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Showing papers on "Prison published in 1984"


Book
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this article, criminal justice through the Looking Glass, or winning by losing, is discussed, along with the Marxian Critique of criminal justice and the Vanquished Belong the Spoils: Who Is Winning the Losing War against Crime?
Abstract: Introduction. Criminal Justice through the Looking Glass, or Winning by Losing Chapter 1. Crime Control in America: Nothing Succeeds Like Failure Chapter 2. A Crime by Any Other Name Chapter 3. And the Poor Get Prison Chapter 4. To the Vanquished Belong the Spoils: Who Is Winning the Losing War against Crime? Conclusion. Criminal Justice or Criminal Justice Appendix I. The Marxian Critique of Criminal Justice Appendix II. Between Philosophy and Criminology

443 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
25 Feb 1984-BMJ
TL;DR: The authors may not be able to make you love reading, but women in prison will lead you to love reading starting from now, because reading will give you the kindness.
Abstract: We may not be able to make you love reading, but women in prison will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.

236 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, self-report and official record data obtained from nearly 2200 male prison and jail inmates in California, Michigan, and Texas shows that offenders can be usefully classified according to the combinations of crimes they commit.
Abstract: Analysis of self-report and official record data obtained from nearly 2200 male prison and jail inmates in California, Michigan, and Texas shows that offenders can be usefully classified according to the combinations of crimes they commit. The most serious inmates, those who concurrently commit robbery, assault, and drug dealing, disproportiontely commit these defining crimes at high rates. They often commit burglaries, thefts, and other crimes at high rates too—frequently at higher rates than other types of criminals, including those who specialize in those crimes. Unfortunately, information currently available from such sources as official arrest and conviction records do not permit criminal justice officials to distinguish meaningfully between these high-rate, serious offenders and other types. Low-rate offenders can be more accurately identified using potentially available information on key characteristics: multiple drug use, unstable employment, juvenile use of hard drugs, and violence before the ag...

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply theoretical and empirical advances in the area of personal control to the issue of inmate adjustment to prison, and propose a conceptual framework for integrating past research in the sociology and social psychology of corrections.
Abstract: Although this concept has rarely been investigated systematically, the prison is an environment that severely limits inmates’personal control This article applies theoretical and empirical advances in the area of personal control to the issue of inmate adjustment to prison Personal control has three components: outcome control, choice, and predictability of future events Research findings suggesting adverse impacts of limited control are discussed in light of their implications for prisoner adjustment Several models of personal control, including the environmental/learned helplessness, individual difference/self-efficacy, and incongruency/reactance models, are applied to the process of prisoner adjustment Using these models, a conceptual framework for integrating past research in the sociology and social psychology of corrections is proposed, and directions for future research are discussed

121 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used self-reports of rule violations and guard self-reported of observed inmate rule violations as well as the official records to investigate the extent to which inmates are involved in rule-breaking and disciplinary response in correctional institutions.
Abstract: Research on rule-breaking and disciplinary response in correctional institutions usually examines the official record of charges and penalties. This study uses inmate self-reports of rule violations and guard self-reports of observed inmate rule violations as well as the official records. Data come from the Federal Correctional Institution at Fort Worth, Texas, which is distinctive in having large proportions of both sexes constituting its inmate population. Major findings include: (1) Inmates are much more extensively involved in rule-breaking than is usually presumed from official institutional records; (2) Guards claim to observe nearly the same number of violations admitted by inmates; (3) Guards report very few of the violations that they observe; (4) These findings have little relationship to sex or race of inmates. The institution's desire for stable control seems to make guards reluctant to report fully the infractions of inmates for whose conduct they are held responsible; this gives inmates cons...

114 citations


Book
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The memoirs of the author's seven-year imprisonment in South Africa move from descriptions of prison routine and sardonic portraits of jailers, to interior monologues, and poetic digressions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The memoirs of the author's seven-year imprisonment in South Africa moves from descriptions of prison routine and sardonic portraits of jailers, to interior monologues, and poetic digressions

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Prisons appear to be a particularly important area for future psychiatric research, as there is a higher prevalence of mentally handicapped and epileptic prisoners, and doctors in the Prison Medical Service have to cope with frequent, serious behavioural problems.
Abstract: The paper compares the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity amongst sentenced prisoners and in the general population. Major psychosis was no more common in the majority of studies of criminal populations. Although prisoners have a higher level of neurotic symptomatology, this was mainly found to be secondary to imprisonment itself. Long term imprisonment was not found to be a precipitant of severe psychiatric morbidity or intellectual deterioration, and prisoners adopt elaborate coping mechanisms which may themselves be protective. However, there is a higher prevalence of mentally handicapped and epileptic prisoners, and doctors in the Prison Medical Service have to cope with frequent, serious behavioural problems. Prisons appear to be a particularly important area for future psychiatric research.

