Showing papers on "Prison published in 2001"
TL;DR: To explain the astounding overrepresentation of blacks behind bars that has driven mass imprisonment in the United States, one must break out of the ''crime-and-punishment'' paradigm to reckon the e...
Abstract: To explain the astounding over-representation of blacks behind bars that has driven mass imprisonment in the United States, one must break out of the `crime-and-punishment' paradigm to reckon the e...
1,087 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used results of a qualitative research project to describe the challenges that incarcerated women face as they return to their communities from jail or prison, focusing on the gender and culturally specific needs that formerly incarcerated women from low-income communities face upon release from correctional facilities in this country.
Abstract: This article uses results of a qualitative research project to describe the challenges that incarcerated women face as they return to their communities from jail or prison. Following a descriptive profile of the population, the particular challenges are discussed, focusing on the gender and culturally specific needs that formerly incarcerated women from low-income communities face upon release from correctional facilities in this country. The article concludes with a discussion of the broader contexts that affect women's self-sufficiency, and the need for neighborhood development initiatives, public policy reform, and social changes.
549 citations
01 Jun 2001
TL;DR: About 600,000 individuals - roughly 1,600 a day - will be released from state and federal prisons this year to return to their communities, according to the Sentencing Commission of the US Department of Corrections as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: About 600,000 individuals - roughly 1,600 a day - will be released from state and federal prisons this year to return to their communities. On one level, this transition from prison to community might be viewed as unremarkable. Ever since prisons were built, individuals have faced the challenges of moving from confinement in correctional institutions to liberty on the street.
510 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the mechanisms that plausibly link incarceration to employment and earnings and discuss the challenges of causal inference for a highly self-selected sample of criminal offenders.
Abstract: Rapid growth in the incarceration rate over the past two decades has made prison time a routine event in the life course of young, economically disadvantaged Black and Hispanic men. Although incarceration may now have large effects on economic inequality, only a few studies systematically examine the labor market experiences of ex-offenders. We review the mechanisms that plausibly link incarceration to employment and earnings and discuss the challenges of causal inference for a highly self-selected sample of criminal offenders. There is little consensus about the labor market effects of a variety of justice system sanctions, but there is consistent evidence for the negative effects of prison time on earnings, particularly among older or white-collar offenders. The labor market effects of incarceration are not yet well understood, but prior research suggests several promising avenues for future work.
490 citations
TL;DR: An innovative residential program designed for pregnant, drug-dependent women in a state adult corrections system is described and social workers can play an important role in promoting policy reform and improved services for this underserved population.
Abstract: The female prison population has increased dramatically in recent years. Most women prisoners are involved with drugs, and as many as 25 percent are pregnant or have delivered within the past year. Reproductive health and drug treatment services for women in prison are inadequate, if they are available at all, and although illicit drugs are readily available in prison, drug-involved pregnant women often are incarcerated to protect fetal health. Studies of pregnancy outcome among women prisoners have demonstrated high rates of perinatal mortality and morbidity. This article examines issues related to pregnancy among women prisoners and describes an innovative residential program designed for pregnant, drug-dependent women in a state adult corrections system. Social workers can play an important role in promoting policy reform and improved services for this underserved population.
358 citations
Book•
25 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The meaning of mass incarceration, the causes and consequences of prison growth in the United States, and the cultural sources of mass imprisonment were discussed by Garland as discussed by the authors, Mauer, and Simon.
Abstract: Introduction - David Garland The Meaning of Mass Imprisonment The Causes and Consequences of Prison Growth in the United States - Marc Mauer Fear and Loathing in Late Modernity - Jonathan Simon Reflections on the Cultural Sources of Mass Imprisonment in the United States Television, Public Space and Prison Population - Thomas Mathiesen A Commentary on Mauer and Simon Governing Social Marginality - Katherine Beckett and Bruce Western Welfare Incarceration and the Transformation of State The Macho Penal Economy - David Downes Mass Incarceration in the United States- A European Perspective Novus ordo saeclorum? A Commentary on Downes, and on Beckett and Western - David Greenberg Deadly Symbiosis - Lo[ac]ic Wacquant When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Merge Going Straight - Elijah Anderson The Story of a Young Inner-City Ex-Convict Bringing the Individual Back In - Jerome Miller A Commentary on Wacquant and Anderson Imprisonment Rates and the New Politics of Criminal Punishment - Franklin Zimring Unthought Thoughts - Michael Tonry The Influence of Changing Sensibilities on Penal Policies Facts, Values and Prison Policies - James B Jacobs A Commentary on Zimrig and Tonry The Private and the Public in Penal History - Alex Lichtenstein A Commentary on Zimrig and Tonry Epilogue - Alex Garland The New Iron Cage
340 citations
18 Sep 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that returning prisoners may be more difficult to reintegrate than their predecessors, as they are more likely to have failed at parole previously; not to have participated in educational and vocational programs in prison; and to have served longer sentences, attenuating ties to families.
