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Showing papers on "Prison published in 1987"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Inmates with higher testosterone concentrations had more often been convicted of violent crimes and those higher in testosterone received longer times to serve before parole and longer punishments for disciplinary infractions in prison.
Abstract: Free testosterone was measured in the saliva of 89 male prison inmates. Inmates with higher testosterone concentrations had more often been convicted of violent crimes. The relationship was most striking at the extremes of the testosterone distribution, where 9 out of 11 inmates with the lowest testosterone concentrations had committed nonviolent crimes, and 10 out of 11 inmates with the highest testosterone concentrations had committed violent crimes. Among the inmates convicted of nonviolent crimes, those higher in testosterone received longer times to serve before parole and longer punishments for disciplinary infractions in prison. In the housing unit where peer ratings were most reliable, inmates rated as tougher by their peers were higher in testosterone. Language: en

254 citations


Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Theories of women's crime and women in the criminal justice system are discussed in this article, with a focus on women as criminal justice professionals and women as victims, and women's roles in crime.
Abstract: 1. Criminology in women 2. Gender differences in crime 3. Theories of womens crime 4. Women in the criminal justice system 5. Women in prison 6. Women as criminal justice professionals 7. Women as victims

193 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the major predictors of correctional officer turnover in one minimum-medium security prison in the western United States, and suggest that three factors are of primary importance in distinguishing continuing from terminating officers: race, opportunities to influence institutional policy decisions and satisfaction with perceived working conditions.
Abstract: High turnover among correctional workers is a chronic problem in today's prisons. Despite the concern surrounding this issue, there is little empirical research that deals with the instability of prison staffs. This article attempts to identify the major predictors of correctional officer turnover in one minimum-medium security prison in the western United States. Multivariate discriminant analyses suggest that three factors are of primary importance in distinguishing continuing from terminating officers—race, opportunities to influence institutional policy decisions, and most important, satisfaction with perceived working conditions. The findings suggest that the development of individual personality profiles may lead correctional administrators to overlook the role of prison organizational environments in contributing to security staff turnover.

146 citations


MonographDOI
03 Sep 1987

146 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine how various aspects of community social structure differentially affect criminal punishments administered to whites and non-whites using county-level data from the state of Washington.
Abstract: Durkheimian, Marxist, and Weberian theories provide contrasting views of the influences of the social structure of areas and communities on law and the legal process. In light of these theories, we examine how various aspects of community social structure differentially affect criminal punishments administered to whites and nonwhites. Using county-level data from the state of Washington, we regress white and nonwhite rates of imprisonment on measures of crime and arrest rates, county social structure, and court workload. This analysis indicates that nonwhites—but not whites—are particularly likely to be sentenced to prison in urbanized counties and in counties with relatively large minority populations. We conclude by presenting material from interviews with justice officials which sheds light on the perceptual and political processes that link structural conditions to patterns of criminal punishment.

123 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A consecutive series of prison suicides in Scotland between 1970 and 1982 was examined, finding the initial phase of imprisonment was found to be the most vulnerable stage of confinement.
Abstract: A consecutive series of prison suicides in Scotland between 1970 and 1982 was examined. The initial phase of imprisonment was found to be the most vulnerable stage of confinement, with almost two-thirds of the deaths having taken place within the first month. A disproportionately high number were found to be on remand. A history of some form of psychiatric involvement was common, and a third of the group had received previous psychiatric inpatient treatment. In contrast to results from general population studies, there was little evidence to link suicide with a history of depressive illness. A record of problems with either alcohol or drug dependence was found in almost half the cases. The importance of general measures designed to reduce stress and promote coping mechanisms is emphasised.

117 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, personal conflict and major misconducts indicative of aggressive behavior were examined as a function of age for a homogeneous set of prison inmates, and a direct correlation between conflict and aggression was found.
Abstract: Interpersonal conflict and major misconducts indicative of aggressive behavior were examined as a function of age for a homogeneous set of prison inmates. In contrast to previous studies, a direct ...

