Showing papers on "Product design specification published in 1995"
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-modelling framework for modeling uncertainty in the value of money and the net present value technique, and some examples show how this framework can be applied to product development economics.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Development Processes and Organizations Chapter 3 Product Planning Chapter 4 Identifying Customer Needs Chapter 5 Product Specifications Appendix Concept -Scoring Matrix Example Chapter 6 Concept Generation Chapter 7 Concept Selection Appendix A Concept-Screening Matrix Example Appendix B Concept-Scoring Matrix Example Chapter 8 Concept Testing Appendix Estimating Market Sizes Chapter 9 Product Architecture Chapter 10 Industrial Design Chapter 11 Design for Manufacturing Appendix A Material Costs Appendix B Component Manufacturing Costs Appendix C Assembly Costs Appendix D Cost Structures Chapter 12 Prototyping Chapter 13 Robust Design Appendix Orthogonal Arrays Chapter 14 Patents and Intellectual Property Appendix A Trademarks Appendix B Advice to Individual Inventors Chapter 15 Product Development Economics Appendix A Time Value of Money and the Net Present Value Technique Appendix B Modeling Uncertain Cash Flow Using Net Present Value Analysis Chapter 16 Managing Projects Appendix Design Structure Matrix Example
6,707 citations
TL;DR: Bailetti and Litva as discussed by the authors examined design managers' perspectives on the sources of customer requirement information and pointed out the importance of creating mechanisms for ensuring that customer requirements information from various sources is internally consistent.
218 citations
Book•
31 Jan 1995
TL;DR: Innovation - nature of the beast as discussed by the authors : New product development as a risk management process, from first idea to mature product, from embodiment to manufacturable product, the new product.
Abstract: Innovation - nature of the beast. New product development as a risk management process. The innovative company. Commitment. Concepts. Embodiments. Details - from embodiment to manufacturable product. The new product. Product management from first idea to mature product. Help and further information.
175 citations
153 citations
TL;DR: The concept of a recycling network is introduced which consists of the designer, consumers, recyclers and suppliers, allowing the effective exchange of information and handshaking for cooperation.
153 citations
TL;DR: The paper describes in detail the development of a step -based generic product modelling (GPM) system which has been designed and implemented according to the integrated resources of step and supports a complete product information structure and standard data format.
Abstract: Concurrent engineering has been recognized as a business philosophy and methodology for integrating all aspects of a product lifecycle into the stages of product design. It demands that, as product design decisions are made, they are immediately evaluated in terms of functionality, manufacturability, assemblability, maintainability and recyclability. This requires that the entire enterprise share a common product model at any stage of the product lifecycle. The paper describes in detail the development of a step -based generic product modelling (GPM) system which has been designed and implemented according to the integrated resources of step and supports a complete product information structure and standard data format. It can therefore be used to integrate a variety of manufacturing activities in a concurrent engineering environment. The GPM system consists of a generic product model, a product model database, a GPM/AutoSolid interface, a GPM/AutoCAD interface, and a user interface. The user can model products using built-in templates. Application systems can either be included in the GPM system, or interact with the GPM system through physical files in accordance with the step standard. Examples are included to illustrate the use of the system.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe their experience of developing models in which the principles of design for supply chain management have been implemented for new product development at Hewlett-Packard Company (HP).
Abstract: We describe our experience of developing models in which the principles of design for supply chain management (DFCM) have been implemented for new product development at Hewlett-Packard Company (HP). This experience arises from the development of a new product that is scheduled to be released in 1995. A key design decision faced by the product development team was whether to use a universal module or regionally dedicated modules to satisfy global market requirements. We describe a wide range of factors—including manufacturing and logistics costs—that could be used to support the design decision; these factors associated with product and process design contribute to tolal supply chain costs. We review the analytical model used to evaluate the cost and service implications of the two design alternatives. Finally, we discuss qualitative considerations that might influence the eventual decisions as well as the lessons learned from this real world experience.