93 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two studies were conducted to assess the impact of crowding on female inmates and found that the average population in the institution was significantly related to the rate of disciplinary infractions, even when other variables had been controlled for.
Abstract: Two studies were conducted to assess the impact of crowding on female inmates. The first study, an archival analysis of the records of 561 women prisoners, showed that the average population in the institution was significantly related to the transformed rate of disciplinary infractions, even when other variables had been controlled for. The second study, which used a questionnaire, found that inmates' perceived control was positively related to liking for their room and negatively related to their reported stress and physical symptoms. In addition, the stress inmates experienced was negatively related to liking for their room and positively related to physical symptoms.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze penology in the United States during the 19th century in terms of the business cycle and labor supply, and develop a theoretical model which links variations in prison discipline and prison labor policy to the processing of populations through the criminal justice system as both economic threats and economic resources.
Abstract: This paper analyzes penology in the United States during the 19th century in terms of the business cycle and labor supply. A systematic theory of the economic functions of imprisonment can be constructed with reference to the interaction between the crime- and class-control strategies of prison reformers, prison administrators, and government officials, and their financial and industrial goals. I develop a theoretical model which links variations in prison discipline and prison labor policy to the processing of populations through the criminal justice system as both economic threats and economic resources. Using this model, I examine six periods of 19thcentury U.S. history and show that changes in business conditions and labor supply coincided with identifiable stages in the development of penology.

Book
01 Oct 1984
TL;DR: Teplin this article discusses the relationship between mental health and criminal justice systems and the legal structure and social definition of deviant behavior. But, Teplin does not discuss the legal framework for mental health services.
Abstract: Harold M Visotsky Foreword Linda A Teplin Introduction Part One Legal Structure and Social Definition Barbara Weiner Interfaces Between the Mental Health and Criminal Justice System The Legal Perspective Norval Morris The Brother Boy A Fragment of a Manuscript Part Two The Dynamics of Intersystem Processing The Permeability of the System Linda A Teplin The Criminalization of the Mentally Ill Speculation in Search of Data Leo A Schuerman and Solomon Kobrin Exposure of Community Mental Health Clients to the Criminal Justice System Client/Criminal or Patient/Prisoner Carol A B Warren and Patricia Guttridge Adolescent Psychiatric Hospitalization and Social Control David B Wexler Incompetency, Insanity, and Involuntary Civil Commitment Part Three Policing The Mentally Ill Linda A Teplin Managing Disorder Police Handling of the Mentally Ill Peter K Manning Police Classification of the Mentally Ill Part Four The Definition and Management of Deviant Behavior Stephen J Pfohl Predicting Dangerousness A Social Deconstruction of Psychiatric Reality Virginia Aldige Hiday and Elizabeth M Suval Dangerousness of the Mentally Ill and Inebriates in Civil Commitment Part Five The Mentally Disordered Offender Conviction, Incarceration, and Parole Bruce D Sales and Thomas Hafemeister Empiricism and Legal Policy on the Insanity Defense Eliot Hartstone, Henry J Steadman, and Pamela Clark Robbins Identifying and Treating the Mentally Disordered Prison Inmate John Implications for Provision of Mental Health Services

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the improper use of public opinion data in policy development has been likened to the manner in which a drunk would be referred to as a "drunk" in a bar.
Abstract: at Albany. It is difficult to discern the appropriate role of public opinion in the development of policy about imprisonment. In a representative democracy, we expect that legislators and agency-based executives will be aware of and sensitive to the views of the public on issues within their domain of interest. On the other hand, few would endorse the practice of policy development that flows reactively from &dquo;poll watching&dquo; by public officials. In short, the improper use of public opinion data in policy development has been likened to the manner in which a drunk


