Showing papers on "Prison published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared different types of prisons located in five countries (the United States, Mexico, England, West Germany, and Spain) as a test of the relative importance of functional and importation variables in prisonization.
Abstract: Interorganizational and cross-cultural comparisons are made among different types of prisons located in five countries-the United States, Mexico, England, West Germany, and Spain-as a test of the relative importance of functional and importation variables in prisonization. A normative orientation among inmates which is in opposition to staff expectations is found in all prisons in all countries. Adherence to this orientation by individual inmates is most prevalent among American inmates and last among Mexican inmates. The functional theory of the inmate system receives more support than the importation theory with regard to the general orientation to the institution and its programs and to attitudes toward and interaction with staff; but the two models do about equally well in accounting for the extent to which prisoners adopt the inmate code. Theoretical and policy implications of the study are discussed.
98 citations
84 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a model and a method for investigating parole decisions is presented. But the model is based on an integrated theory of criminal and mental health sanctions and does not consider mental health issues.
Abstract: 1 A Behavioral Scientist Looks at Obscenity.- 2 Improving Comprehension for Jury Instructions.- 3 Dangerousness: Some Definitional, Conceptual, and Public Policy Issues.- 4 Criminal Commitment Contingency Structures.- 5 Professional Accountability in the Treatment and Release of Dangerous Persons.- 6 Who Should Go to Prison.- 7 Prison Environments and Psychological Survival.- 8 Judgments about Crime and the Criminal: A Model and a Method for Investigating Parole Decisions.- 9 Social Accountability: Preface to an Integrated Theory of Criminal and Mental Health Sanctions.- Biographical Sketches of the Contributors.
81 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: Carroll et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a revision of a paper read at the 1974 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems in Montreal, which was based upon his own research on social discrimination in the granting of parole, and on the prison and post-prison adjustments of prisoners.
Abstract: AUTHOR’S NOTE: This paper is a revision of a paper read at the 1974 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems in Montreal. LEO CARROLL is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Rhode Island. He received his Ph.D. from Brown University in 1974. This articte is based upon his dissertation. At present, he is conducting research on social discrimination in the granting of parole, and on the prison and postprison adjustments of &dquo;lifers.&dquo;
56 citations
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, age differences in rule-breaking have been widely noted and widely explained, but rarely if ever have sociological explanations been subjected to actual test, and the study examined such age differences among women in prison and lends support to the notion that age differences are more characteristic of inmates with urban backgrounds than of inmates having rural or small town backgrounds.
Abstract: Age differences in rule-breaking have been widely noted and widely explained, but rarely if ever have sociological explanations been subjected to actual test. This study examines such age differences among women in prison and lends support to the notion that age differences are more characteristic of inmates with urban backgrounds than of inmates with rural or small town backgrounds. Moreover, among urban inmates age differences appear to be due to age-related normative orientations and commitments rather than age “itself” or related losses of “energy,”“daring,” or “vigor.” Finally, the study supports recurring arguments that non-constitutional characteristics of inmates can shape normative and behavioral conflict within the prison.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a re-evaluation of the author's position on the issue of a prison construction moratorium is presented, which reveals the explosion of prison populations in recent years, the inevitable deterioration of facilities resulting from severe overcrowding of outmoded facilities, and the emergence of a hard line in correctional philosophy espoused by many writers today.
Abstract: This paper presents a re-evaluation of the author's position on the issue of a prison construction moratorium. It discusses the explosion of prison populations in recent years, the inevitable deterioration of facilities resulting from severe overcrowding of outmoded facilities, and the emergence of a new "hard line" in correctional philosophy espoused by many writers today.A systematic re-thinking of the construction issue involved the collection and analysis of much data, all of the sort available to most correctional decision-makers. Analysis of the data revealed a number of surprising facts concerning the use of incarceration as a vehicle for controlling crime.
49 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that high turnover among prison guards has long been noted as a problem plaguing corrections, and that turnover among rank and file employees results from organizational and cultural factors, such as discipline and discipline.
Abstract: High turnover among prison guards has long been noted as a problem plaguing corrections. This study indicates that turnover among rank and file employees results from organizational and cultural st...