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey carried out in 17 countries on behalf of the Council of Europe shows how prison doctors and administrations have reacted to the AIDS epidemic in ways that are not always scientifically and ethically sound.

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined racial differences in judicial transfer decisions for chronically violent adolescents. And they found that a disproportionate share of male, minority adolescents are arrested for serious and violent crime, compounded by racial disparities in both juvenile and criminal justice processes.
Abstract: In the past decade, juvenile justice policy has shifted from “the best interests of the child” to approaches blending punishment and rehabilitation. The result has been efforts to narrow juvenile justice system jurisdiction, especially for violent, serious, and chronic offenders. Judicial transfer is the most widely applied mechanism to remove juvenile offenders to criminal jurisdiction. Transferred youth, particularly violent offenders, often receive lengthy prison sentences. A disproportionate share of male, minority adolescents are arrested for serious and violent crime. Thus, the harsh consequences of transfer, compounded by racial disparities in both juvenile and criminal justice processes have major implications for serious juvenile offenders considered for transfer. Transfer as a juvenile court disposition has received little scholarly attention, and racial determinants of transfer have yet to be analyzed. This study examines racial differences in judicial transfer decisions for chronically violent...

99 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The survey results showed that 8 percent of the state's prison inmates have severe psychiatric or functional disabilities that clearly warrant some type of mental health intervention, and another 16 percent have significant mental disabilities that require periodic services.
Abstract: To obtain a comprehensive picture of the levels of mental disability in the general state prison population in New York State, the authors gathered data on a random sample of inmates using a survey instrument adapted from the state's level-of-care surveys of the psychiatric population. The sample consisted of 3,332 inmates in the general prison population (9.4 percent) and 352 inmates in prison mental health units. The survey results showed that 8 percent of the state's prison inmates have severe psychiatric or functional disabilities that clearly warrant some type of mental health intervention, and another 16 percent have significant mental disabilities that require periodic services. The specific nature and extent of these disabilities need to be assessed before appropriate services can be developed.

98 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results confirmed earlier findings on several aspects, such as male predominance, unstable childhood and proclivity to self-injurious behaviour, and suggest that arson recidivism arises in at least 35% of arsonists.
Abstract: A survey of 54 firesetters who had been in hospital or prison was conducted. The results confirmed earlier findings on several aspects, such as male predominance, unstable childhood and proclivity to self-injurious behaviour. Revenge emerged as the commonest motive overall and an association with alcohol was found. Only 11% of the fire-raising episodes, whether among hospital or prison groups, were truly trivial. Arsonists in prison and hospital had many features in common and generally were quite psychologically disturbed, which contrasted with those who set fires for profit. A poor outcome was found, with continuing self-harm and a high suicide rate. Our findings suggest that arson recidivism arises in at least 35% of arsonists.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The maximum fine for an individual was raised to $250,000 by the Criminal Fine Enforcement Act of 1984 (CFEA) for offenses committed after Dec. 31, 1984 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: 2 See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1, 3 (1982). The Sherman Act originally declared price-fixing to be a misdemeanor and provided for a maximum fine of $5,000 and a maximum term of imprisonment of one year. Ch, 647, §§ 1-3, 26 Stat. 209 (1890). In 1955, the maximum fine was increased to $50,000. Ch. 281, 69 Stat. 282 (1955). The Antitrust Procedures and Penalties Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-528, § 3, 88 Stat. 1708 (1974), made price-fixing a felony, increased the maximum prison sentence to three years, and increased the maximum fine for a corporation to $1,000,000 and for an individual to $100,000. The maximum fine for an individual was raised to $250,000 by the Criminal Fine Enforcement Act of 1984 (CFEA) (for offenses committed after Dec. 31, 1984). Pub. L. No. 98-596, §§ 6(a), 10, 98 Stat. 3137-38 (codified at 18 U.S.c. § 3623(a) (Supp. II 1984». The CFEA was superseded by the Sentencing

