Showing papers on "Primate published in 1982"
TL;DR: This paper found that free-ranging vervet monkeys grunt to each other in a variety of social situations: when approaching a dominant or subordinate individual, when moving into a new area of their range, or when observing another group.
282 citations
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The ability to induce neoplastic disease rapidly and reproducibly has made this system attractive for investigation of the biological, immunological, and molecular parameters of Cell transformation and tumor induction.
Abstract: Herpesvirus saimiri (H. saimiri) is a ubiquitous agent of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), a primate species native to the South American rain forests. The virus can easily be isolated from blood and tissue-culture cells of most healthy squirrel monkeys, and there is no evidence so far that H. saimiri is pathogenic in its natural host. After the first report on isolation of H. saimiri from primary kidney-cell cultures by Melendez et al. (1968) from the New England Primate Research Center, the virus was regarded as a harmless indigenous agent of squirrel monkeys. The interest in this virus arose from the observation that H. saimiri is extremely oncogenic in a number of other primate species that are presumably not infected under usual wildlife conditions (Melendez et al., 1969b). Marmoset monkeys of the genus Saguinus consistently develop malignant tumors of the lymphatic system, usually within 2 months of infection. The ability to induce neoplastic disease rapidly and reproducibly has made this system attractive for investigation of the biological, immunological, and molecular parameters of Cell transformation and tumor induction.
205 citations
TL;DR: Man is the only primate that hunts animals larger than himself, and that incorporates tool-use, complex vocal communication and bipedalism into his hunting pattern.
89 citations
TL;DR: The demonstration that manipulations attendant to data collection did not jeopardize reproductive success has important implications for research on primate colonies which are maintained primarily for breeding purposes.
Abstract: Behavioral and physiological data were collected over a three-year period on a colony of compound-housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to examine endocrine influences on sexual behavior. The reproductive performance of the experimental animals was compared to controls which were not routinely handled. The groups did not differ significantly with regard to the percentage of conceptions or other parameters of reproductive biology. The demonstration that manipulations attendant to data collection did not jeopardize reproductive success has important implications for research on primate colonies which are maintained primarily for breeding purposes. Additionally, female copulatory behavior was found to be a reliable indicator of ovulation which allows for an accurate prediction of the parturition date.
69 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided for neuropeptides producing behavioral improvement in non-human primates using an appetitive task, eliminating a popular criticism that the data in this literature has depended too heavily on the testing of rodents in shock-motivated tasks.
52 citations
TL;DR: It appears that duplication of alkaline phosphatase genes and mutations of genetic elements controlling their tissue expression have occurred relatively recently in mammalian evolution.
Abstract: Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3131] in placenta, intestine, liver, kidney, bone, and lung from a variety of primate species has been characterized by quantitative inhibition, thermostability, and immunological studies Characteristic human placental-type alkaline phosphatase occurs in placentas of great apes (chimpanzee and orangutan) but not in placentas of other primates, including gibbon It is also present in trace amounts in human lung but not in lung or other tissues of various Old and New World monkeys However, a distinctive alkaline phosphatase resembling it occurs in substantial amounts in lungs from Old World monkeys but not New World monkeys It appears that duplication of alkaline phosphatase genes and mutations of genetic elements controlling their tissue expression have occurred relatively recently in mammalian evolution
51 citations
TL;DR: Findings suggest an increased cortisol biosynthetic efficiency in the squirrel monkey, examined by measuring the activity of four adrenal microsomal enzymes.
Abstract: The squirrel monkey, a New World primate, has plasma cortisol levels roughly 12 times those in Old World primates, such as the cynomolgus monkey, and man. Two mechanisms are possible to maintain this high plasma cortisol level: an increased cortisol production rate (PR) and a decreased cortisol MCR. The cortisol MCR in the squirrel monkey is half that in the cynomolgus monkey [65 ± 3 vs. 123 ± 3 liters/M2- day (mean ± SE), respectively; P < 0.001]. The cortisol PR, however, is 6 times higher in the squirrel monkey than in the cynomolgus monkey (199 ± 21 vs. 32 ± 6 mg/M2• day; P< 0.001). The mild adrenal gland enlargement of the squirrel monkey (320 ± 22 us. 197 ± 10 mg adrenal/kg BW in the cynomolgus monkey; P < 0.001) does not appear to account entirely for the 6-fold increase in the cortisol PR. These findings suggest an increased cortisol biosynthetic efficiency in the squirrel monkey. This was examined by measuring the activity of four adrenal microsomal enzymes. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomer...