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided the first comprehensive quantitative profile of in-prison victimization, focusing on the victim of sexual assault within the North Carolina prison system, and provided a qualitative analysis of the victimization.
Abstract: The focus of this paper is upon the victim of assault within the North Carolina prison system. This paper provides the first comprehensive quantitative profile of in-prison victimization. The resea...
01 Nov 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the conceptions of shyness that have guided their initial empirical study of the causes, correlates and consequences of this pervasive and significnt personal and social problem.
Abstract: : This paper presents an overview of the conceptions of shyness that have guided our initial empirical study of the causes, correlates and consequences of this pervasive and significnt personal and social problem. (Author)
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01 Jan 1977TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the judicial system in the United States, including the use of force, use of corporal punishment, and use of solitary confinement.
Abstract: 1. An Overview of the Judicial System 2. Administrative Law 3. Use of Force Use of Corporal Punishment to Enforce Prison Discipline 4. Prisoners' Rights to Visitation/Association Searches 5. Prisoners' Rights to Use of the Mail, Internet and Telephone 6. Isolated Confinement - "The Hole" and Administrative Segregation 7. Religion in Prison 8. Legal Services 9. Prisoner Disciplinary Proceedings 10. Right to Rehabilitation Programs, Right to Medical Aid,and Right to Life 11. Additional Litigation 12. Parole and Probation 13. Litigation against Government and Individuals 14. The Prison Litigation Reform Act 15. Selected Federal Statutes Affecting Prisoners Part II: Judicial Decisions Relating to Part I
TL;DR: A naturally occurring experiment, in which direct supervision of a token economy in a penal system was removed and re-instated, led to a decreased use and and an end to the growth of categories of behaviors punished.
Abstract: A naturally occurring experiment, in which direct supervision of a token economy in a penal system was removed and re-instated, is reported. A retrospective analysis revealed that in the absence of close supervision the use of response cost rose dramatically, both in terms of categories of behaviors for which response costs were levied and in the frequency of their use. The return of direct supervision led to a decreased use and and an end to the growth of categories of behaviors punished.
TL;DR: In this paper, the utility of two theoretical paradigms in accounting for illicit drug use in a prison setting was evaluated based on self-report data obtained from a sample of 273 adult felons who were confined in a medium security penitentiary, and the analysis demonstrated that virtually all those inmates who reported drug use within the prison had also used drugs prior to their confident.
Abstract: This study, essentially an extension of the recent work of Akers et al., represents an attempt to evaluate the utility of two theoretical paradigms in accounting for illicit drug use in a prison setting. Based on self-report data obtained from a sample of 273 adult felons who were confined in a medium security penitentiary, the analysis presented demonstrates that virtually all of those inmates who reported drug use within the prison had also used drugs prior to their confident. Thus, contrary to the implications of the “deprivation model,” but fully consistent with those of the “importation model” this particular pattern of prison behavior is clearly not a direct function of the conditions of confinement. Instead, while the structure of the prison may well influence the probability that those who have used drugs prod to con/unmet will continue to do so while in prison, drug use appears to be an example of a type of behavior within the prison which is best predicted by preprison socialization and experience.
TL;DR: This article analyzed prisoner's attitudes toward components of the legal and judicial systems with data collected from prisoners in their first several days of incarceration and found that attitudes toward the police are negative, attitudes towards the law and the judicial system are mixed, and attitudes toward lawyers are positive.
Abstract: Prisoners' attitudes toward components of the legal and judicial systems are reviewed and analyzed with data collected from prisoners in their first several days of incarceration. These data are analyzed within subgroups of the prison population. In general, attitudes toward the police are negative, attitudes toward the law and the judicial system are mixed, and attitudes toward lawyers are positive. However, preprison and prison status factors influence the attitudes held by prisoners, and these different patterns of influence are discussed.
