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Pregnancy

About: Pregnancy is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 163969 publications have been published within this topic receiving 4013502 citations. The topic is also known as: pregnancy & gestation.


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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2005-Chest
TL;DR: Maternal and grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk of childhood asthma.

358 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
07 Dec 2005-JAMA
TL;DR: The physiologic changes of pregnancy can reveal risk of chronic diseases and is therefore an important screening opportunity for cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk factors, with the possibility of early intervention.
Abstract: ContextPhysiologic changes of pregnancy include insulin resistance, thrombophilia, immunosuppression, and hypervolemia. These changes may herald the development of disease in later life.ObjectiveTo summarize current evidence on how pregnancy reveals risk of chronic disease.Evidence AcquisitionMEDLINE was searched for articles published between 1990 and 2005 relating pregnancy conditions to the development of chronic disease. Bibliographies and the Web sites of the International Society of Obstetric Medicine and International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy were also reviewed.Evidence SynthesisPregnancy exaggerates atherogeniclike responses, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, manifesting as preeclampsia or gestational diabetes. These complications herald an increased risk of postpartum cardiovascular disease, with a 2-fold increased risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus can progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The rate of progression varies from 6% to 92% depending on diagnostic criteria, race/ethnicity, and duration of surveillance (from 6 months to 28 years). Pregnancy increases risk of venous thrombosis by 7- to 10-fold. Heritable thrombophilia is present in at least 15% of Western populations and underlies at least 50% of gestational venous thromboses. Thus, the procoagulant changes during pregnancy can unmask hereditary thrombophilia. An important adaptation leading to immunotolerance of the fetoplacental unit is a switch from helper T-cell (TH) 1 dominance to TH2 dominance. Patients with a TH1-dominant immune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, improve during pregnancy. However, rheumatoid arthritis is 5 times more likely to develop after delivery than at any other time. During pregnancy, there is a 50% increase in plasma volume, which can unmask glomerulopathies, peripartum cardiomyopathy, arterial aneurysms, or arteriovenous malformations. Development of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy predicts increased risk of later cholelithiasis.ConclusionsThe physiologic changes of pregnancy can reveal risk of chronic diseases. Exaggerated responses reflective of the metabolic syndrome are seen in preeclampsia and gestational diabetes and can herald future cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Pregnancy is therefore an important screening opportunity for cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk factors, with the possibility of early intervention.

358 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors would like to apologise for several errors in the above manuscript, as listed below, and say that these errors do not affect the other content or the conclusions of the article.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity are prevalent among women of reproductive age and are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Preconception or early pregnancy screening for thyroid dysfunction has been proposed but is not widely accepted. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the clinical significance of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified by searching Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. RESULTS: From a total of 14 208 primary selected titles, 43 articles were included for the systematic review and 38 were appropriate for meta-analyses. No articles about hyperthyroidism were selected. Subclinical hypothyroidism in early pregnancy, compared with normal thyroid function, was associated with the occurrence of pre-eclampsia [odds ratio (OR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.6] and an increased risk of perinatal mortality (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6-4.7). In the meta-analyses, the presence of thyroid antibodies was associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0), miscarriage (OR 3.73, 95% CI 1.8-7.6), recurrent miscarriage (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.5), preterm birth (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.5) and maternal post-partum thyroiditis (OR 11.5, 95% CI 5.6-24) when compared with the absence of thyroid antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism or thyroid antibodies have an increased risk of complications, especially pre-eclampsia, perinatal mortality and (recurrent) miscarriage. Future research, within the setting of clinical trials, should focus on the potential health gain of identification, and effect of treatment, of thyroid disease on pregnancy outcome.

358 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
David Rush1
TL;DR: This review relates nutritional status to pregnancy-related death in the developing world, where maternal mortality rates are typically >/=100-fold higher than rates in the industrialized countries, and urgent need to reassess how to approach anemia control in pregnant women.

358 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evaluated how well prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and postpartum weight retention predict retention of weight 15 years later among parous women found overweight women did not gain more weight during pregnancy or retain more weight at 1 year follow-up.
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate how well prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and postpartum weight retention predict retention of weight 15 years later among parous women Research Methods and Procedures: The Stockholm Pregnancy and Women's Nutrition (SPAWN) study is a long-term follow-up study of women who delivered children in 1984 to 1985 (n = 2342) The participants initially filled out questionnaires about their eating and exercise habits, social circumstances, etc before, during, and at 1 year after pregnancy Anthropometric data were also sampled Fifteen years later, these women were invited to take part in the follow-up study Anthropometric measurements were collected, and similar questions were asked Five hundred sixty-three women participated in the SPAWN 15-year follow-up study The sample was divided into groups to examine three presumably critical time periods: 1) overweight and normal weight before pregnancy; 2) low, intermediate, and high weight gainers during pregnancy; and 3) low, intermediate, and high weight retainers at 1 year after pregnancy Results: The overweight women did not gain more weight during pregnancy or retain more weight at 1 year follow-up High weight gainers during pregnancy retained more weight at the 1-year and the 15-year follow-ups High weight retainers had gained more during pregnancy and retained it at the 15-year follow-up Fifty-six percent of the high weight gainers during pregnancy ended up in the high weight retainers group Discussion: Women who are overweight before pregnancy do not have a higher risk of postpartum weight retention than normal weight women Thus, it is not necessarily the initially overweight woman who should be the target or focus of weight control programs during or after pregnancy Both high weight gainers and high weight retainers had higher BMI at the 15-year follow-up, although only 56% of the high weight gainers during pregnancy were also classified as high weight retainers at the 1-year follow-up Weight retention at the end of the postpartum year predicts future overweight 15 years later

358 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20246
202312,193
202225,740
20218,002
20207,983
20196,948