113 citations
TL;DR: A decomposition-based solution procedure is developed that iterates between the product design and process selection decisions while maintaining an effective link between them and how the proposed model can be used effectively to perform sensitivity analysis with respect to some of the important decision variables.
76 citations
TL;DR: The present invention provides a method and system for use with a computer integrated management system, to classify and serve as the data and information repository for a process or product specification and to classify groups of process resources.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on product attribute preferences of British and German consumers with regard to automobile purchases and apply a partially individualized conjoint analysis to quantify the expressed preferences in each country and provide managerially relevant information on the product attributes that should or should not be standardized.
Abstract: The advantages and disadvantages of global marketing standardization are well documented. Managers, however, often view the standardization versus adaptation debate as a black and white issue. Yet there is an important middle ground which, for example, includes the use of standardized international branding together with the adaptation of product specifications to national preferences. Such fine‐tuning can lead to substantial competitive advantages for internationally active companies. Suggests a methodology that can be employed for assessing the scope for product standardization. Using the newly created European Union as an empirical backdrop, focuses on product attribute preferences of British and German consumers with regard to automobile purchases. The application of a partially‐individualized conjoint analysis enables the quantification of the expressed preferences in each country and provides managerially relevant information on the product attributes that should or should not be standardized.
64 citations
TL;DR: It is shown how the specification can be used for systematically deriving test input data and for automatically evaluating test results, and the same principles may be applied to other specification languages.
Abstract: Formal specifications become more and more important in the development of software, especially but not only in the area of high integrity system design. In this paper it is demonstrated, how, apart from the specification phase, further benefits may be drawn from formal specifications for checking the implementation against the specification. It is shown how the specification can be used for systematically deriving test input data and for automatically evaluating test results. The approach is illustrated using the specification language Z. The same principles may be applied to other specification languages. The approach allows a high degree of automation, drastically improving productivity and quality of the testing process.
21 May 1995
TL;DR: This paper describes a methodology for the integrated design of product families and assembly processes and the minimization of the required flexibility is proposed as design criterion.
Abstract: This paper describes a methodology for the integrated design of product families and assembly processes. A product family is considered as a set of similar products whose main functions are identical. The primary goal is to obtain a unified and efficient assembly process for the whole product family. The product variations (e.g. dimensions, geometry, optional parts) and the assembly plans introduce the need for flexibility in the assembly process. Since flexibility implies more capital investments and productivity reduction, the minimization of the required flexibility is proposed as design criterion.
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The approach to non-deterministic supervisory control can be combined with object-oriented modeling techniques, and so a powerful framework for implementing control of large and complex discrete event fabrication processes is shown.
Abstract: Implementation of complex discrete event fabrication processes can be considerably simplified by use of general reusable software modules representing the physical components. At the same time, construction of the control system can be facilitated by applying the supervisory control theory for the automatic generation of control laws. These two aspects can be joined into a general concept with object-oriented modeling and control law synthesis as foundations. The goal is to allow an operator to specify operation lists describing the required sequences of operations for the manufacturing of the product, independently of constraints given by a specific plant. With a suitable model of the capabilities and constraints of the resources of that plant, a product route can be automatically generated from the operation list. Such a product route describes all available paths through the system, for each type of product, irrespective of any other type of product that may be simultaneously present within the production system. Given a set of product routes and a model of the plant, control laws guaranteeing production according to those product specifications can be synthesized. Based on the supervisory control theory, using interleaved product routes as specification, we show how such control laws can be synthesized. An added complexity is that the specification becomes non-deterministic, in the sense that the same string of events can lead to different system states. We show that the supervisory control theory can be used with non-deterministic specifications assuming certain properties. An algorithm for synthesis of a non-deterministic supervisor is presented. We also describe an object-oriented modeling approach to discrete event fabrication processes. It is shown that the properties that have been defined as necessary for the non-deterministic supervisory approach are immediate by the modeling approach. Thus, we show that the approach to non-deterministic supervisory control can be combined with object-oriented modeling techniques, and so we have a powerful framework for implementing control of large and complex discrete event fabrication processes.