01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: There was no evidence that the mentally ill were more vulnerable to detention without subsequent conviction than their normal peers, but psychiatrists should do more for offender patients.
Abstract: An examination of the records of all sick and violent men remanded to a large English prison suggested a tendency among police to consider men to be exceptionally dangerous simply because of their mental illness. On further study, however, there was no evidence that the mentally ill were more vulnerable to detention with? out subsequent conviction than their normal peers. Remand was rarely followed by help for the mentally abnormal men studied; this is disturbing as requests for psychiatric help constitute an important reason for cus? todial remand. Less than a third of the men with active symptoms went to hospital, although some of the less disturbed received supervision (including probation) orders, occasionally with treatment. As there is evidence that most of the few mentally abnormal offenders who subsequently receive treatment benefit from it, psychiatrists should do more for offender patients. Introduction Many men held on custodial remand have committed relatively trivial offences, and a substantial minority are never convicted of the offence with which they have been charged. Some, furthermore, are remanded in custody for alleged offences that, if established, cannot lead to a sentence of imprisonment (for example, minor thefts). The high prevalence of psychiatric dis? order in a large male remand prison was described in last week's issue (30 June, p 1945-9). * How does this arise ? Are mentally ill people particularly vulnerable to being detained for offences that are subsequently not proven ? Is there something about their behaviour that leads them to be seen as potentially threatening and results in their imprisonment, even though they may not have behaved dangerously ? There appear to be some substantial differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorder between remanded and convicted prisoners ; the prevalence of psychosis, in particular, among convicted prisoners is relatively low.2 3 Are the mentally ill subsequently excused for their behaviour or are they placed in settings more appropriate to their need for treatment ?

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that recidivism rates do decline with increased age, and that the association is not diminished when statistical control is exercised for the effect of prior criminal record (e.g., prior criminal history).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From a 1979 nationwide self-report survey of 11,397 inmates in state penal institutions, 248 of them aged 55 or older, a profile of elderly inmates based on comparisons with their younger counterparts has been constructed.
Abstract: From a 1979 nationwide self-report survey of 11,397 inmates in state penal institutions, 248 of them aged 55 or older, a profile of elderly inmates based on comparisons with their younger counterparts has been constructed. Areas of analysis include: personal characteristics, current offense and sentence, probation and incarceration history, conformity to prison rules, prison recreation and work activities, and interaction withfamily members andfriends outside ofprison. Recommendations for future investigation are offered.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper applied an explanatory model with three adaptive approaches to women incarcerated in three prisons and found that friendship, extra-prison, and prison specific variables are linked to adaptive responses and consequence variables.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two intensive ll-week moral education programs were designed to develop the maturity of moral reasoning stages of medium-security prison inmates, which resulted in significant and non-differential advances in moral reasoning abilities, while inmates in a comparison group showed no advance.
Abstract: Two intensive ll‐week moral education programmes were designed to develop the maturity of moral reasoning stages of medium‐security prison inmates. One programme was based on the cognitive disequilibrium induction techniques of the Kohlberg orientation; the other was based on the adequacy of moral reasoning competencies approach advocated by the Association for Values Education and Research (AVER). Both programmes resulted in significant and non‐differential advances in moral reasoning abilities, while inmates in a comparison group showed no advance. Results are discussed in terms of programme advantages and design needs for effective moral reasoning education in prison institutions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the early 19th century, female prisoners were typically housed in wings of male institutions or in separate nearby or adjoining buildings until the latter part of the 20th century.
Abstract: Historical literature vividly illustrates the low priority given to the treatment of female prisoners in early penal institutions. Housing units for state female prisones were typically located either in wings of male institutions or in separate nearby or adjoining buildings until the latter part of the nineteenth century (Rafter, 1982; Feinman, 1976). While females were housed in the same grossly inadequate facilities