TL;DR: The medical model for corrections, confidently espoused by several generations of behavioral scientists although never empirically validated, is now reeling under attacks from an interdisciplinary (though unorganized) army of critics as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The medical model for corrections, confidently espoused by several generations of behavioral scientists although never empirically validated, is now reeling under attacks from an interdisciplinary (though unorganized) army of critics. Attacking its basic premise (that the offender is “sick” and con be “cured”). the new penologists advocate a justice model based on individual responsibility with uniform penalties consistently imposed for like crimes. Out would go the indeterminate sentence, virtually unlimited judicial discretion, parole, and coerced participation in rehabilitation programs. Deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation would be restored as respectable rationalizations for imprisonment; but in general long prison terms would be reserved only for the habitually violent.
TL;DR: A large-scale contingency management program, which the authors described and supervised for 18 months in the Virginia correctional system, is described and provides the basis for a discussion of current issues raised by many similar, behaviorally based treatment programs.
Abstract: A large-scale contingency management program, which the authors instituted and supervised for 18 months in the Virginia correctional system, is described and provides the basis for a discussion of current issues raised by many similar, behaviorally based treatment programs. Conflicting conceptions of "behavior modification" and the rationale for choosing the behavioral model are discussed, and issues concerning ethical, legal, and administrative matters are explored in terms of initial program procedures and subsequent refinements. Throughout, recommendations are rendered for increasing the probability that a behavior modification program in corrections would be practical, effective, and ethical, and appreciated by both corrections personnel and inmates as well as by the general public.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the inmate subculture is one of the major impediments to successful interventions within the prison setting; participatory management neutralizes its effects, replacing the traditional oppositional character of staff/inmate relationships with a coalition of staff and inmates.
Abstract: Participatory management as an intervention technique to effect change in the prison environment requires a restructuring of the prison Incision-making process. Inmates must be given increased responsibility and be aUowed to participate meaningfully in decision-making. The inmate subculture is posited as being one of the major impediments to successful interventions within the prison setting; participatory management neutralizes its effects, replacing the traditional oppositional character of staff/ inmate relationships with a coalition of staff and inmates.
TL;DR: A general consensus among penologists and prison officials that traditional custodial programs are largely ineffective in achieving the goals of rehabilitation has renewed efforts at developing reform programs that encourage inmate and inmate-staff cooperation.
Abstract: * University of California, Irvine. There is a general consensus among penologists and prison officials that traditional custodial programs are largely ineffective in achieving the goals of rehabilitation (Martinson, 1974; Wright, 1973; Sykes, 1958; Nagel, 1973). The rise in prison violence and the pervasiveness of racial polarization has renewed efforts at developing reform programs that encourage inmate and inmate-staff cooperation. This has served to increase interest in collaborative democratic decision-making, in which inmates and staff collectively establish and enforce rules governing the running of the institution. Such efforts to democratize prison life have often proved ineffective in producing desirable, long-lasting effects or have been aborted after a short period of time (Scharf, this iesue) .
TL;DR: In this paper, the type of leadership in Prison: a Structural Approach to Testing the Functional and Importation Models is presented, which is a structural approach to testing the functional and importation models.
Abstract: (1977). Type of Leadership in Prison: a Structural Approach to Testing the Functional and Importation Models. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 378-383.
TL;DR: In this paper, a project to develop a set of techniques for bringing about change in an existing prison is described; the effort concentrated primarily on the managers of the statewide system, and the staff and inmates of one prison were the focus of intervention experiments.
TL;DR: Religious differences were prominent as were differences in scores on standard intelligence tests, and Chicanos tended to be more assaultive and Blacks posed less escape risk, and fewer blacks used alcohol.
Abstract: There is very little literature on racial characteristics of prisoners. What literature is available seems to be historical and theoretical rather than empirical. The proportion of blacks in the prison population was 15 times greater than that of the Utah population. The proportion of Chicanos was three times greater in the prison than in the state population. The present correlational study compared 668 Caucasian, 103 Chicano, and 73 black inmates on 47 variables considered relevant to the prison setting. Religious differences were prominent as were differences in scores on standard intelligence tests. Chicanos tended to be more assaultive. Blacks posed less escape risk, and fewer blacks used alcohol. Blacks scored as better adjusted on Bipolar Psychological Inventory Scales relating to feelings of personal inadequacy. Other differences were found.