TL;DR: An attempt to capture and to represent product information, which is used for generating product definition, but is not explicitly represented in product description, is described, called background information.
TL;DR: A generic methodology called the capacity-based economic approach is outlined that can be used to compare or screen preliminary plant designs by quantifying both steady-state economics and dynamic controllability and provides an analysis tool that explicitly considers variability in product quality.
Abstract: The paper addresses what is unquestionably the most important unsolved problem in process control : how to quantitatively incorporate dynamic controllability into conventional steady-state economic design. Historically, plant design was the precursor to control system design. In recent years it has finally been widely recognized that much can be gained by simultaneously designing the plant with its control structure. Reduced capital costs, improved process dynamics, and tighter product specifications are advantages of this approach. The paper outlines a generic methodology called the capacity-based economic approach that can be used to compare or screen preliminary plant designs by quantifying both steady-state economics and dynamic controllability. The method provides an analysis tool that explicitly considers variability in product quality. The design of a simple coupled reactor/stripper system is used to demonstrate the method
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the need is not for the derivation of new models per se, but for extensions of the existing understanding of the process of design to allow individuals to make informed decisions about the nature of models to adopt in the context of their own circumstances and company attributes.
Abstract: SUMMARY This paper distinguishes between, and provides a critique of, the development of ‘models’ in engineering design and product development. Many of these models are general in their scope and prescriptive in nature, and have in consequence a number of inherent shortcomings, not least of which is the need for the user of these models to interpret them in the context of their company's environment and a particular project's requirements. It is argued that, given the consensus of current design and development models, the need is not for the derivation of new models per se, but for extensions of the existing understanding of the process of design to allow individuals to make informed decisions about the nature of models to adopt in the context of their own circumstances and company attributes. A new perspective is postulated, based on the concept of company classification, as a logical step forward to identify those generic and company specific features of engineering design and product development and ...
TL;DR: This paper explores the use of constraint networks to modeling such information for effective use during the design process andvantages and limitations of using constraint networks for modeling design knowledge and future research directions are discussed.
Abstract: Concurrent Engineering (CE) emphasizes the simultaneous consideration of downstream aspects of product design (e.g., production, maintenance, recycling, and disposal) at the design stage. Representing these considerations at the design stage is one of the principal problems of CE. This paper explores the use of constraint networks to modeling such information for effective use during the design process. A constraint- based system has been developed in which the functional requirements of a product and other concerns about its life cycle are modeled as con straints. The system includes an interactive user interface, a constraint management module for the propagation and checking of design deci sions, and a constraint pool which supports different types of constraints from multiple knowledge sources. This system is a core part of a larger design assistance tool which is capable of mapping design requirements to multiple design alternatives. Main elements of the constraint-based system are explained and a pa...
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TL;DR: In this article, a framework for the development of a user-friendly, easy-to-use software tool that should help both managers and product and process designers evaluate the environmental compatibility of products and their associated manufacturing processes is presented.
Abstract: Product design decisions have significant impact on the environment at all stages of the product life cycle. The designer can make significant contribution to the environmental impact of a product by including design for environment (DFE) criteria up-front in the design phase. The up-front incorporation of DFE criteria adds design rules and guidelines above and beyond the current design criteria. The interdisciplinary nature of DFE, and, at times, its contradictory criteria can make its implementation confusing and overwhelming, at least at the beginning. To help alleviate the confusion and facilitate the acceptance and eventual incorporation of DFE as part of product design criteria, both the product design and product management community need a friendly DFE tool. In this paper we put forth a framework for the development of a user-friendly, easy-to-use software tool that should help both managers and product and process designers evaluate the environmental compatibility of products and their associated manufacturing processes. Of particular interest to the authors is the manufacture of electronic components and assemblies which involve process intensive, semi-continuous, and repetitive wet chemical and physical operations that define circuit patterns on polymers, ceramic and silicon substrates and associated component assembly processes. In this paper we outline an environmental figure of merit for product and process designs that provides the designer the capability to assess the environmental compatibility of various product and process choices. A brief discussion of the PC-based tool, its architecture and a sample application in product and process design will be given.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a model for environmental quality and resource efficiency parameters to be used in evaluation of options for improvement of product systems in a life cycle and system perspective.
