Showing papers on "Primate published in 1988"
TL;DR: This paper describes the survival rates of 763 rhesus monkeys maintained at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center (YRPRC) and indicates the highest mortality rate occurred during the first month of life.
Abstract: This paper describes the survival rates of 763 rhesus monkeys maintained at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center (YRPRC). The survival rates were determined by methods used to calculate survival rates of human populations. The monkeys were divided into 3 groups based on their specific life histories. Group I monkeys were wild-born and were housed singly from the time they came into captivity at about 2 years of age. Group II monkeys were born either in the wild or in captivity and were housed in social groups since their acquisition at ages 2 to 8 years. Group III monkeys were born at the YRPRC and housed in social groups. Due to these differences in life histories, direct comparisons among survival curves of the 3 groups are, at best, tenuous, as are comparisons with populations maintained at other facilities. In the present study the highest mortality rate occurred during the first month of life. The maximum life span attained in our group I was 35 years, with only 6.2% of monkeys in this group attaining an age beyond 30 years.
222 citations
TL;DR: A phylogenetic tree for the four groups of primates is constructed and suggests that the rate of nucleotide substitution for mtDNAs in hominines (human, chimpanzee, and gorilla) may have slowed down compared with that for old-world monkeys.
Abstract: We determined nucleotide sequences of homologous 0.9-kb fragments of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) derived from four species of old-world monkeys, one species of new-world monkeys, and two species of prosimians. With these nucleotide sequences and homologous sequences for five species of hominoids, we constructed a phylogenetic tree for the four groups of primates. The phylogeny obtained is generally consistent with evolutionary trees constructed in previous studies. Our results also suggest that the rate of nucleotide substitution for mtDNAs in hominines (human, chimpanzee, and gorilla) may have slowed down compared with that for old-world monkeys. This evolutionary feature of mitochondrial genes is similar to one found in nuclear genes.
179 citations
TL;DR: The finding of a recognition impairment with age is in parallel with studies of normal human aging and lends support to the notion that the rhesus monkey is a suitable animal model of human aging.
173 citations
TL;DR: Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets provide insight into some of the proximate determinants of fission‐fusion social organization in this species and illustrate the different strategies used by males and females to gain access to critical resources.
Abstract: Results of a long-term field study on the ecology and social organization of two groups of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in Peru are reported. Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets provide insight into some of the proximate determinants of fission-fusion social organization in this species and illustrate the different strategies used by males and females to gain access to critical resources. Longitudinal data on known individuals provide evidence for male natal philopatry and female emigration at sexual maturity in this population. Interbirth intervals are long (mean = 34.5 months) in comparison with most other primate species, and 5 of 15 infants seen within a few days of birth died or disappeared before they were a year old. Home ranges are large (150-250 ha) and fairly discrete; overlap with neighboring groups is on the order of 10-15%. Males and females differed substantially in their ranging patterns; females, particularly those with infants, restricted much of their ranging to a "core area" 20-33% the size of the total group range, whereas males ranged more evenly over the entire area occupied by the group. Daily path length varied over almost an order of magnitude from 465 m to 4,070 m, with a mean of 1977 m. Males spent more time traveling and less time feeding than most females. These results are compared with those obtained in previous studies of Ateles and with similar data from other primate species to assess their implications for the evolution of fission-fusion sociality in spider monkeys. The ecological factors responsible for the evolution of very similar social organizations in spider monkeys and chimpanzees are discussed.
163 citations
TL;DR: The results of more recent studies of cortical connections in macaques, when compared with those from three different species of New World monkeys and one Old World prosimian primate, suggest the hypothesis that processing streams directed toward posterior parietal and inferior temporal cortex exist in all primates.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on two cortical visual systems in Old World and New World primates. Visual cortex is divided into multiple subdivisions, or areas, in the brains of advanced mammals such as primates. Each visual area has a distinctive and complex pattern of cortical connections. A valuable insight was made by Ungerleider and Mishkin that connection between areas of visual cortex in macaque monkeys form two major diverging pathways. Both pathways originate at the level of cortex from striate cortex. One pathway relays through a number of areas rostra1 to striate cortex and terminates in cortex of the posterior parietal lobe. The other pathway relays through a number of different areas and terminates in inferior temporal cortex. The results of more recent studies of cortical connections in macaque monkeys, when compared with those from three different species of New World monkeys and one Old World prosimian primate, suggest the hypothesis that processing streams directed toward posterior parietal and inferior temporal cortex exist in all primates.
143 citations
TL;DR: Evidence derived by the process of elimination indicates that the spontaneous call depends on the concerted action of a continuous band of rostral limbic cortex comprising parts of areas 24, 25, and 12, and the midline frontal neocortex peripheral to this limbic zone does not appear to be essential for the call.
133 citations
TL;DR: The results provide a framework for monitoring spontaneous disease associated with infection by these 3 retroviruses and will help in further definition of STLV‐I and SIV infection of non‐human primates as animal models for human disease.