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined survey data from four prisons to quantify the guards' perceptions of the prison control structure and assess the relative contributions of the perceived amount, distribution, and discrepancy between actual and ideal control for guards to the work-related attitudes of job satisfaction, role strain, and alienation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The disproportionate incidence of paranoid-schizophrenia diagnoses among disturbed black inmates suggests that among some of the inmates subcultural and psychological predispositions may converge to produce prison-adjustment problems.
Abstract: In this exploration of mental health and disciplinary problems in prisons, we compare social history, criminal history and psychiatric diagnoses across ethnic groups and across mental health service-delivery categories on a release cohort of over 10,000 inmates, with particular attention to differences between low-rate and high-rate infractors. The data indicate that age-related variables are the most helpful in explaining variations in infraction rates across ethnic groups. However, diagnostic profiles also differ with ethnicity, and this suggests that some variations in disruptiveness can be related to differences in prevalence of pathology. In particular, the disproportionate incidence of paranoid-schizophrenia diagnoses among disturbed black inmates suggests that among some of the inmates subcultural and psychological predispositions may converge to produce prison-adjustment problems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of some of the characteristics of homicide victimizations in Canadian federal correctional institutions and conclude that a more complete understanding of the causes of prison homicides will require detailed analysis of the process of conflict escalation.
Abstract: This article presents an analysis of some of the characteristics of homicide victimizations in Canadian federal correctional institutions. Two historical periods are compared; from 1967 to 1978 and from 1979 to 1984. The findings suggest the incidence of prison homicides has increased over the years, and the character of victims and victimizations has changed. More recent prison homicides were more likely to have been carried out by multiple assailants, were more commonly associated with revenge motives or drug and gambling debts, and involved victims were more likely to have violent backgrounds. The article concludes that a more complete understanding of the causes of prison homicides will require detailed analysis of the process of conflict escalation in these settings.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of incapacitation strategies to reduce crime has increased rapidly in the last decade as discussed by the authors, and studies of collective and selective incapacitation are numerous and variable, reflecting different assumptions by researchers.
Abstract: Research on the use of incapacitation strategies to reduce crime has increased rapidly in the last decade. Estimates of the crime reduction potential are numerous and variable, reflecting different assumptions by researchers. This paper reviews and synthesizes studies of collective and selective incapacitation. Sentencing practices in the 1970s and early 1980s prevented an estimated 10 to 30 percent of potential crimes through collective incapacitation strategies. Greater use of incarceration, such as through mandatory minimum sentences, would prevent additional crimes, but prison populations would increase substantially. Selective incapacitation strategies target a small group of convicted offenders, those who are predicted to commit serious crimes at high rates, for incarceration. These high-rate serious offenders, however, are difficult to identify accurately with information currently available in official criminal history records. Preliminary research, assuming moderate accuracy, suggests that select...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the factors that influence adjustment to prison and found strong support for the importance of control and perceived control in influencing adjustment to a prison environment, however, no support was found for a person-environment fit model of adjustment.
Abstract: Expectany for control and perception of the control available in a situation has been hypothesized to involve specific emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral reactions. This study examined inmate control and adjustment to prison. The factor structure of 18 adjustment variables reported by prison inmates in five prisons was identified by means of a factor analysis. Four independent factors were identified, stress/anxiety, prisonization, misconducts, and lack of involvement. The inmates' responses to incarceration as measured by factor scores were examined as a function of three components of control: general expectancy, perceived control, and environmental control. Results indicated strong support for the importance of control in influencing inmate adjustment to prison. However, no support was found for a person-environment fit model of inmate adjustment proposed in an earlier paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a sample of 259 male felon parolees of the California Department of Corrections (CDC) who had voluntarily learned the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique while incarcerated had more favorable parole outcomes than statewide CDC parolees (p r = -0.0893 to −0.1226) at one year and at 0.5 to 6.0 years after parole, whereas prison education, vocational training and psychotherapy did not consistently reduce recidivism.

