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Primate

About: Primate is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1250 publications have been published within this topic receiving 67388 citations. The topic is also known as: the primate order & primates.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparison between young and adult Microcebus murinus, a prosimian, and Old World monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Papio hamadryas) is presented, suggesting that astroglial interlaminar processes underwent an early expression within the primate order, with increasing presence in more recent primate species.
Abstract: Previous observations have shown that astrocytes with interlaminar processes are present in the cerebral cortex of humans and New and Old World monkeys, but not in the rodent. The present report furthers the analysis of possible evolutionary aspects regarding the expression of such astroglial features. A comparison between young and adult Microcebus murinus, a prosimian, and Old World monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Papio hamadryas) is presented. Brain samples were processed for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, MAP2 and SMI 311 immunocytochemistry, using different procedures. The cerebral cortex of adult Microcebus showed the presence of long astroglial processes, albeit reduced in number and length with respect to those observed in Old World monkeys. Macaca and Papio showed dense packing of such processes extending in most cortical regions to a depth of approximately 700 micrometers. Based on double immunolabelling for GFAP and MAP 2 antigens, the location and extent of these processes was shown to overlap with areas traversed by bundles and individual apical dendrites. Aged Old World specimens depicted an increased thickness of terminal portions of interlaminar processes, with increased morphological alterations. Comparisons made between the average thickness of the ”brush” composed of interlaminar processes and the thickness of lamina I among the species analyzed disclosed an absence of relationship between them. This suggests that interlaminar processes do not represent cellular adaptations to the increase in thickness in superficial cortical laminae, but rather to some other evolutionary pressure. Since astroglial interlaminar processes are already present in a prosimian, although in a comparatively reduced manner, it is suggested that such processes underwent an early expression within the primate order, with increasing presence in more recent primate species.

24 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was observed that the remarkable anatomical similarity between the brains of genera Macaca and Cebus may extend to architectonic aspects and the number and distribution of these areas were to a large extent similar to those described in Old World monkeys PfC in more recent studies.
Abstract: According to several lines of evidence, the great expansion observed in the primate prefrontal cortex (PfC) was accompanied by the emergence of new cortical areas during phylogenetic development. As a consequence, the structural heterogeneity noted in this region of the primate frontal lobe has been associated with diverse behavioral and cognitive functions described in human and non-human primates. A substantial part of this evidence was obtained using Old World monkeys as experimental model; while the PfC of New World monkeys has been poorly studied. In this study, the architecture of the PfC in five capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) was analyzed based on four different architectonic tools, Nissl and myelin staining, histochemistry using the lectin Wisteria floribunda agglutinin and immunohistochemistry using SMI-32 antibody. Twenty-two architectonic areas in the Cebus PfC were distinguished: areas 8v, 8d, 9d, 12l, 45, 46v, 46d, 46vr and 46dr in the lateral PfC; areas 11l, 11m, 12o, 13l, 13m, 13i, 14r and 14c in the orbitofrontal cortex, with areas 14r and 14c occupying the ventromedial corner; areas 32r, 32c, 25 and 9m in the medial PfC, and area 10 in the frontal pole. This number is significantly higher than the four cytoarchitectonic areas previously recognized in the same species. However, the number and distribution of these areas in Cebus were to a large extent similar to those described in Old World monkeys PfC in more recent studies. The present parcellation of the Cebus PfC considerably modifies the scheme initially proposed for this species but is in line with previous studies on Old World monkeys. Thus, it was observed that the remarkable anatomical similarity between the brains of genera Macaca and Cebus may extend to architectonic aspects. Since monkeys of both genera evolved independently over a long period of time facing different environmental pressures, the similarities in the architectonic maps of PfC in both genera are issues of interest. However, additional data about the connectivity and function of the Cebus PfC are necessary to evaluate the possibility of potential homologies or parallelisms.

24 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study utilizes a quantitative multivariate analysis to define grooming claw morphology and document its presence in platyrrhine monkeys, and shows that owl monkeys possess grooming claws similar to those of strepsirhines, while titi monkeys possessing grooming claw‐like morphology.
Abstract: Grooming claws are present on the second pedal digits of strepsirhines and on the second and third pedal digits of tarsiers. However, their presence in New World monkeys is often overlooked. As such, the absence of a grooming claw is generally considered an anthropoid synapomorphy. This study utilizes a quantitative multivariate analysis to define grooming claw morphology and document its presence in platyrrhine monkeys. Our results show that owl monkeys possess grooming claws similar to those of strepsirhines, while titi monkeys possess grooming claw-like morphology. Therefore, we conclude that anthropoids are not clearly united by the absence of a grooming claw. Furthermore, due to their presence in three major primate clades, we infer that it is likely that a grooming claw was present on the second pedal digit of the ancestor of living primates. Therefore, we advise the reassessment of fossil adapids in light of the anatomical correlates described here. This should increase resolution on the homology and polarity of grooming claw morphology, and, therefore, will help provide a sharper picture of primate evolution.

24 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pronounced genetic structure and deep mtDNA divergence between Bale monkey populations inhabiting CF and FF are likely to be the results of hybridization and introgression of the FF population with parapatric Chlorocebus species, in contrast to the CF population, which was most likely not impacted by hybridization.
Abstract: Species with a restricted geographic distribution, and highly specialized habitat and dietary requirements, are particularly vulnerable to extinction. The Bale monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) is a little-known arboreal, bamboo-specialist primate endemic to the southern Ethiopian Highlands. While most Bale monkeys inhabit montane forests dominated by bamboo, some occupy forest fragments where bamboo is much less abundant. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences to analyse the genetic structure and evolutionary history of Bale monkeys covering the majority of their remaining distribution range. We analysed 119 faecal samples from their two main habitats, continuous forest (CF) and fragmented forests (FF), and sequenced 735 bp of the hypervariable region I (HVI) of the control region. We added 12 orthologous sequences from congeneric vervets (C. pygerythrus) and grivets (C. aethiops) as well as animals identified as hybrids, previously collected in southern Ethiopia. We found strong genetic differentiation (with no shared mtDNA haplotypes) between Bale monkey populations from CF and FF. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two distinct and highly diverged clades: a Bale monkey clade containing only Bale monkeys from CF and a green monkey clade where Bale monkeys from FF cluster with grivets and vervets. Analyses of demographic history revealed that Bale monkey populations (CF and FF) have had stable population sizes over an extended period, but have all recently experienced population declines. The pronounced genetic structure and deep mtDNA divergence between Bale monkey populations inhabiting CF and FF are likely to be the results of hybridization and introgression of the FF population with parapatric Chlorocebus species, in contrast to the CF population, which was most likely not impacted by hybridization. Hybridization in the FF population was probably enhanced by an alteration of the bamboo forest habitat towards a more open woodland habitat, which enabled the parapatric Chlorocebus species to invade the Bale monkey's range and introgress the FF population. We therefore propose that the CF and FF Bale monkey populations should be managed as separate units when developing conservation strategies for this threatened species.

24 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of laboratory research on sensory capacities in Primates with emphasis on evolutionary changes in the capacities finds no corresponding research showing difference in olfactory sensitivity across the living Primate genera.

24 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023296
2022585
202133
202033
201930
201842