26 Sep 1995
TL;DR: For whole life cycle of product development, configuration can be considered from two aspects: configuration design which is the activity of creating configuration solutions, and configuration management which isThe process of maintaining a consistent configuration under change.
Abstract: For whole life cycle of product development, configuration can be considered from two aspects: configuration design which is the activity of creating configuration solutions, and configuration management which is the process of maintaining a consistent configuration under change. Both configuration design and configuration management are complex processes for many products, particularly when the product structure is complex in terms of a large number of elements with different relationships, the configuration problem will be significant.
TL;DR: These concepts prepare the way for a Quality Associated Costing model for blood products that correlates with clinical efficacy, which must ensure that the product with the highest uncertainty ranking is assured a high degree of cost stability.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Detailed information is provided about primary product costing and price issues as they affect transfusion manufacturing practice and clinical transfusion practice. Product price is shown to have a crucial influence upon clinical practice and associated research. By focusing particularly upon cost-benefit analysis of blood product transfusion therapy a substantive conclusion is drawn that price should equal the associated manufacturing cost. Clinical outcome studies relate clinical efficacy to the manufacturing specification of the product, which should therefore determine the product cost. Thus, the true manufacturing cost is the sum of all the process activity costs that create the final product specification, e.g. red cell number + volume reduction + leucocyte reduction + microbiological safety, for processed red cells. Sometimes different product specifications may compete for a single activity cost, e.g. one-spin processing achieves volume reduction and leucocyte reduction for processed red cells but also plasma removal for protein fractionation. A method for understanding the relative clinical importance of different products is described, which guides the cost allocation process. Furthermore, for some products there is uncertainty about the clinical benefits of some components of the specification, e.g. leucocyte load and immunomodulation, and a method is described for ranking this quality-uncertainty level objectively. The optimal costing model must ensure that the product with the highest uncertainty ranking is assured a high degree of cost stability. These concepts prepare the way for a Quality Associated Costing model for blood products that correlates with clinical efficacy.
TL;DR: There is a pressing need for clarification of the meaning of “specification” (and several other important terms), especially in view of the fact that so many practitioners and theoreticians assume, erroneously, that a clear meaning already exists.
Abstract: The notion of “specification” plays a key role in the developing science of computing. It is typically considered to be the keystone in the software development process. However, there is no single, generally agreed meaning of “specification” that bears close scrutiny. Instead there is a variety of different, although partially interlocking and overlapping interpretations of the term. We catalogue this varietal profusion and attempt to lay bare both the sources and consequences of each major alternative. We attempt to present the full range of possibilities, and the biases inherent in each style of interpretation. We believe that there is a pressing need for clarification of the meaning of “specification” (and several other important terms), especially in view of the fact that so many practitioners and theoreticians assume, erroneously, that a clear meaning already exists (even though they might disagree as to what it is). In particular, we feel that a more general awareness of the difficulties that currently attach to this key concept may go some way towards bridging (if not actually healing) the rift that currently exists between the engineering and scientific aspects of computing.
TL;DR: Syntax for the ECA rules and their use in driving concurrent engineering are proposed in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a systematic method similar to quality function deployment (QFD) methods for carrying out these process steps, which can effectively reduce product development costs by employing a neutral test environment to verify the GPP suitability of the generated product data.
TL;DR: In this article, a new structured approach to product and process optimization is presented, which includes, in addition to change management, three sets of metrics and measurements, and is a function of life cycle management.
