Product (mathematics)

About: Product (mathematics) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 44382 publications have been published within this topic receiving 377809 citations.

The Polyanalytic Ginibre Ensembles

Abstract: For integers n,q=1,2,3,… , let Pol n,q denote the ${\mathbb{C}}$ -linear space of polynomials in z and $\bar{z}$ , of degree ≤n−1 in z and of degree ≤q−1 in $\bar{z}$ . We supply Pol n,q with the inner product structure of $$\begin{aligned} L^2 \bigl({\mathbb{C}},\mathrm{e}^{-m|z|^2} {\mathrm{d}}A \bigr),\quad \mbox {where } {\mathrm{d}}A(z)=\pi^{-1}{\mathrm{d}}x {\mathrm{d}}y,\ z= x+ {\mathrm{i}}y; \end{aligned}$$ the resulting Hilbert space is denoted by Pol m,n,q . Here, it is assumed that m is a positive real. We let K m,n,q denote the reproducing kernel of Pol m,n,q , and study the associated determinantal process, in the limit as m,n→+∞ while n=m+O(1); the number q, the degree of polyanalyticity, is kept fixed. We call these processes polyanalytic Ginibre ensembles, because they generalize the Ginibre ensemble—the eigenvalue process of random (normal) matrices with Gaussian weight. There is a physical interpretation in terms of a system of free fermions in a uniform magnetic field so that a fixed number of the first Landau levels have been filled. We consider local blow-ups of the polyanalytic Ginibre ensembles around points in the spectral droplet, which is here the closed unit disk $\bar{\mathbb{D}}:=\{z\in{\mathbb{C}}:|z|\le1\}$ . We obtain asymptotics for the blow-up process, using a blow-up to characteristic distance m −1/2; the typical distance is the same both for interior and for boundary points of $\bar{\mathbb{D}}$ . This amounts to obtaining the asymptotical behavior of the generating kernel K m,n,q . Following (Ameur et al. in Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 63(12):1533–1584, 2010), the asymptotics of the K m,n,q are rather conveniently expressed in terms of the Berezin measure (and density) For interior points |z|<1, we obtain that ${\mathrm{d}}B^{\langle z\rangle}_{m,n,q}(w)\to{\mathrm{d}}\delta_{z} $ in the weak-star sense, where δ z denotes the unit point mass at z. Moreover, if we blow up to the scale of m −1/2 around z, we get convergence to a measure which is Gaussian for q=1, but exhibits more complicated Fresnel zone behavior for q>1. In contrast, for exterior points |z|>1, we have instead that ${\mathrm{d}}B^{\langle z\rangle}_{m,n,q}(w) \to{\mathrm{d}}\omega(w,z, {\mathbb{D}}^{e}) $ , where ${\mathrm{d}}\omega(w,z,{\mathbb{D}}^{e})$ is the harmonic measure at z with respect to the exterior disk ${\mathbb{D}}^{e}:= \{w\in{\mathbb{C}}:\, |w|>1\}$ . For boundary points, |z|=1, the Berezin measure ${\mathrm{d}}B^{\langle z\rangle}_{m,n,q}$ converges to the unit point mass at z, as with interior points, but the blow-up to the scale m −1/2 exhibits quite different behavior at boundary points compared with interior points. We also obtain the asymptotic boundary behavior of the 1-point function at the coarser local scale q 1/2 m −1/2.

New Hardy spaces of Musielak-Orlicz type and boundedness of sublinear operators

Abstract: We introduce a new class of Hardy spaces $H^{\varphi(\cdot,\cdot)}(\mathbb R^n)$, called Hardy spaces of Musielak-Orlicz type, which generalize the Hardy-Orlicz spaces of Janson and the weighted Hardy spaces of Garcia-Cuerva, Stromberg, and Torchinsky. Here, $\varphi: \mathbb R^n\times [0,\infty)\to [0,\infty)$ is a function such that $\varphi(x,\cdot)$ is an Orlicz function and $\varphi(\cdot,t)$ is a Muckenhoupt $A_\infty$ weight. A function $f$ belongs to $H^{\varphi(\cdot,\cdot)}(\mathbb R^n)$ if and only if its maximal function $f^*$ is so that $x\mapsto \varphi(x,|f^*(x)|)$ is integrable. Such a space arises naturally for instance in the description of the product of functions in $H^1(\mathbb R^n)$ and $BMO(\mathbb R^n)$ respectively (see \cite{BGK}). We characterize these spaces via the grand maximal function and establish their atomic decomposition. We characterize also their dual spaces. The class of pointwise multipliers for $BMO(\mathbb R^n)$ characterized by Nakai and Yabuta can be seen as the dual of $L^1(\mathbb R^n)+ H^{\rm log}(\mathbb R^n)$ where $ H^{\rm log}(\mathbb R^n)$ is the Hardy space of Musielak-Orlicz type related to the Musielak-Orlicz function $\theta(x,t)=\displaystyle\frac{t}{\log(e+|x|)+ \log(e+t)}$. Furthermore, under additional assumption on $\varphi(\cdot,\cdot)$ we prove that if $T$ is a sublinear operator and maps all atoms into uniformly bounded elements of a quasi-Banach space $\mathcal B$, then $T$ uniquely extends to a bounded sublinear operator from $H^{\varphi(\cdot,\cdot)}(\mathbb R^n)$ to $\mathcal B$. These results are new even for the classical Hardy-Orlicz spaces on $\mathbb R^n$.