Primate

About: Primate is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1250 publications have been published within this topic receiving 67388 citations. The topic is also known as: the primate order & primates.

Primate responses to environmental change

Abstract: Part 1 General perspectives: species differences in tolerance to environmental change adaptations to environmental change - an evolutionary perspective responsiveness to change - interrelationship among parameters the social control of fertility individual differences. part 2 Environmental change in nature: forest disturbance and Amazonian primates provisioning of barbary macaques in Gibraltar non-human primates as pests rehabilitation of captive chimpanzees responses of wild chimpanzees and gorillas to the arrival of primatologists - behaviour observed during habituation primate conservation and wildlife management. part 3 Environmental change in capacity: stimulation of natural patterns of behavioural studies with golden lio tamarinsand gorillas environmental challenges in groups of capuchins environmental enrichment for single housed common marmosets responses to novel social stimuli in callitrichid monkeys - a comparative perspective reproductive consequences of changing social status in female common marmosets behavioural and physiological indices of social relationships - comparative studies of new world monkeys stress and distress in response to change criteria for provision of captive environments.

The functions of status in the mantled howler monkey,Alouatta palliata Gray: Intraspecific competition for group membership in a folivorous neotropical primate

Abstract: In the dominance hierarchies of adult male and female mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray), high-ranking individuals are young adults; intermediate-ranking individuals, middle-aged adults; and low-ranking individuals, old adults. This relationship reverses the trend observed in most group-living animals and is previously unreported for this species. A limiting supply of palatable leaves may create intense intraspecific competition for group membership which, it is hypothesized, has resulted in this rare pattern of hierarchical relations. It is shown that individual-level selection is sufficient to explain the evolution of this apparently “altruistic” status system, though other mechanisms are assessed. The energetic constraints imposed by a folivorous diet appear to restrict the expression of aggression to “ritualized” forms. Two groups of monkeys in two different habitats were studied and the rates of appeasement and aggressive behavior were found to be higher in the more “stressful” forest. The latter group, however, displays significantly more behavioral patterns entailing low or intermediate energy expenditure.

Parallel Evolution of Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Hand Use

Abstract: Dexterous hands, used to manipulate food, tools, and other objects, are one of the hallmarks of primate evolution. However, the neural substrate of fine manual control necessary for these behaviors remains unclear. Here, we describe the functional organization of parietal cortical areas 2 and 5 in the cebus monkey. Whereas other New World monkeys can be quite dexterous, and possess a poorly developed area 5, cebus monkeys are the only New World primate known to use a precision grip, and thus have an extended repertoire of manual behaviors. Unlike other New World Monkeys, but much like the macaque monkey, cebus monkeys possess a proprioceptive cortical area 2 and a well developed area 5, which is associated with motor planning and the generation of internal body coordinates necessary for visually guided reaching, grasping, and manipulation. The similarity of these fields in cebus monkeys and distantly related macaque monkeys with similar manual abilities indicates that the range of cortical organizations that can emerge in primates is constrained, and those that emerge are the result of highly conserved developmental mechanisms that shape the boundaries and topographic organizations of cortical areas.

Cross-Species Transmission of a Novel Adenovirus Associated with a Fulminant Pneumonia Outbreak in a New World Monkey Colony

Abstract: Adenoviruses are DNA viruses that naturally infect many vertebrates, including humans and monkeys, and cause a wide range of clinical illnesses in humans Infection from individual strains has conventionally been thought to be species-specific Here we applied the Virochip, a pan-viral microarray, to identify a novel adenovirus (TMAdV, titi monkey adenovirus) as the cause of a deadly outbreak in a closed colony of New World monkeys (titi monkeys; Callicebus cupreus) at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC) Among 65 titi monkeys housed in a building, 23 (34%) developed upper respiratory symptoms that progressed to fulminant pneumonia and hepatitis, and 19 of 23 monkeys, or 83% of those infected, died or were humanely euthanized Whole-genome sequencing of TMAdV revealed that this adenovirus is a new species and highly divergent, sharing <57% pairwise nucleotide identity with other adenoviruses Cultivation of TMAdV was successful in a human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line, but not in primary or established monkey kidney cells At the onset of the outbreak, the researcher in closest contact with the monkeys developed an acute respiratory illness, with symptoms persisting for 4 weeks, and had a convalescent serum sample seropositive for TMAdV A clinically ill family member, despite having no contact with the CNPRC, also tested positive, and screening of a set of 81 random adult blood donors from the Western United States detected TMAdV-specific neutralizing antibodies in 2 individuals (2/81, or 25%) These findings raise the possibility of zoonotic infection by TMAdV and human-to-human transmission of the virus in the population Given the unusually high case fatality rate from the outbreak (83%), it is unlikely that titi monkeys are the native host species for TMAdV, and the natural reservoir of the virus is still unknown The discovery of TMAdV, a novel adenovirus with the capacity to infect both monkeys and humans, suggests that adenoviruses should be monitored closely as potential causes of cross-species outbreaks

Two cortical visual systems in Old World and New World primates.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on two cortical visual systems in Old World and New World primates. Visual cortex is divided into multiple subdivisions, or areas, in the brains of advanced mammals such as primates. Each visual area has a distinctive and complex pattern of cortical connections. A valuable insight was made by Ungerleider and Mishkin that connection between areas of visual cortex in macaque monkeys form two major diverging pathways. Both pathways originate at the level of cortex from striate cortex. One pathway relays through a number of areas rostra1 to striate cortex and terminates in cortex of the posterior parietal lobe. The other pathway relays through a number of different areas and terminates in inferior temporal cortex. The results of more recent studies of cortical connections in macaque monkeys, when compared with those from three different species of New World monkeys and one Old World prosimian primate, suggest the hypothesis that processing streams directed toward posterior parietal and inferior temporal cortex exist in all primates.