Showing papers on "Pressure drop published in 2012"

Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation System Design Using Tapered Pipes for Pressure Loss Adjusting

Abstract: Accurate computing of amount of pressure loss is very important in sprinkle and trickle irrigation system design Not correctly adjusted of pressure loss are causes lack of appropriate performance or failure of sprinkle and trickle irrigation system By tapered pipes, pressure loss adjusted using increasing or decreasing of pressure head In this study using HydroCalc software, ability of single and tapered pipes in pressure loss adjusting has been compared Single and tapered laterals were able to adjusting of pressure loss but single manifolds were not able to achieving to the desired pressure head In single lateral-tapered manifold system due to the lower pressure loss in laterals, can be use from several types of pipe diameters for manifolds but in tapered lateral-tapered manifold system due to the more pressure loss in laterals, the choice is limited The best diameters for tapered manifolds with single lateral were 692-368 mm, 692-582-368 mm, and 582-460-368 mm whereas the best diameters for tapered manifold with tapered lateral were 692-460-368 mm

Optimized cross-slot flow geometry for microfluidic extensional rheometry.

Abstract: A precision-machined cross-slot flow geometry with a shape that has been optimized by numerical simulation of the fluid kinematics is fabricated and used to measure the extensional viscosity of a dilute polymer solution. Full-field birefringence microscopy is used to monitor the evolution and growth of macromolecular anisotropy along the stagnation point streamline, and we observe the formation of a strong and uniform birefringent strand when the dimensionless flow strength exceeds a critical Weissenberg number Wicrit 0:5. Birefringence and bulk pressure drop measurements provide self consistent estimates of the planar extensional viscosity of the fluid over a wide range of deformation rates (26 s1 "_ 435 s1) and are also in close agreement with numerical simulations performed by using a finitely extensible nonlinear elastic dumbbell model.

Extensional rheology and elastic instabilities of a wormlike micellar solution in a microfluidic cross-slot device

Abstract: Wormlike micellar surfactant solutions are encountered in a wide variety of important applications, including enhanced oil recovery and ink-jet printing, in which the fluids are subjected to high extensional strain rates. In this contribution we present an experimental investigation of the flow of a model wormlike micellar solution (cetyl pyridinium chloride and sodium salicylate in deionised water) in a well-defined stagnation point extensional flow field generated within a microfluidic cross-slot device. We use micro-particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV) and full-field birefringence microscopy coupled with macroscopic measurements of the bulk pressure drop to make a quantitative characterization of the fluid's rheological response over a wide range of deformation rates. The flow field in the micromachined cross-slot is first characterized for viscous flow of a Newtonian fluid, and μ-PIV measurements show the flow field remains symmetric and stable up to moderately high Reynolds number, Re ≈ 20, and nominal strain rate, nom ≈ 635 s−1. By contrast, in the viscoelastic micellar solution the flow field remains symmetric only for low values of the strain rate such that nom ≤ λM−1, where λM = 2.5 s is the Maxwell relaxation time of the fluid. In this stable flow regime the fluid displays a localized and elongated birefringent strand extending along the outflow streamline from the stagnation point, and estimates of the apparent extensional viscosity can be obtained using the stress-optical rule and from the total pressure drop measured across the cross-slot channel. For moderate deformation rates (nom ≥ λM−1) the flow remains steady, but becomes increasingly asymmetric with increasing flow rate, eventually achieving a steady state of complete anti-symmetry characterized by a dividing streamline and birefringent strand connecting diagonally opposite corners of the cross-slot. Eventually, as the nominal imposed deformation rate is increased further, the asymmetric divided flow becomes time dependent. These purely elastic instabilities are reminiscent of those observed in cross-slot flows of polymer solutions, but seem to be strongly influenced by the effects of shear localization of the micellar fluid within the microchannels and around the re-entrant corners of the cross-slot.