Abstract: Continuous improvement is a cyclic process of product and process optimization over a product life cycle. Optimization is beyond quality and reliability management – meaning, an organization is keeping in constant touch with new technological advances and frequently employs the applicable technologies to improve an existing product. Cycling means that an organization is continually exploring new frontiers in manufacturing technologies. The latest advances in related fields such as computers and systems are reviewed regularly for possible inclusion in the produced and process optimization cycle. Today, there is no single unique structure or process that defines “continuous improvement”, or, in a larger sense, what is described here as product and process optimization (PPO). Outlines a new structured approach to product and process optimization which includes, in addition to change management, three sets of metrics and measurements. PPO is a function of life‐cycle management. There are three aspects of life...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify key elements of eco-design and discuss how they could be implemented, and describe a case in which these elements were implemented and draw further conclusions.
Abstract: Identifies key elements of eco‐design and discusses how they could be implemented. Special attention is given to tools for eco‐design. Describes a case in which these elements were implemented and draws further conclusions.
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The Manual of Engineering Drawing as discussed by the authors has been used as a guide for practicing and student engineers to produce engineering drawings and annotated 3D models that comply with the latest British and ISO Standards of Technical Product Specifications and Documentation.
Abstract: "The Manual of Engineering Drawing" has long been the recognised as a guide for practicing and student engineers to producing engineering drawings and annotated 3D models that comply with the latest British and ISO Standards of Technical Product Specifications and Documentation. This new edition has been updated to include the requirements of BS8888 2008 and the relevant ISO Standards, and is ideal for International readership; it includes a guide to the fundamental differences between the ISO and ASME Standards relating to Technical Product Specification and Documentation. Equally applicable to CAD and manual drawing it includes the latest development in 3D annotation and the specification of surface texture. The Duality Principle is introduced as this important concept is still very relevant in the new world of 3D Technical Product Specification. Written by members of BSI and ISO committees and a former college lecturer, the "Manual of Engineering Drawing" combines up to the minute technical information with clear, readable explanations and numerous diagrams and traditional geometrical construction techniques rarely taught in schools and colleges. This approach makes this manual an ideal companion for students studying vocational courses in Technical Product Specification, undergraduates studying engineering or product design and any budding engineer beginning a career in design. The comprehensive scope of this new edition encompasses topics such as orthographic and pictorial projections, dimensional, geometrical and surface tolerancing, 3D annotation and the duality principle, along with numerous examples of electrical and hydraulic diagrams with symbols and applications of cams, bearings, welding and adhesives. This is the definitive guide to draughting to the latest ISO and ASME standards. It is an essential reference for engineers, and students, involved in design engineering and product design. It is written by two ISO committee members and practising engineers.
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 1995
10 Oct 1995
TL;DR: It is shown that the supervisory control theory can indeed be used with nondeterministic specifications, but also that the notion of controllability is not strong enough to guarantee an implementable supervisor.
Abstract: Implementation of complex discrete event manufacturing systems can be considerably simplified by use of general reusable software modules, representing the physical components. At the same time, construction of the control system can be facilitated by use of formal methods for automatic generation of the control laws. These two aspects can be joined into a general concept with object oriented modeling and control law synthesis as foundations. The goal is to allow an operator to specify the product routes through the system, for each type of product; irrespective of any other type of product that may be simultaneously present within the production system. Control laws guaranteeing production according to those product specifications can then be synthesized, given the model of the system. We will describe such an object-oriented modeling approach to discrete event manufacturing systems. Based on the supervisory control theory, using interleaved product routes as specification, it is shown how control laws can be synthesized. An added complexity is that such a specification becomes nondeterministic in the sense that the same string of events can lead to different system states. We have shown that the supervisory control theory can indeed be used with nondeterministic specifications, but also that the notion of controllability is not strong enough to guarantee an implementable supervisor.