Showing papers on "Primate published in 1968"

Enzootic toxoplasmosis in caged squirrel monkeys Saimiri sciureus.

Abstract: Spontaneous and experimental toxoplasmosis have been reported sporadically as the cause of death in nonhuman primates. These reports indicate that New World monkeys and marmosets (cebidae and hapalidae), are more susceptible to infection by Toxoplasma gondii, or more often develop disease in response to this infection than monkeys and baboons of the Old World (cercopithecidae). This difference is not readily explained, but it parallels a difference in a capacity to adapt to confinement. An enzootic of fatal toxoplasmosis in a laboratory group of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciwew, a New World primate) is described.

Evolution of antigenic determinants of transferrin and other serum proteins in primates

Abstract: The antigenic determinants of the transferrins of 23 different primate species have been compared by a radioimmune inhibition of precipitation technique. Highest degrees of cross-reactivity with antisera to human transferrin were found in the transferrin of African apes, followed by that of the Asian apes, the Old World monkeys, the New World monkeys, and finally by the Prosimians. Thus, the evolution of the antigenic determinants on the transferrin molecule is in good agreement with the taxonomic classification of these species. Similar studies were carried out for α2-macroglobulin and various immunoglobulin chains. Parallel results were obtained except for the μ heavy chain of γM macroglobulin in which gibbon, orangutan, and gorilla probably followed a divergent line of evolution from the other Hominoidea.

Mother monkeys' (Macaca nemestrina) responses to infant vocalizations.

Abstract: Strnamary.-2 mother monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) separated from their infants, 2 adult females without young and 2 adult males were studied to determine activity (pacing) and vocalization in response to taped monkey calls. Stimulus tapes were prepared from two different calls of each of the rwo infant monkeys and a call of an adult female monkey. Mother monkeys separated from their infants were always more active and vocal than either non-mother female monkeys or males, and their activity and response vocalizations increased during presenrations of infant calls. There was no evidence that mothers responded differentially to the calls of their own infants. An increasing number of descriptive sc~tdies cacalog vocalizations emitted by primates and describe situations in which they occur (Andrew, 1762; Rowel1 & Hinde, 1762; Icani, 1963; Moynihan, 1966), but none experimentally tescs the effects of specific vocalizations of one primate upon another. As Marler (1965) pointed out, "speculations are poorly substanciaced even by observations . . . only by synthesizing sound signals chac are modified in various ways and presenting them to animals is it possible to show which of the properties of sounds are required co evoke the appropriate test response and which are unnecessary." Jensen and Tolman (1762) demonstrated that locomotor activity (pacing) of mother macaques was greatest when sensory access to their infants was least. Mothers who could not see their infants reduced cheir activity when they could hear them. This and other stitdies in which artificially presented vis~lal stimuli were used (Butler & Woolpy, 1963; Miller, et al., 1966; Sackett, 1766) suggested presenting taped vocalizacions of infants and measuring mothers' locomotor responses. A preliminary test of one mocher elicited a vocal response. Therefore, we used vocalization count as a second response measure. The hypotheses tested were chat mothers who were temporarily separated from their infancs would reduce their locomotion during the caped vocalizacions of cheir own infancs and chac the responses of mothers, non-mothers and males would differ from one anocher.