Abstract: Contrary to the popular image that reentry is a wave of released prisoners about to enter society, the growth of the prisoner release population has leveled off, after the dramatic rise during the 1980s, and the wave has already hit. Inmates returning to society now may be more difficult to reintegrate than their predecessors, as they are more likely (1) to have failed at parole previously; (2) not to have participated in educational and vocational programs in prison; and (3) to have served longer sentences, which attenuate ties to families. A substantial proportion of returning prisoners, largely drug offenders, are likely to churn through the correctional system, going from prison to supervision to revocation and back to prison multiple times. Comparatively few neighborhoods in most large cities must accommodate the bulk of returning prisoners. Reentry should be considered in concert with sentencing policies and corrections practice that determine who goes to prison, how long they stay, and how prepared they are for reintegration.
288 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend earlier analyses of the factors that explain differences among the U.S. states in imprisonment rates by demonstrating the importance of state culture and political arrangements to the explanation of imprisonment rates and growth in those rates, for the years 1971-1991.
Abstract: We extend earlier analyses of the factors that explain differences among the U.S. states in imprisonment rates by demonstrating the importance of state culture and political arrangements to the explanation of imprisonment rates, and growth in those rates, for the years 1971–1991.
266 citations
Book•
01 Nov 2001
TL;DR: From Scarman to Lawrence: Racism, Crime and Justice 1979-99 as mentioned in this paper, a book about racism, crime, and justice in the UK, with a focus on race and crime.
Abstract: 1. Introduction - From Scarman to Lawrence: Racism, Crime and Justice 1979-99 2. Thinking about Racism, Crime and Justice 3. Victimisation and Racist Victimisation 4. 'Race' and Crime 5. Policing 6. Prosecution and Sentencing 7. Prison and Probation 8. Criminal Justice Practitioners 9. Conclusion Suggestions for Further Reading
245 citations
TL;DR: A significant increase in provision of mental health services is required to cope with the high number of mentally ill inmates in New Zealand, and an increased number of forensic psychiatric inpatient facilities to care for those psychotic inmates who are too unwell to be treated in the prison.
Abstract: Objective: The paper describes the methodologies and results obtained on a large cohort of prison inmates in New Zealand who were screened for psychiatric disorder.Method: All women and remanded male inmates in New Zealand prisons, and a randomly selected cohort of 18% of sentenced male inmates were interviewed. Interviewers used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview –Automated to establish DSM-IV diagnoses, and the Personality Disorders Questionnaire to identify personality disorder. All prisons in New Zealand were visited.Results: The results indicate markedly elevated prevalence rates for major mental disorder in the prison population when compared with community samples. This is especially the case for substance misuse, psychotic disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Of particular concern is not only the increased prevalence rates for schizophrenia and related disorders but also the high level of comorbidity with subs...
242 citations
TL;DR: The rates of illness in elderly prisoners are higher than those reported in other studies of younger prisoners and surveys of the general population of a similar age.
Abstract: Background Assessment of the health of men aged 60 and over in English and Welsh prisons. Methods 203 men were interviewed from 15 prisons, comprising one-fifth of all sentenced men in this age group in England and Wales. Assessment included semi-structured interviews covering chronic and acute health problems, and recording of major illnesses from the medical notes and prison reception health screen. Results 85% of the elderly prisoners had one or more major illnesses reported in their medical records, and 83% reported at least one chronic illness on interview. The most common illnesses were psychiatric, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and respiratory. Conclusion The rates of illness in elderly prisoners are higher than those reported in other studies of younger prisoners and surveys of the general population of a similar age. The increasing number of elderly people in prison poses specific health challenges for prison health-care services.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the consequences of recycling parolees in and out of families and communities, including community cohesion and social disorganization, work and economic well-being, family matters, mental and physical health, political alienation, and housing and homelessness.
