with detection after 20 weeks, and some guidelines in obstetric management, particularly with respect to the use of abdominal delivery, are suggested.

359 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Intestinal calcium absorption was twice usual normal levels from the earliest period studied and remained high throughout pregnancy, and there was a 20% increase in miscible calcium pool by term, and an approximate doubling of both pool turnover and bone mineral accretion rates.
Abstract: Fifteen normal pregnant women and 9 female controls of similar age underwent mineral balance and calcium kinetic studies during and after pregnancy 48Ca, a stable isotope, was employed in the pregnant women and specimens were measured by neutron activation analysis Results were related to stage of pregnancy and demonstrated the expected and well documented retention of nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium associated with fetal development In addition, there was a 20% increase in miscible calcium pool by term, and an approximate doubling of both pool turnover and bone mineral accretion rates, both rising progressively with duration of pregnancy Intestinal calcium absorption was twice usual normal levels from the earliest period studied and remained high throughout pregnancy Virtually all these changes reverted to normal non-pregnant levels by 3 months after delivery The importance of maternal adjustments as a component in these changes was emphasized by the presence of significant changes in ac

349 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
06 Mar 1971-BMJ
TL;DR: During pregnancy, it would appear wise to avoid the administration of any drug which carries a suspicion of teratogenicity unless that drug is specifically indicated, and self-medication with common household remedies such as aspirin and antacids should be avoided.
Abstract: In a retrospective study to compare the drug consumption during pregnancy of mothers of infants with congenital abnormalities and of those without, over 97% of 1,369 mothers took prescribed drugs and 65% self-administered drugs. Significantly more mothers of infants with congenital abnormalities took aspirin, antacids, dextroamphetamine, phenobarbitone, sodium amytal, other barbiturates, cough medicines, iron, sulphonamides, and nicotinamide than mothers in the control group. However, most mothers taking analgesics, antacids, appetite suppressants, barbiturates, cough medicines, iron, sulphonamides, and vitamins produced normal infants. Any teratogenic effect of these drugs is therefore one of low potency. On the other hand, deficiencies such as those of ascorbic acid and folic acid may have a teratogenic effect. There is need for caution in presuming teratogenic effects on the basis of the associations shown here. During pregnancy, however, it would appear wise to avoid the administration of any drug which carries a suspicion of teratogenicity unless that drug is specifically indicated, and self-medication with common household remedies such as aspirin and antacids should be avoided. These recommendations would also apply to any woman of childbearing age in whom conception is likely.

328 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The biparietal diameter values for each week of pregnancy from 13 weeks until term were determined and longitudinal data were used to illustrate the variation in growth rate according to fetal maturity, head size and weight.

