Topic
Procurement
About: Procurement is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 25669 publications have been published within this topic receiving 334145 citations.
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TL;DR: This paper traces the development of the GGP concept, its spread to Asian countries, and a number of approaches used to expand GGP adoption, and identifies possible appropriate capacity-building solutions in order to facilitate the application of GGP in China.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that such inherently customized support constitutes a better way to deliver services to small-enterprise (SE) programs, and is more likely to stimulate sustained SE growth.
120 citations
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TL;DR: This analysis shows that P&Q guarantee allows the unreliable supplier to better compete against the more reliable one by providing supply assurance to the buyer, and more importantly, when information asymmetry risk is high, use of a guarantee may enable the reliable supplier to credibly signal her true risk, thereby improving visibility into the chain.
Abstract: The risk of supply disruption increases as firms seek to procure from cheaper, but unproven, suppliers. In this paper, we model a supply chain consisting of a single buyer and two suppliers, both of whom compete for the buyer's order and face risk of supply disruption. One supplier is comparatively more reliable but more expensive, while the other, unreliable one is cheaper but faces higher risk of supply disruption. Moreover, the risk level of the unreliable supplier may be private information for her, and this lack of visibility further contributes to the buyer's purchasing risk. In such settings, the unreliable supplier often offers a price and quantity (PQ there is also a positive spread between buying and selling prices in this market. We analytically characterize the equilibrium contracts for the two suppliers, and the buyer's procurement strategy (sole- or dual- or spot-sourcing) for both symmetric and asymmetric information cases. Our analysis indicates that supply guarantee plays two important roles. First, it allows the unreliable supplier to better compete against the more reliable one by providing supply assurance to the buyer. More importantly, when information asymmetry risk is high, a guarantee offer may enable the unreliable supplier to credibly signal her true supply risk to the buyer, thereby improving visibility into the chain. This signal can also be used by the buyer to infer the expected spot market price. In spite of the above benefits, from the buyer's perspective, a guarantee provision in an asymmetric setting may not be always desirable. Rather, it can reduce the competition between the suppliers, which generates higher contract prices, and, consequently, higher costs for the buyer. In contrast, competing with a guarantee-providing, less risky unreliable supplier may actually result in higher profits for the more reliable supplier.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a short overview of the driving forces behind the current technical solutions of forest energy procurement systems in Finland and Sweden and some perspectives on possible future developments is provided. But the productivity of the generally highly sophisticated and costly procurement machinery is, to a large extent, dependent on the operator's skills and thus new technological solutions should be developed to improve their usability and consequently efficiency.
Abstract: The EU should produce 20% of their energy from renewable sources, including bioenergy, by 2020. Each member state has their own target, for example, Finland should produce 38% and Sweden 49% of their energy from renewable sources by 2020. In this context, the development of forest energy utilization and more effective and economic supply systems plays an important role in both countries. The Nordic countries are the world leaders in the utilization of forest biomass for energy production. This paper provides a short overview of the driving forces behind the current technical solutions of forest energy procurement systems in Finland and Sweden and some perspectives on possible future developments. At the moment, the by-products from forest industries (e.g., sawdust, black liquor) have a high degree of utilization in both countries. Additional raw materials for energy production include logging residues, stump and root wood, small diameter wood, and other wood not in demand by the traditional forest industries. Forest energy supply chains may be characterized based on the location of comminution into roadside comminution, terminal comminution, or comminution at a plant. The productivity of the generally highly sophisticated and costly procurement machinery is, to a large extent, dependent on the operator's skills and thus new technological solutions should be developed to improve their usability and consequently efficiency.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an illustrative list of illustrators for the United States name index subject index and discuss the policy implications of these names in the context of military relations.
Abstract: List of Illustrations List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface and Acknowledgments A Note on Sources 1. Introduction 2. Civil-Military Relations 3. Doctrine and Training 4. Command, Control, and Force Structure 5. Budget and Finance 6. Defense Industries and Weapons Procurement 7. Threat Perceptions 8. Policy Implications for the United States Name Index Subject Index
120 citations