Abstract: The prevalence of antibodies to 3 retroviruses in the macaque colony of the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedures as well as radioimmunoprecipitation-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence tests. Out of 848 macaques, 3 (0.35%) had antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 27 (3.2%) had antibodies to simian T-lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-1) and approximately 285 (34%) had antibodies to type D retrovirus. Of 3 macaques infected with SIV, 2 were rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and I was a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). STLV-1 and D retrovirus infection occurred in all 4 macaque species examined. SIV, STLV-1 and D retroviruses were isolated from sero-positive macaques. The low prevalence of SIV infection suggests that SIV is not being readily transmitted among macaques at NERPRC; this contrasts markedly with the high SIV prevalence in some captive mangabey colonies. In contrast to African green monkeys from eastern Africa, 160 Caribbean green monkeys examined showed no sign of SIV infection. These results provide a framework for monitoring spontaneous disease associated with infection by these 3 retroviruses and will help in further definition of STLV-1 and SIV infection of non-human primates as animal models for human disease.
125 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that female Erythrocebus patas follow up on aggressive interactions, interacting sooner and more often with former opponents during post-conflict observations than during matched-control observations.
116 citations
TL;DR: The data support the origin of Homo sapiens by regional phyletic transition from H. erectus, starting in Africa in the Middle Pleistocene, and oppose the hypothesis of rapid world-wide replacement by migration from a single source.
Abstract: The size of the primate single mitochondrial DNA molecular ring, the genetic technology for obtaining pure samples, the use of nucleotide sequence and restriction endonuclease analyses, and the relatively rapid rate of evolution make mtDNA variation useful for microevolutionary studies within and between species despite the informational content of the 37 genes being restricted to one locus because of complete linkage. The data on chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons support the hypothesis that the two African apes are the closest living biological relatives of humans and favor a closer relation of chimpanzees and humans than of gorillas and humans. The data support the origin of Homo sapiens by regional phyletic transition from H. erectus, starting in Africa in the Middle Pleistocene, and oppose the hypothesis of rapid world-wide replacement by migration from a single source. The human continental races share a majority of both their mitochondrial and nuclear gene pools.
82 citations
TL;DR: Application of human criteria to this animal supported the diagnosis of early AMD and the presence of drusen with nearly identical ultrastructural features to those found in the human pigment epithelium in AMD was confirmed.
Abstract: In the hope of identifying an animal model for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) we undertook a pilot investigation of aged rhesus monkeys. Twenty-nine monkeys from a seminatural colony were exam
33 citations
TL;DR: Rigorous sanitation, isolation, and quarantine procedures, including personnel training and additional protective clothing for personnel working in the primate colony, reduced the potential for transmission and arrested the outbreak.
Abstract: During a toxicology study in cynomolgus (long-tailed or crab-eating) monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a randomly distributed incidence of significantly increased hepatic enzyme activity was observed. Premedication hepatic enzyme activity in all monkeys of this study was normal, but increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was found in 4 of the 24 animals 2 weeks after initiation of the study and in 10 of 24 at 4 weeks. A drug-related effect was considered unlikely initially because the increases were not doserelated, and a 3-year review of 655 cynomolgus monkeys revealed a 15–20% incidence of increased hepatic enzyme activity. Good correlation was subsequently established between increased hepatic enzyme activity, active hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and histomorphologic confirmation of hepatitis (chronic periportal inflammation). Follow-up viral serodiagnostic screening of resident macaques revealed an overall incidence of anti-HAV IgG in 80% (155/193) of cynomolgus and in 70% (14/20) of rhesus monkeys. Serial screening demonstrated that several initially negative monkeys became seropositive for anti-HAV IgG, and a few acquired active infection (anti-HAV IgM). Among newly acquired cynomolgus monkeys, 2.5% (2/80) had an acute HAV infection, and 35% (28/80) eventually tested positive for anti-HAV IgG while quarantined in the primate facility. The characterization of an enzootic HAV infection in incoming monkeys posed a significant risk for the primate colony and handlers. Rigorous sanitation, isolation, and quarantine procedures, including personnel training and additional protective clothing for personnel working in the primate colony, reduced tho potential for transmission and arrested the outbreak. Experimenters should be cautious in ascribing toxicity to a test article based solely on increased hepatic enzyme activity associated with chronic periportal inflammation.
TL;DR: Proceptive presenting by female macaque monkeys was evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the medial preoptic area, under conditions of partial restraint while sitting in a primate chair, which seems to be the first report on the effects of electrical brain stimulation on proceptivity in the female monkey.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results indicate that by creating a cage environment with multiple tiers of horizontal perches the effective cage space can be doubled or tripled, which provides an effective means of reducing population density without enlarging the dimensions of the cage or reducing social group size.