269 citations





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relationship of parental smoking to outcome of pregnancy was studied in 9793 white and 3290 black women who were interviewed early in pregnancy on a variety of medical genetic environmental and behavioral variables and a number of paradoxical findings were observed.
Abstract: The relationship of parental smoking to outcome of pregnancy was studied in 9793 white and 3290 black women who were interviewed early in pregnancy on a variety of medical genetic environmental and behavioral variables. An increase in incidence of low-birth-weight infants was confirmed (P < .00001). However a number of paradoxical findings were observed which raised doubts as to causation. No increase in neonatal mortality was noted; rather the neonatal mortality rate and the risk of congenital abnormality of low-birth-weight infants were considerably lower for smoking than for nonsmoking mothers (P < .005 for whites and .05 < P < .06 for blacks). These more-favorable-than-expected results cannot be explained by differences in gestational age nor by a displacement hypothesis. Among other findings that could not be easily explained were: 1) that the healthiest low-birth-weight babies were found where the mother smoked and the father did not; 2) that the most vulnerable infants were produced when the mother did not smoke but the father did; 3) and that great differences obtained in mode-of-life characteristics between smokers and nonsmokers.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Unlike maternal plasma, fetal plasma did not significantly affect the reactivity of MLC from unrelated adult pairs, andfetal plasma also suppressed the reactivities of M LC from mother-newborn pairs.
Abstract: Blood samples were obtained from 50 primiparous mothers immediately after delivery and from 18 primigravidas after the 12th to 38th weeks of gestation. Maternal specimens were also obtained during the early puerperium. Cord blood from full-term newborns was collected at the end of the second stage of labor. The effects of pregnancy and fetal plasmas on the reactivity of mixed leukocyte cultures from both mother-newborn pairs and unrelated pairs were studied. Control plasmas were taken from adult females who had no previous history of pregnancy or blood transfusion and from non-pregnant primiparas. a) MLC from both maternal-newborn pairs and unrelated adult pairs had consistently diminished reactions in test pregnancy plasma when compared with control plasma. b) Pregnancy plasmas of longer gestation times were more inhibitory. c) This inhibitory activity reached a maximum at the time of delivery and disappeared a few days later. d) Control maternal plasmas from non-pregnant primiparas were not inhibitory. e) Fetal plasma also suppressed the reactivity of MLC from mother-newborn pairs. Unlike maternal plasma, fetal plasma did not significantly affect the reactivity of MLC from unrelated adult pairs.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overall increased risk of spontaneous abortion among smoking women was verified; this was shown to be almost completely due to the association between the fact that the pregnancy was unwanted and smoking.
Abstract: A prospective study was performed on the effect of smoking on pregnancy, using information from 6 363 pregnancies with known smoking habits. Of these, 2806 (44%) smoked during pregnancy, and 2731 (97%) of the 2 806 reported that they smoked during the whole pregnancy. The well-known effect on prematurity rate and mean birth weight was verified in this study. A 50% increase of prematurity rate was registered among smoking women compared with non-smoking women. The mean birth weight reduction was 170 g among live-born, non-malformed children. These effects were found to occur irrespective of other variables studied: maternal age, parity, and whether the pregnancy was wanted. The body length, head circumference, and shoulder circumference were found to be reduced in children born to smoking women. Placental weight was also reduced, but the ratio placental weight over body weight increased with smoking. No effect on the malformation rate was observed, but the series is too small to exclude a teratogenic effec...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rapid and severe effects of even relatively short periods of zinc deficiency on fetal development suggest that the pregnant rat cannot mobilize zinc from body stores in amounts sufficient to supply the needs of developing fetuses.
Abstract: Female rats fed a zinc-deficient diet during pregnancy (days 0 to 21) had impaired reproduction and a high incidence of congenitally malformed young even though they had been fed a normal diet adequate in zinc until the beginning of gestation. With a deficiency from days 0 to 21 of pregnancy 41% of the implantation sites were resorbed, full-term young weighed about half that of controls, and 90% of the fetuses showed gross malformations affecting every organ system. These results were similar to those found previously with females fed a zinc-low diet from weaning. The fetal malformations were specifically due to a maternal dietary deficiency of zinc rather than to reduced food intake since females fed restricted amounts of a zinc-supplemented diet had normal young. Shorter periods of deficiency were also teratogenic. With a deficiency from days 0 to 10 of pregnancy 22% of the young were malformed, and from days 0 to 12, 56% were malformed. When the zinc-deficient regime was imposed from days 6 to 14 of pregnancy almost half of the young were abnormal. Transitory periods of deficiency altered the incidences of the anomalies observed in accordance with the developmental events occurring at the time the deficiency was imposed. The rapid and severe effects of even relatively short periods of zinc deficiency on fetal development suggest that the pregnant rat cannot mobilize zinc from body stores in amounts sufficient to supply the needs of developing fetuses.