Abstract: Changes in sentencing practices, coupled with a decrease in prison rehabilitation programs, have placed new demands on the U.S. parole system. Nearly 700,000 parolees are “doing time” on the streets. Most have been released to a parole system that provides few services and imposes conditions that almost guarantee failure. This article examines the state of parole in today's corrections environment—from indeterminate and determinate sentencing policies to investing in prisoner reentry programs. Specifically, the article analyzes the following collateral consequences involved with recycling parolees in and out of families and communities: community cohesion and social disorganization, work and economic well-being, family matters, mental and physical health, political alienation, and housing and homelessness. The future of parole is also discussed, and the author urges a rethinking of discretionary parole release.
TL;DR: Support is found for the argument that substance abuse treatment programs which were originally designed for men may be inappropriate for the treatment of women.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the potential for more systematic reintegration policies by linking prisoner reentry and related social policy domains of health policy, family and child welfare policy, workforce participation, civic participation, and racial disparities.
Abstract: Reflecting unprecedented prison expansion, the scale of prisoner reentry has reached new heights. Although the movement of individuals from prison to community is not new, a focus on the phenomenon of reentry at this time sheds light on the consequences of America's shifting sentencing policies, the changes in parole supervision, and the concentrated impact of removal and return of prisoners on disadvantaged communities. The profile of the current reentry cohort shows that prisoners are less prepared for reintegration and less connected to community-based social structures. Linkages between prisoner reentry and the related social policy domains of health policy, family and child welfare policy, workforce participation, civic participation, and racial disparities are examined to show the potential for more systematic reintegration policies. The article concludes with discussion of the implications of a reentry perspective for the development of new strategies for prisoner reintegration.
TL;DR: Project Bridge has demonstrated that it is possible to maintain HIV-positive ex-offenders in medical care through the provision of ongoing case management services following prison release.
Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is more prevalent among the incarcerated than the general population. For many offenders, incarceration is the only time that they may access primary care. Project Bridge is a federally funded demonstration project that provides intensive case management for HIV-positive exoffenders being released from the Rhode Island state prison to the community. The program is based on collaboration between colocated medical and social work staff. The primary goal of the program is to increase continuity of medical care through social stabilization; it follows a harm reduction philosophy in addressing substance use. Program participants are provided with assistance in accessing a variety of medical and social services. The treatment plan may include the following: mental illness triage and referral, substance abuse assessment and treatment, appointments for HIV and other medical conditions, and referral for assistance to community programs that address basic survival needs. In the first 3 years of this program, 97 offenders were enrolled. Injection drug use was reported by 80% of those enrolled. There were 90% followed for 18 months, 7% moved out of state or died, and 3% were lost to follow-up. Reincarceration happened to 48% at least once. Of those expressing a need, 75% were linked with specialty medical care in the community, and 100% received HIV-related medical services. Of those expressing a need for substance abuse treatment, 67% were successful in keeping appointments for substance abuse treatment within the community. Project Bridge has demonstrated that it is possible to maintain HIV-positive ex-offenders in medical care through the provision of ongoing case management services following prison release. Ex-offenders will access HIV-related health care after release when given adequate support.
TL;DR: New studies on the prevalence of mental illness in prisons, which consider these recent changes would help planners allocate funds and staff to more effectively meet the needs of these individuals.
Abstract: Over the last decade state prisons have experienced unprecedented growth and many demographic changes. At the same time, courts are requiring states to provide mental health screening and treatment to prisoners. Findings from recent studies indicate that the prevalence of mental illness is higher in prisons than in the community, and comorbidity is common. Our ability to generalize from these studies is limited, however, because of major shifts in the demographic mix in prisons during the past decade. New studies on the prevalence of mental illness in prisons, which consider these recent changes would help planners allocate funds and staff to more effectively meet the needs of these individuals.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Kelly Hannah-Moffat as mentioned in this paper used women's imprisonment to theorize the complexity of penal power and to show how the meaning and content of women's penal governance changes over time, how penal reform strategies intersect and evolve into complex patterns of governing, and how governing is always gendered and racialized.