Posted Content
TL;DR: The concept of "prisons for profit" as discussed by the authors was first proposed in the early 1970s and has been widely used in the last few decades to privatize prisons and jails.
Abstract: Even as the public is demanding that more criminals be incarcerated and that their sentences be lengthened, the problems of America's prisons and jails continue to plague, if not overwhelm, us. More than two-thirds of the states are currently under court order to correct conditions that violate the United States Constitution's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. There are many important questions, but there are still no clear, satisfactory answers.The last few years have thus witnessed diverse, controversial developments. Some, like the voluntary accreditation of correctional facilities by the Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, have begun to take root. Others, like a 1982 proposal in Congress to build an Arctic penitentiary for serious offenders, have been inconsequential. Yet the number of prisons and the cost of housing them still mount. Prison and jail populations have doubled in a decade, and-with preventive detention, mandatory-minimum sentences, habitual-offender statutes, and the abolition of parole in some jurisdictions-there is no relief in sight. Some states are even leasing or purchasing space in other states. And it is costing the taxpayers approximately $17 million a day to operate the facilities, with estimates ranging up to $60 a day per inmate. Several commentators have not so facetiously noted that we could finance college educations at less cost for all of the inmates in the country.To reduce some of this stress on the system, a new concept has emerged: the privatization of corrections, occasionally known as "prisons for profit." The idea is to remove the operation (and sometimes the ownership) of an institution from the local, state, or federal government and turn it over to a private corporation.At the outset, it should be emphasized that private prisons are different from the notion of private industries in prison - Chief Justice Burger's "factories with fences" proposal - which seeks to turn prisoners into productive members of society by having them work at a decent wage and produce products or perform services that can be sold in the marketplace. (In the process, the prisoners can also pay some of the costs of their incarceration, and, we would hope, gain some self-esteem.)Privatization is also different from the situation in which some of the services of a facility-such as medical, food, educational, or vocational services-are operated by private industry. Rather, the developing idea, which may turn out to be a lasting force or just a passing fad, is to have the government contract with a private company to run the total institution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper reviewed policies adopted in England and Wales, especially since 1965, in attempts to limit the prison population and found that measures designed as "alternatives to custody" have had little success in reducing the Prison population.
Abstract: This paper reviews policies adopted in England and Wales, especially since 1965, in attempts to limit the prison population. It is shown that measures designed as ‘alternatives to custody’ have had little success in reducing the prison population. Measures designed to shorten the length of custodial sentences have had more impact on the size of the population, but at the cost of several anomalies. It is suggested that few outside observers see in present government policy any real likelihood of improving the recent rather dismal track record of attempts to limit prison use in England.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main purpose of the program is to help inmates work toward ensuring the resources needed to carry out pro and other family members has been largebetter lives for their children and themgrams Board members also provide con ly ignored by social service agencies and self Through a series of educational acsulfation and technical assistance to the organizations as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: PROGRAM COMPONENTS The problems parents who are In prison ments during a father's Imprisonment, staff on behalf of the organization and face in maintaining meaningful and conThe major purpose of Parents in Prison identifies and obtains from the community structive relationships with their children is to help inmates work toward ensuring the resources needed to carry out pro and other family members has been largebetter lives for their children and themgrams Board members also provide con ly ignored by social service agencies and selves Through a series of educational acsulfation and technical assistance to the organizations This situation exists despite tivities and special events, the program committee In priority setting and program a general social services commitment to seeks to increase participants' knowledge planning and are involved, as appropriate, the preservation of family bonds