Book
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The Course and Management of Childbirth, the Sphysological Changes During Childbirth and the Epidemiology of Obstetrics are reviewed.
Abstract: Gyniatric History and Examination. Ovulation and the Menstrual Cycle. Conception and Placental Development. The Embryo and Fetus. The Sphysological Changes During Childbirth. Antenatal Care. The Mechanical Factors in Childbirth. The Physiological Changes During Childbirth. The Course and Management of Childbirth. The Puerperium. 'Minor' Complications of Pregnancy. Abortion. Extra-Uterine Pregnancy - Ectopic Gestation. Antepartum Haemorrhage. Hypertensive Diseases in Pregnancy. Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Haematological Disorders. Endocrine Disorders in Pregnancy. Infections During Pregnancy. Diseases of the Placenta and Membranes. Variations in the Duration of Pregancy. The At-Risk Fetus. Abnormal Fetal Presentations. Abnormal Labour (Dystocia) and Prolonged Labour. Disorders of the Puerperium. Obstetric Operations. The Epidemiology of Obstetrics. The Newborn Infant. The Low Birth-Weight Infant. Disorders of Menstruation. Phychosomatic and Physical Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle. Human Sexuality and Phychosexual Problems. Conception Control. Infertility. Infections of the Genital Tract. Atrophic and Dystrophic Conditions. Endometriosis and Adenomyosis. Benign Tumours, Cysts and Malformations of the Genital Tract. Maligancies of the Female Genital Tract. Uterovaginal Displacements, Damage and Prolapse. The Urinary Tract and Its Relationship to Gynaecology. The Breast. Gynaecological Problems in Childhood and Adolescence. A Woman's Middle Years: Menopause. The Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This report describes a pregnancy test based on measuring the plasma progesterone level at a fixed time after mating or insemination that has been tested on the cow ewe and sow and accuracy was 88%.
Abstract: This report describes a pregnancy test based on measuring the plasma progesterone level at a fixed time after mating or insemination. The method has been tested on the cow ewe and sow. In 50 Holstein cows blood samples were taken on the first day of estrus and on Days 10 17 and 24 of the cycle. Confirmation of pregnancy was determined 50-60 days after. Ewes were 3-5 years old and had blood samples drawn on day of estrus and on Days 10 and 17. Pregnancy was confirmed when the animals were slaughtered 35-140 days after mating. For pigs 25 Yorkshire gilts 10-12 months old were tested on Days 22 and 24 after estrus. Concentration of progesterone in plasma was determined by a modification of the competitive protein-binding technique. Corticosterone binding globulin (CBG) was obtained from male dogs. In the noninseminated cow the levels of progesterone in the plasma are low from 2 days before until 4 days after estrus. Due to irregular cycles blood samples taken earlier than Day 10 or later than Day 23 after insemination may lead to errors in predicting pregnancy. Pregnancy was determined by a plasma progesterone level greater than 1 ng/ml on Days 10 21 22 23 or 24. Samples taken on Day 19 were 74% accurate while estimates based on samples taken on Days 20-24 were 88-100% accurate. In ewes plasma progesterone is low from 1 day before to 3 days after estrus. A level greater than .5 ng/ml on Day 17 indicated pregnancy pr ovided that the first day serum progesterone level had been low. Accuracy of prediction was 87%. In sows levels were much higher then in cows or ewes. Values of 5 ng/ml or higher indicated pregnancy. Accuracy was 88%. General use of this method is restricted by the necessity of having a liquid scintillation counter. Also blood samples must be taken at a fixed time interval from mating or insemination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presence of T-strains in the urine and cervix was independent of other risk factors for low birth weight and was not related to shortened gestational length.
Abstract: To ascertain the relation between mycoplasmas in the cervix and urine of pregnant women and the outcome of pregnancy, 485 patients were studied prospectively in the prenatal clinic of the Boston City Hospital. T-strains were recovered from 384 women who gave birth to babies whose mean birth weight was 202 g (7.1 oz) less than that of the babies of women from whom T-strains were not isolated (p less than 0.003). Mycoplasma hominis, which was often associated with T-strains in cultures of the urine and cervix, was less well linked with low birth weight (p equal to 0.054). The association of T-strains with low birth weight was not related to shortened gestational length. The presence of T-strains in the urine and cervix was independent of other risk factors for low birth weight. T-strains or M. hominis were not related to history of previous premature births, stillbirths or abortions or to the development of toxemia or third-trimester hemorrhage.