Abstract: In .Punishment in Disguise., Kelly Hannah-Moffat presents a look at some current forms of penal governance in Canadian federal women's prisons. Hannah-Moffat uses women's imprisonment to theorize the complexity of penal power and to show how the meaning and content of women's penal governance changes over time, how penal reform strategies intersect and evolve into complex patterns of governing, how governing is always gendered and racialized, and how expert, non-expert, and hybrid forms of power and knowledge inform penal strategies. The author posits that although there has been a series of distinct phases in the imprisonment of women, the prison system itself, given its primary functions of custody and punishment, is consistent in thwarting attempts at progressive reform. While each distinct phase has its own corresponding ideology and discourse, the individual discourses have internal complexities and contradictions, which have not been adequately recognized in the general literature on penology. Avoiding universal and reductionist claims about women's oppression, Hannah-Moffat argues that relations of power are complex and fractured and that there is a need to explore the specific elements of institutional power relations. Backed by solid research, .Punishment in Disguise. makes a strong contribution to criminology and feminist theory by providing an alternative approach to analysing the governance of women by other women and by the state.
TL;DR: The relationship between power and resistance behind prison walls has long animated sociological discussions of imprisonment as discussed by the authors, and a fresh understanding of resistance that recursively advances a new understanding of power.
Abstract: The relationship between power and resistance behind prison walls has long animated sociological discussions of imprisonment. In this article we advance a fresh understanding of resistance that rec...
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the history, sociology, and anthropology of the prison, as well as some recent popular critiques of the current situation and suggested areas in which an anthropology of prisons might take up questions of modernity, subjection, classification, social suffering, and ethnographic possibility in the context of an increasingly politicized and racialized system of incarceration.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract The late twentieth century saw an intense expansion of the prison system in the United States during the same period in which Foucault's Discipline and Punish influenced academic approaches to power and subjection. This article reviews the history, sociology, and anthropology of the prison, as well as some recent popular critiques of the current situation. It highlights critical perspectives on modern forms of punishment and reform and suggests areas in which an anthropology of prisons might take up questions of modernity, subjection, classification, social suffering, and ethnographic possibility in the context of an increasingly politicized and racialized system of incarceration.
Book•
31 May 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore challenges facing the child welfare system as it attempts to work with this population and explore the challenges of working with children who have parents who are in prison.
Abstract: As the rate at which adults are being incarcerated in the United States escalates, child welfare professionals are encountering growing numbers of children who have parents in prison. Current estimates indicate that as many as 1.5 million children have an incarcerated parent; many thousands of others have experienced the incarceration of a parent at some point in their lives. These vulnerable children face unique difficulties, and their growing numbers and special needs demand attention. Challenges facing the child welfare system as it attempts to work with this population are explored.
TL;DR: In the past decade there has been a 132% increase in the number of women being supervised on parole as discussed by the authors, which may not accurately nor adequately explain the post-prison experiences of females that lead to re-incarceration.
Abstract: In the past decade there has been a 132% increase in the number of women being supervised on parole Nearly all of what is known about recidivism comes from research on male offenders which may not accurately nor adequately explain the post-prison experiences of females that lead to re-incarceration This study reports findings from interviews with 38 women who had served multiple prison sentences Findings from these interviews illustrate the role that drug relapse, inadequate employment, and relationships with children and other family members play in the post-prison adjustment of female recidivists The implications of these findings for programs and policy are discussed
TL;DR: The ‘‘criminalisation of the mentally ill’’ hypothesis offers a partial explanation for the increase in mental illness among inmates, but there is no consensus as to the cause for this disturbing trend.