Abstract: The squirrel monkey (genus Saimiri) is an arboreal primate from equatorial South America. This species forms large social groups that consist of multiple females and males of varying ages, from infant to adult. As the use of squirrel monkeys in research continues to grow, an understanding of optimal cage design and environment is essential. The University of South Alabama Primate Research Laboratory houses a breeding colony of 350 squirrel monkeys. Each group cage, measuring 4.5 X 2.5 X 1.5 meters, can contain up to 20 animals. A breeding group consists of one adult male, eight to ten adult females, and varying numbers of infant and juvenile animals. In order to determine the most suitable cage environment for the squirrel monkey, a series of studies were carried out to compare various perch materials and cage configurations. Squirrel monkeys preferred a poly-vinyl-chloride pipe perch (rigid) over rope perches (non-rigid). When provided with multiple levels of perches, all levels were used. Males tended to distribute their activities randomly at different levels. In a two tiered perch arrangement, females concentrated 67% of their social activity on the top tier. In a triple tier configuration, females concentrated 66% of their travel on the top tier. These results indicate that by creating a cage environment with multiple tiers of horizontal perches the effective cage space can be doubled or tripled. This provides an effective means of reducing population density without enlarging the dimensions of the cage or reducing social group size.
TL;DR: The reproducible immunodeficiency that follows inoculation of SRV-1 in rhesus monkeys promises to be a useful model for studying the pathogenesis of ANUG associated with immunodficiency.
TL;DR: The delta-globin gene of the New-World spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi, is isolated, and its nucleotide sequence is compared with those of other primate delta- and beta- globin genes.
Abstract: We have isolated the delta-globin gene of the New-World spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi, and compared its nucleotide sequence with those of other primate delta- and beta-globin genes. Among primate delta-globin genes, the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions is much less than the rate of synonymous substitutions. This suggests that primate delta-globin genes may remain under evolutionary conservation, perhaps because hemoglobin A2 has an as yet unknown physiological importance.
TL;DR: In a large breeding colony of squirrel monkeys, a previous study demonstrated apparent universal infestation of adult animals with enteric trichomonads, and in vitro techniques were utilized to determine sensitivity to metronidazole of a number of isolates.
Abstract: In a large breeding colony of squirrel monkeys, a previous study demonstrated apparent universal infestation of adult animals with enteric trichomonads. The potential of these organisms to act as a source of experimental variability and the potential pathogenic effects of parasitism in this species stimulated this study of organism acquisition and treatment. Age of natural infestation with trichomonads was determined from results of microscopic examination and culture of fecal samples from infants of different ages. A majority of squirrel monkey infants showed first evidence of trichomoniasis at 2 to 4 weeks of age, with apparent 100% infestation by 8 weeks of age. Treatment of adult monkeys was investigated. In vitro techniques were utilized to determine sensitivity to metronidazole of a number of isolates. An effective regimen for treatment of adult monkeys was determined to be 25 mg/kg body weight of metronidazole given orally, twice daily for 5 days.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This chapter will review a series of studies conducted during the past 10 years in the Laboratory of Developmental Psychobiology at Stanford University on the physiological and behavioral responses to separation in the infant squirrel monkey and the infant rhesus monkey.
Abstract: There is now an extensive literature on the behavioral effects of separation of non-human primate infants from their mothers (see review by Mineka and Suomi, 1978). These studies have been conducted in a variety of species, both New and Old World monkeys. Early research focused primarily on behavioral variables, in particular the infant’s activity and vocalization during the separation. More recently, measures of physiological function have been included in the examination of the infant’s response to removal from its mother (Reite et al., 1982; Coe et al., 1985a, b). By assessing behavior and physiology simultaneously, our laboratory has taken a psychobiological approach to this field of study. In this chapter, we will review a series of studies conducted during the past 10 years in the Laboratory of Developmental Psychobiology at Stanford University on the physiological and behavioral responses to separation in the infant squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and the infant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). By using two species of monkeys, we have been able to generalize some of our findings across non-human primate species.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Differences in blood gases, electrolytes, hematology, blood glucose and cortisol among young and old Bolivian (Roman type) and Colombian (Gothic type) phenotypes of the squirrel monkey are compared.
Abstract: Due to its small size, lower cost, tractable nature, successful breeding in captivity and its status near the middle of the primate phylogenetic scale, the squirrel monkey has become an attractive primate model for basic and biomedical research. Although the squirrel monkey now is being used more extensively in many laboratories with diverse interests, only fragmentary reports have been published regarding basic physiological characteristics, or baseline blood reference values of different phenotypes, particularly blood gases, hematology and serum chemical constituents. It is becoming recognized increasingly that these baseline blood reference values are important not only in the care and maintenance of the squirrel monkey, but are critical for assessing normal physiological status, as well as the effects of various experimental treatments. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in blood gases, electrolytes, hematology, blood glucose and cortisol among young and old Bolivian (Roman type) and Colombian (Gothic type) phenotypes of the squirrel monkey.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: Monkey graffity is an invented name for strange behaviour of rhesus monkeys in the Primate Centre TNO in Rijswijk, where these monkeys spread their own faeces on the walls of their cages and on all other places within their reach.
Abstract: Monkey graffity is an invented name for strange behaviour of rhesus monkeys in the Primate Centre TNO in Rijswijk. These monkeys spread their own faeces on the walls of their cages and on all other places within their reach. This is not only annoying for the animal technicians, who have to clean the cages everyday, but it can also be regarded as abnormal behaviour, because rhesus monkeys normally avoid contact with their faeces. Abnormal behaviour is an indication for discomfort (Fox, 1984), and for this reason a study of this behaviour was made.
01 Jan 1988