Journal Article
TL;DR: It is suggested that there may be 2 periods of life when a womens risk of breast tumor induction is particularly high the onset of puberty and the decade surrounding menopause.
Abstract: The city of Sao Paulo Brazil was included in an international collaborative study of the relationship of breast cancer risk to reproductive history and lactation experience. Data was obtained from interviews with 536 cases of the disease and 1550 controls drawn from women attending the same 7 hospitals and 2 clinics. Only women diagnosed during the 31 months ending June 1968 were included. Risk rose from 1.0 for women with no schooling to 1.8 for women with 8-11 years of schooling (p<.02). Among the 536 cases 77 were born in Europe. The expected number of cases among this group was 56.3 (p<.01). Duration of residence in Sao Paulo was not significant. Reproductive experience was recorded only for women who were or had been married -- a total of 459 patients and 1366 controls. Women who had a first pregnancy prior to age 20 had only about two-thirds the cancer risk of those whose first pregnancy occurred after age 25. This is thought to explain in part the decreasing cancer risk with increasing parity as women of high parity are likely to have had their first pregnancy prior to age 20. However significantly low risks are association with parity of 6 or more. This protective risk was conferred only to women under the age of 50. After age 50 increasing weight increased the risk. Lactation analysis is based on 410 cases and 1253 controls. No appreciable differences were noted between expected and observed numbers with different nursing experiences. Data suggest that women whose natural menopause is delayed to age 55 or later have about twice the breast cancer risk of women who undergo menopause prior to age 50. However artificial menopause prior to age 40 in the few patients recorded seemed to be correlated with fewer breast cancers. It is suggested that there may be 2 periods of life when a womens risk of breast tumor induction is particularly high the onset of puberty and the decade surrounding menopause.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A young woman with severe cystinuria was treated with 2 g.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Over 70 per cent of the neonates show congenital neonatal addiction with clinically recognizable withdrawal symptoms, which suggest hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system as evidenced by diaphoresis, diarrhea, and rhinorrhea.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This finding may be significant, in that it indicates a terminal failure in increased placental progesterone genesis, at a time when the continued increase in uterine volume promotes myometrial activity through a stretch effect.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Matching of exposed and non-exposed pregnancies with respect to birth order, maternal age, and smoking-habits suggests that the risk of abortion may increase by 158% to 271% with maternal exposure.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study population included 758 Negroes, 70 Orientals, 403 white patients born in Puerto Rico, and 2,817 whites born elsewhere, who were advised to eat only well-cooked meat and to avoid exposure to cat feces.

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Jun 1971-Nature
TL;DR: Even at the age of 7, children of mothers who smoked in pregnancy are, on average, smaller and slightly retarded in reading ability compared with their contemporaries whose mothers did not smoke.
Abstract: IT is generally accepted that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion1, low birth weight and stillbirth or neonatal death2. Moreover, even at the age of 7, children of mothers who smoked in pregnancy are, on average, smaller and slightly retarded in reading ability compared with their contemporaries whose mothers did not smoke3. These associations have been shown to be independent of birth rank, maternal age and social class.

Journal ArticleDOI
21 May 1971-Science
TL;DR: Female rats were maintained on a protein-restricted diet 1 month prior to mating and throughout pregnancy and mated with normal males and the second generation offspring at birth had significantly lower cerebral weight and total cerebral DNA.
Abstract: Female rats were maintained on a protein-restricted diet 1 month prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Their female offspring were maintained on a normal diet from birth or from weaning and were mated with normal males. The second generation offspring at birth still had significantly lower cerebral weight and total cerebral DNA (cerebral cell number).