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the formal stratification, selection, and socialization of building tenders as well as their relationships to officials and made projections as to order maintenance in the future in light of a federal court order ruling that the building tender system be dismantled.
Abstract: The prevailing imagery in most accounts of prison inmate elites is that they are anti-authority. This study, conducted over an 18-month period in one Texas prison, offers an account of elites who have played a significant formal role in order maintenance. These elites, known as “building tenders,” have for many years served as an extension of the relatively small uniformed security form. This analysis examines the formal stratification, selection, and socialization of building tenders as well as their relationships to officials. Finally, projections are made as to order maintenance in the future in light of a federal court order ruling that the building tender system be dismantled.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the relationship between environmental factors and incidents of inmate violence within four correctional institutions in the southeastern United States: Dade (DCI) and Union Correctional Institutions (UCI), Florida State Prison (FSP), and Tallahassee Federal Correctional I nstitution (FCI).
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and incidents of inmate violence within four correctional institutions in the southeastern United States: Dade (DCI) and Union Correctional Institutions (UCI), Florida State Prison (FSP), and Tallahassee Federal Correctional I nstitution (FCI). The prisons differ in that two are medium (DCI, FCI) and two are close custody (maximum; FSP, UCI) security prisons. The study investigated seasonal and environmental influences in relation to the propensity for and frequency of noncollective (inmate-to-inmate or inmate-to-staff) violent incidents at the two types of institutions. The results indicated that there may be some environmental influence trends, but that they vary from prison to prison and are not supportive of theories that rainfall, temperature, seasons, or moonphase have direct influences on prison violence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between level of institutional authority, dependence and the outcomes of accommodation or repression in a coercive institution and discussed the need for dependence relationships in coercive institutions in terms of the need to maintain order and stability within the prison.
Abstract: Prison guards augment the limitations of their formal authority over prisoners by the informal control derived from an arrangement of reciprocity with prisoners. This well-documented dependence relationship generates a pattern of mutual accommodation between guards and prisoners to maintain order and stability within the prison. Contemporary analysts suggest, however, that guards are reacting to recent changes in US prisons by increased resistance to a dependence relationship and an attempt to assert their limited authority over prisoners by becoming less accommodative and more repressive. Survey data are examined to assess the relationship between level of institutional authority, dependence and the outcomes of accommodation or repression. The findings are discussed in terms of the need for dependence relationships in a coercive institution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An ethnography of women's prisons was developed from observations and interview information collected at two different minimum security prisons for women in the State of New Mexico as mentioned in this paper, where the women were held prisoner in the Women's Honor Unit, Albuquerque, New Mexico during five months of field research (1978-1979).
Abstract: An ethnography, or cultural description, of women's prisons has been developed from observations and interview information collected at two different minimum security prisons for women in the State of New Mexico. 1 Data were collected at the Women's Honor Unit, Albuquerque, New Mexico, during five months of field research (1978–1979). Twenty-six women were held prisoner in this minimum security center, located in an urban setting on the grounds of the state diagnostic and detention center for juveniles. The facility was a large old house, once used by the Superintendent of the Juvenile Center. This unit was closed in 1980 . The research follows in the tradition of the early studies of men's prisons and provides a dynamic explanation of the cultural categories of incarcerated women. In addition, the Radium Springs Center for Women was a source for research data during eighteen months of field research (1981–1982). This minimum security center held thirty-eight women in a rural setting in the southern part ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the social bases of power and control mechanisms among prisoners in a maximum security correctional facility for males and found that the prisoner social world revolves around the interaction of many types of power including coercive, referent, providing of resources, legitimate, and expert.
Abstract: This research examines the social bases of power and control mechanisms among prisoners in a maximum security correctional facility for males. A qualitative research design was employed to assess the forms of power among inmates. The data suggests that the prisoner social world revolves around the interaction of many types of power. The kinds of power exhibited among prisoners were: coercive, referent, providing of resources, legitimate, and expert. Additionally, we offer some discussion on how an understanding of these social bases of power have implications for the prison environment and future research.

Journal ArticleDOI
J Dignan1
TL;DR: The authors examined recent changes in the theoretical foundations underlying the partly suspended sentence, and considered their implications for sentencing practice in the context of current judicial attitudes towards the use of imprisonment, and assessed the likely impact of the new measure on the prison population in the light of the latest statistical information as to its early use.
Abstract: The partly suspended sentence was introduced principally as a means of relieving pressure on the prison population at a time when earlier sentencing innovations with similar aims, such as the suspended sentence itself, were being questioned on both theoretical and empirical grounds. This article examines recent changes in the theoretical foundations underlying the partly suspended sentence, and considers their implications for sentencing practice in the context of current judicial attitudes towards the use of imprisonment. The likely impact of the new measure on the prison population is also assessed in the light of the latest statistical information as to its early use.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, changes in economic and social well-being in three Alabama countries, immediately subsequent to the opening of large state prison facilities in those countries, are examined, and case study comparisons of prison and control (no prison) counties, using variables of population growth, total employment, per capita income, retail sales, property value, farm acreage and value, school enrollment, and crime rates and juvenile court cases, find some mixed indicators of a prison's effect on the local economy.

Book
01 Jun 1984
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine and evaluate the range of non-custodial sentences available to the courts, discuss their effectiveness, and explore the often complex issues they raise.
Abstract: Stephen Stanley and Mary Baginsky examine and evaluate the range of non-custodial sentences available to the courts, discussing their effectiveness, and exploring the often complex issues they raise. Drawing on a wide range research literature, this is both a clear and informative synthesis of thinking on a pressing problem and an important contribution to the wider debate about how society should deal with crime and criminals.