and to of child development effective parenting in program implementation, the strengthening of family support sysstyles and techniques, and family comThe institutional sponsor, a Department terns and despite research that indicates munication patterns; to strengthen of Correction staff person, has major re that strong inmate-family relationships are inmate-family relationships during and sponsibility for the coordination and fa beneficial to all parties concerned1 following incarceration; and to increase incilitation of all matters internal to the Most parents want a better life for their mates' understanding of the impact of inprison For example, the sponsor assists children, and parents who are incarcerated carceration and absence from the family the committee In processing requests are no exception They face obstacles, on children and other family members, to the prison administration, handling however, that other parents do not typicalIn addition to objectives directed toward organizational funds, obtaining prison ly face in seeking to achieve this goal Inthe program's participants, the program resources needed to carry out activities, carceration is disruptive to families2 Proseeks to develop community awareness of and facilitating volunteer visits and cor longed absence of a parent from the home the needs of incarcerated persons and respondence not only threatens family cohesion but their families during and following the in also puts excessive strain on parent-child carceration period and to develop corn relationships Participation in family livmunity support for efforts that address ing on release from prison, a stressful these needs Four major components make up the pro situation even under ideal conditions, is gram: home study courses, structured even more difficult when there has been exRIIPTtlKF classroom courses, a monthly special little contact between the prisoner and his event/rap session, and special projects, or her family during the prison term Parents in Prison is an inmate organizaThe home study courses are four cor When these factors are combined with an tion officially sanctioned by the Ttennessee respondence courses that are offered se absence of effective approaches for helpDepartment of Correction Leadership is quentially on an ongoing basis Inmates ing inmates fulfill their parental roles and provided by a 15to 20-member Central who enroll in the courses are sent week commitments and a steadily increasing Coordinating Committee The committee, ly lessons—reading materials and related prison population, it is obvious that large composed of inmates, is formally strucquestions—by messenger mail The con numbers of children and families are at tured with officers and subcommittees, all tent of the courses, "Children: One to Tten," risk of which have specific duties "Tfeenagers Tbday," "Raising an Emotional The committee initiates, plans, coordily Mature Child," and "Childhood Comes DEVELOPING nates, and implements all program actiFirst," focuses on ways to better under PARENTAL SKILLS vities; recruits volunteers and program stand and deal with children Each of the participants; disseminates program inforhome study courses is available to men In recognition of the problems created by mation; develops resource materials; idenin administrative segregation, including the separation of parent and child by tifies new sendee needs; and evaluates those on death row, and to inmates in the prison walls and in recognition of the program activities Primary planning general prison population, desire of many inmates to be involved in takes place at weekly meetings of the Three structured classroom courses of a positive way in their children's upbringcommittee, and ongoing planning and pronine weeks each—'Understanding Your ing, residents of the Tennessee State Pengram implementation are carried out Child," "Workshop on Stress," and "Com itentiary submitted a proposal to the through ffie subcommittee structure municating with Your Child—are offered prison administration for a program to An advisory board consisting of interseveral times per year to men who are teach parenting skills relevant for the ested individuals and representatives of preparing to leave the institution and prison population As a result, in 1981, a community agencies serves as the commureturn to their families These courses use program offering family support services nity sponsor for the program The board's a small discussion group and an experien was started at the prison Known as "Parprimary function is to promote the Parents tial learning format The focus is on the enting in Prison," this program has develin Prison mission outside the prison walls, effects of long separation on the child and oped into an innovative and unique aplb accomplish this, the board meets with immediate family, ways fathers can be proach for strengthening families and "free world" (ie, non-inmate) groups and come involved in a positive manner in developing parental skills and commitDepartment of Correction administration their children's lives, and recognition and