49 citations
TL;DR: The squirrel monkey may be a model for the study of the mechanism of action and regulation of secretion of progesterone and the receptor affinity for R5020 is the same in both species.
Abstract: Fertile females of a New World primate species, the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), have plasma progesterone concentrations that vary between 57 and 510 ng/ml during the reproductive cycle and are 10- to 20-fold higher than those seen in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and other Old World primates, including man. The plasma progesterone level during pregnancy is high and varies between 140 and 490 ng/ml. Estradiol levels during the reproductive cycle and pregnancy are also higher than those of cynomolgus monkeys. After 2-day treatment of ovariectomized monkeys with estradiol in oil, the progesterone receptor content in the uterine cytosol of the squirrel monkey is one eighth that in similarly treated cynomolgus monkeys [60.4 ± 6.5 fmol R5020 bound/mg protein vs. 496 ± 55 (mean ± SE); n = 8]. The receptor affinity for R5020 is the same in both species. Thus, the elevated plasma progesterone levels in squirrel monkeys appear to be a compensatory response to a receptor-mediated decrease in sensi...
40 citations
TL;DR: The indirect fluorescent antibody procedure was found more sensitive than the neutralization antibody technique but appeared less specific for antibody to cytomegalovirus strains.
Abstract: Simian cytomegalovirus infections were studied in captive, naturally infected primates and in experimentally infected rhesus monkeys. Neutralizing antibody to simian cytomegalovirus was prevalent in selected species of Old World Monkeys. Naturally infected, rhesus monkeys shed virus in their urine during the entire two-year period of study. Similarly, experimentally infected rhesus monkeys showed neutralizing antibody and viruria for more than two years. The indirect fluorescent antibody procedure was found more sensitive than the neutralization antibody technique but appeared less specific for antibody to cytomegalovirus strains.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, vital statistics were employed to estimate rates of mortality, fetility and growth for a group of about 450 captive rhesus monkeys housed in six separate enclosures at the California Primate Research Center (CPRC).
Abstract: Vital statistics are employed to estimate rates of mortality, fetility and growth for a group of about 450 captive rhesus monkeys housed in six separate enclosures at the California Primate Research Center (CPRC). These rates were compared with those previously reported for a free-ranging group of rhesus monkeys. Relative to the free-ranging group, the CPRC monkeys experienced higher fertility below age 5 and lower mortality beyond age 3. These rates are associated with a potential intrinsic rate of increase of about 10%, a rate which is about 50% higher than that for the free-ranging group. Reasons for this marked difference in reproductive success of the two groups are discussed.
27 citations
TL;DR: “Wadging,” the intermixing and chewing of leaves with meat, is reported for the first time in a primate other than the chimpanzee, and meat-sharing was not observed in C. mitis.
Abstract: Two cases of predation on galagos by free-ranging blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) are described.C. mitis is only the second species of the genusCercopithecus known to prey on mammals. “Wadging,” the intermixing and chewing of leaves with meat, is reported for the first time in a primate other than the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Meat-sharing was not observed inC. mitis.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The mother-infant relationship in non-human primates is longer-lasting and more intense than it is in most other mammals.
Abstract: The mother-infant relationship in non-human primates is longer-lasting and more intense than it is in most other mammals. One reason for this is that the physical association between primate mothers and infants is very close. Infants cling to their mothers’ bodies almost constantly for at least the first few months of life. The mother provides the infant with food, warmth, transportation and protection.
TL;DR: Results from this study suggest that the subclavius performs more as a dynamic element in movements of the pectoral girdle during brachiation, vertical climbing, pronograde quadrupedalism and leaping.
Abstract: Within the primate order, the morphology of the subclavius muscle is known to be unique among the prehensile-tailed South American monkeys. 3 spider monkeys, Ateles, were monitored electromyographically to determine the recruitment of this muscle during various locomotor and postural activities. Rather than indicating a static stabilizing function, which has typically been inferred from classical anatomical studies, results from this study suggest that the subclavius performs more as a dynamic element in movements of the pectoral girdle during brachiation, vertical climbing, pronograde quadrupedalism and leaping. Complementary activity patterns were also identified between the subclavius and the caudal fibers of the trapezius indicating that the subclavius is used when the animal must depress, or resist cranial displacement, of the protracted shoulder girdle, while the caudal trapezius is recruited when the girdle is retracted on the chest wall.
