Showing papers on "Primate published in 1973"

A cross-species comparison of status in small established groups.

Abstract: Seven status characteristics of small established human groups are listed and then compared to the characteristics of a chicken pecking order. Chickens and humans share, at most, three of the seven characteristics. Problems of comparing human and nonhuman behavior are discussed, and a method is suggested which compares behaviors along this series of primates: tree shrew, lemur, squirrel monkey, baboon and macaque, gorilla and chimpanzee, man. The successive primates in the series are increasingly physically similar to man. The seven original status characteristics either appear throughout the primate series or emerge as we move along the series toward man. The cross-species comparison serves as a basis for criticizing several sociological theories of status.

The incidence of agenesis and polygenesis in the primate dentition

Abstract: The incidence of dental agenesis and polygenesis was demonstrated in 978 Old World monkeys, 390 great apes, 194 lesser apes and 5,000 humans of Caucasoid and Negroid stock The frequency of agenesis was highest in the human sample, particularly in the Negroids, that of polygenesis was highest in the great apes Within both groups, the polymorphism was commonest in the molar (predominantly third molar) region Despite numerous difficulties in the interpretation of such data, on the basis of the differences between man, apes and monkeys, it is suggested that the high incidence of agenesis seen in man is a phylogenetic accompaniment of the shortening of the maxillomandibular skeleton, which is such a marked feature of human evolution

Interactions between Adult Female and Infant Howling Monkeys (Alouatta palliata)

Abstract: Eight troops containing a total of 151 howler monkeys were studied for 513 h between December19, 1970, and February 25, 1971. The troops contained 26 mothers with their infants. Mother-infant and other adult female-infant interactions were analyzed for infants from all three age classes. The data extend the knowledge of howler behavior in three ways. First, the study broadens the comparative data on Alouatta palliata to cover a new geographic area, a coastline forest in southwestern Panama. Second, the data provide the most detailed description of infant behavioral development and mother-infant interactions available in the howler literature. And third, since the population density of 10.4 howlers per ha at the study site is one of the highest densities reported in the primate literature, the present study contributes to the analysis of how primates adapt to conditions of high population density. Comparisons are made between the adult female-infant interactions observed on Barro Colorado Island and those observed at the present study site.

Night observations of free-ranging rhesus monkeys

Abstract: The nocturnal distribution and behavior of individually marked Macaca mulatta were studied at the La Parguera, Puerto Rico, colony of the Caribbean Primate Research Center. The new image intensifier was used successfully to identify 399 monkeys in 185 sleeping clusters. Monkeys moved into mangrove trees close to favorite feeding areas usually 35 minutes after sunset. The group condensed to less than one-half the daytime spread, vocalizations increased and grooming ceased. Movements and vocalizations ceased several hours after sunset, although bursts of activity occurred throughout the night. Activity resumed 40 minutes before sunrise. Activity was higher during full moon, when I observed feeding, play and sexual behavior. Fights at night were twice as frequent during the breeding season. Monkeys slept in clusters of one to four, 58% of which were of two. Sixty-three percent were composed of maternal relatives, 33% were mother-infant pairs. Mature males clustered with non-related males, slept alone or with females (in the breeding season). Yearlings slept with their mothers or with older siblings. Distribution of monkeys in a group at night reflects daytime associations.

Dynamics of the Ureter — Ureteral Physiology in the Monkey

Abstract: Evidence suggests the origin of the class mammalia 200 to 250 million years ago, the first mammals being represented by a primitive rodent. The first member of the order of primates, a tree shrew, was first found to exist around 60 million years ago. Paleontologists suggest that man has evolved from this terrestrial type of animal through an arboreal group of animals represented by the lower orders of primate species. While New World monkeys became differentiated from Old World monkeys around 40 million years ago, it was not until around 25 million years ago that the order Hominoidea became differentiated from the Old World monkeys. Within this group are the gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee, gorilla and of course man. While the evidence of the paleontologist, based mainly on morphologic similarity of skeletal structures, has been accepted, more recent methods of determining phylogenetic differences have almost entirely confirmed the previous morphologic evidence. These include biochemical profiles in which comparisons of amino acids in serum albumin, the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins, hemoglobins, similarities in chromosomes and enzymes systems such as chromosome oxidase have been used. All have shown the marked similarity between man and other apes and a close similarity between man and the Old World monkey (Lerner, 1968).