Book•
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The Prisoner Release, the Peace process, and the Political Character of the Conflict EPILOGUE POLITICAL PRISONS and the CONSTRUCTION OF MEMORY Appendix 1. Key Prison Events Appendix 2.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS 1. Introduction I. PRISONER RESISTANCE 2. Coping, Resistance, and Political Imprisonment 3. Escape: Resistance as Ridicule 4. Hunger Strike and Dirty Protest: Resistance as Self-Sacrifice 5. Resistance and Violence: Power, Intimidation and the Control of Space 6. Resistance and Law: Prisons, and the Poltical Struggle II. PRISON MANAGEMENT 7. Prison Management and Prison Staff 8. Reactive Containment 1969-1975 9. Criminalization 1976-1981 10. Managerialism 1981-2000 III. THE EARLY RELEASE OF PRISONERS 11. Prisoner Release, the Peace process, and the Political Character of the Conflict EPILOGUE POLITICAL PRISONS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF MEMORY Appendix 1. Key Prison Events Appendix 2. Notes on the Research Process
TL;DR: The unprecedented growth in the prison and jail population in the United States can be traced to a complex set of political developments and changes in sentencing practice as discussed by the authors, and the rise in crime in the...
Abstract: The unprecedented growth in the prison and jail population in the United States can be traced to a complex set of political developments and changes in sentencing practice. The rise in crime in the...
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the history of, and correctional mechanisms to cope with prison gangs and argued that effective prison gang intervention must include improved strategies for community re-entry and more collaboration between correctional agencies and university gang researchers on prison gang management policies and practices.
Abstract: A persistently disruptive force in correctional facilities is prison gangs. Prison gangs disrupt correctional programming, threaten the safety of inmates and staff, and erode institutional quality of life. The authors review the history of, and correctional mechanisms to cope with prison gangs. A suppression strategy (segregation, lockdowns, transfers) has been the most common response to prison gangs. The authors argue, however, that given the complexity of prison gangs, effective prison gang intervention must include improved strategies for community re-entry and more collaboration between correctional agencies and university gang researchers on prison gang management policies and practices.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Assessment of childhood ADHD and its persistence into adulthood among a representative sample of Norwegian prison inmates, as well as personality disorders and reading difficulties, indicate that persistent ADHD is very common among prison inmates.
Abstract: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has long been recognized in children, and for many the disorder persists into adulthood. There is a growing concern that the adults with ADHD who have the least favorable outcome, are among those who end up in prison. The aim of this study was to assess childhood ADHD and its persistence into adulthood among a representative sample of Norwegian prison inmates, as well as personality disorders and reading difficulties, which in previous studies have been linked to ADHD. The results indicate that persistent ADHD is very common among prison inmates. Personality disorders and reading difficulties are also common. Psychiatric comorbidity complicates the diagnosis of ADHD in adults. A greater awareness about ADHD in adults certainly is warranted, especially within the prison system because of the risk of misdiagnosing psychiatric disorders and also the risk of missing a condition possibly amenable to treatment.
TL;DR: This paper examined the current state of the art of prisoner reentry and found that most state prison systems are ill equipped to ease the transition of inmates from prison to the community and that a significant portion of released inmates pose minimal risk to public safety.
Abstract: After three decades of passing laws and implementing policies designed to dramatically increase the nation's prison population and harden the conditions of confinement, there is a newfound interest among policy makers and criminologists in prisoner release. Using national data and a survey of eight states, this article examines the current “state of the art” of prisoner reentry. Not surprisingly, most state prison systems are ill equipped to ease the transition of inmates from prison to the community. A significant portion of released inmates pose minimal risk to public safety. Parole supervision increasingly results in ex-convicts' being reincarcerated for noncriminal behavior or misdemeanor crimes. For most inmates, reentry should be curtailed by either eliminating supervision or greatly shortening the period of supervision.
TL;DR: Compared with men who signed up for the intervention but were unable to attend, men who received the intervention reported more use of community resources and less sexual and drug-related risk behavior in the months following release.
Abstract: The prevalence of AIDS is five times higher among prison inmates than in the general population. Because recidivism is common and many inmates are serving short sentences for parole violation, HIV-seropositive inmates move frequently between prison and their home communities. We designed an eight-session prerelease intervention for HIV seropositive inmates to decrease sexual and drug-related risk behavior and to increase use of community resources after release. The intervention sessions were delivered at the prison by community service providers. We found that a prerelease risk reduction intervention for HIV seropositive inmates was feasible. Descriptive results support the effectiveness of the program in reducing sexual and drug-related behaviors and in increasing use of community resources after release. Compared with men who signed up for the intervention but were unable to attend, men who received the intervention reported more use of community resources and less sexual and drug-related risk behavior in the months following release. We recommend dissemination and continued evaluation of this risk-reduction intervention.