TL;DR: The pharmacokinetics of frusemide in the cynomolgus monkey are closer to those in man than are those in the rhesus monkey, the baboon or other commonly used laboratory animal species.
TL;DR: To evaluate potential factors affecting reproductive performance, 6 monkeys of Colombian and 6 of Bolivian origin, housed as mated pairs, were observed via closed circuit television and a remote-controlled camera.
Abstract: Summary To evaluate potential factors affecting reproductive performance, 6 monkeys of Colombian and 6 of Bolivian origin, housed as mated pairs, were observed via closed circuit television and a remotecontrolled camera. Behavioural differences in feeding and drinking, locomotor activity, environmental interaction, positive social interaction, autogrooming, nest box occupancy, and playing were observed. The differences noted indicate that the subspecies may have different social structures. The owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), a nocturnal primate, has gained popularity in recent years for research in several areas of medical science. Increasing interest in this species has led to growing concern over the proper management of these animals in the laboratory. During the establishment of our owl monkey breeding colony, distinct differences in behaviour between 2 subspecies were observed. One group, originating in Colombia, came to this laboratory after 4-5 years in another research facility. The other group came directly from the wild in Bolivia. After observing the animals for a year, behav
TL;DR: The data indicate that squirrel adult male squirrel monkeys respond to mother‐infant separation when this manipulation involves threat to the infant, as has been noted for other primate species.
Abstract: This study tested the responsiveness of adult male squirrel monkeys living with mother-infant dyads to various conditions of mother-infant separation. During each of the five weekly experimental 30-minute sessions, as well as during undisturbed basal conditions, the behavioral and hormonal responses of five adult males were assessed. The results indicated that only one experimental condition-that involving the actual manipulation of the separated infant during the test session-produced behavioral and adrenocorticoid changes. During this condition the males exhibited increased movement, increased social activity scores, and elevations in plasma cortisol. These data indicate that squirrel adult male squirrel monkeys respond to mother-infant separation when this manipulation involves threat to the infant, as has been noted for other primate species.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: As shown in numerous earlier publications, baboons display two kinds of the serological polymorphism: one, that is based on individual differences in the content of saliva and other body secretions, and one, based on antigenic properties of the red cells, defined by the so-called simian-type specificities, and detectable by hemagglutination tests.
Abstract: As shown in numerous earlier publications (Moor-Jankowski et al. 1964, 1967, Wiener and Moor-Jankowski 1969, Verbitski et al. 1967), baboons, like many other species of Old World monkeys, display two kinds of the serological polymorphism: one, that is based on individual differences in the content of saliva and other body secretions, as defined by inhibition tests for the human-type A, B, H blood group substances, and confirmed by the serum tests for the presence of anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinins, and the other, based on antigenic properties of the red cells, defined by the so-called simian-type specificities, and detectable by hemagglutination tests, carried out with the anti-sera purposely produced by iso- or cross-immunization of baboons and other monkeys.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The squirrel monkey is chosen as the experimental animal because it offers several distinct advantages over the cat or rhesus, and has a small brain stem which allows horseradish peroxidase intracellularly injected at one point to diffuse more completely throughout a given neuron.
Abstract: Although the abducens nucleus has been extensively studied in the alert monkey (King et al., ‘76; Pola, Robinson, ‘78) and cat (Delgado-Garcia et al., ‘77, ‘83 in preparation) with extracellular recording, further investigation with techniques that allow single cell structure-function correlation (McCrea et al., ‘80) is of interest. We have chosen the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciurius, as our experimental animal because it offers several distinct advantages over the cat or rhesus. It is a foveate, frontal-eyed primate with eye movements similar in several respects to man (Paige, ‘82). More importantly, squirrel monkeys are small in size and have a small brain stem (in comparison to the cat) which allows horseradish peroxidase intracellularly injected at one point to diffuse more completely throughout a given neuron. Experiments were performed in alert squirrel monkeys utilizing intra-axonal recording and staining with glass microelectrodes filled with horseradish peroxidase.