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The motivation given by the inmates most commonly stated some form of emotional stress relating to poor communication with family or friends, and in this respect they are similar to attempters outside prison.
Abstract: To date there have been very few studies of attempted suicide occurring in prison. This study analyses 111 reports of attempted suicide occurring in a one-year period in the prisons of the Midlands and South West regions of England. Unlike the general population, where there are marked differences (age, sex, etc.) between those attempting and those completing suicide, the characteristics for both groups in prison are similar, high risk being associated with youth, with being on remand or recently sentenced, and with a history of mental or physical illness. There is some indication that those in Young Offender Establishments may be more likely to attempt suicide by hanging. The motivation given by the inmates most commonly stated some form of emotional stress relating to poor communication with family or friends, and in this respect they are similar to attempters outside prison.

Journal ArticleDOI
18 Sep 1987-JAMA
TL;DR: Standards for Health Services in Prisons and Standards for Health services in Jails are a revision of the initial 1979 document and represent a broad spectrum of professional input and consensus, not only of physicians and dentists but of other health disciplines, including the public health disciplines.
Abstract: Standards for Health Services in Jails, by National Commission on Correctional Health Care, 81 pp, $15, Chicago, National Commission on Correctional Health Care, 1986 At a time when, by popular demand, the prison population has grown logarithmically, concurrent with an equal and opposite resistance to funding public institutions, it is mandatory in the name of a just society that standards be established for health services in penal institutions In 1979, the American Medical Association developed such standards, which have been utilized by many county and state medical associations to upgrade medical care in prisons and jails and to assist their compliance with court orders Standards for Health Services in Prisons and Standards for Health Services in Jails are a revision of the initial 1979 document The two volumes represent a broad spectrum of professional input and consensus, not only of physicians and dentists but of other health disciplines, including the

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research reports on a trend study of families of persons on Alabama's death row and describes the families' prolonged and distorted grieving patterns, which were revealed in forty fieldwork interviews.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the claim that private industry can provide the flexibility and cost efficiency needed to meet current demands for prison space and improved prison conditions, and warn of the difficulties in regulating a private industry.
Abstract: In this paper we examine the claim that private industry can provide the flexibility and cost efficiency needed to meet current demands for prison space and improved prison conditions. We show reasons to suspect predictions of increased efficiency and flexibility, and warn of the difficulties in regulating a private industry. We conclude by evaluating the consequences of privatization for future criminal justice policy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of Police Department records of children who had attended the hospital for the management of sexual abuse, showed that 10 of the 107 children who are now aged over 14 years, have themselves been convicted of violent crimes since their episode of sexual assault.
Abstract: The cases of 46 children who had been abused sexually an average of 2.6 years previously, were reviewed and the non-offending parents were interviewed with emphasis on how they viewed the professional persons who had seen their children, and their opinions of the legal processes that were instituted. The parents found most professional groups helpful, with officers from the Department of Youth and Community Services being seen as the least helpful. Twenty-one of the cases went to court; in 12 cases this resulted in a conviction, and prison sentences were imposed on six of the offenders. Children found the court experience distressing and most parents expressed dissatisfaction with the outcome of the court hearing. Children were more likely to be required to give evidence in court if the offender had legal representation. Persisting behavioural problems and poor school performance were more likely to occur in those cases in which there had been court hearings. A review of Police Department records of children who had attended the hospital for the management of sexual assault, showed that 10 of the 107 children who are now aged over 14 years, have themselves been convicted of violent crimes since their episode of sexual assault. Long-term intervention is required to help many of these children, some legal reforms are necessary to reduce the stress that they experience when there is a court hearing, and all the professional groups that are likely to become involved with the problem of the sexual abuse of children need to be better informed about its seriousness and consequences. Language: en

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most criminalistic, feministic, aggressive, and homosexually active women in the institution were those whose first gay experience preceded their initial arrest.
Abstract: This research identifies various factors related to lesbianism in prison and attempts to place the findings into the perspective of the importation-deprivation debate concerning the origins of inma...


Book
23 Jun 1987
TL;DR: Gottfredson and McConville as mentioned in this paper discuss the problem of crowding in prisons and the role of the state in the crisis of overcrowding in the US penal system.
Abstract: The Crisis Introduction by Stephen D. Gottfredson and Sean McConville The Totality of Conditions Test in Eighth Amendment Litigation by Barton L. Ingraham and Charles F. Wellford The Costs of Incarceration by Todd R. Clear and Patricia M. Harris Attitudes of Correctional Policymakers and the Public by Stephen D. Gottfredson and Ralph B. Taylor Policy Options State Responses to Prison Crowding: The Politics of Change by Joan Mullen The English Response to the Penal Crisis by Sean McConville and Eryl Hall Williams The Problem of Crowding: A System Out of Control by Don M. Gottfredson Sentencing and the Prison Crowding Problem by Alfred Blumstein Structuring the Development of Alternatives to Incarceration by Alan T. Harland and Philip W. Harris A Brief for Deescalating Criminal Sanctions by M. Kay Harris Aid from Industry? Private Corrections and Prison Crowding by Sean McConville Bibliography Index