Showing papers on "Professional ethics published in 1989"

Medical ethics education: Coming of age.

Abstract: Medical ethics education is instruction that endeavors to teach the examination of the role of values in the doctor's relationship with patients, colleagues, and society. It is one front of a broad curricular effort to develop physicians' values, social perspectives, and interpersonal skills for the practice of medicine. The authors define medical ethics education as more clinically centered than human values education and more inclusive of philosophical, social, and legal issues than is interpersonal skills training. The authors review the history of the emergence of medical ethics education over the last 20 years, examine the areas of consensus that have emerged concerning the general objectives and premises for designing medical ethics programs, and describe teaching objectives and methods, course content, and program evaluation used in such programs on both preclinical and clinical levels. The four interrelated requirements for successful institutionalization of medical ethics education programs are defined and discussed, and the paper ends with an overview of the uncertain future of medical ethics education, an accepted but still not fully mature part of physician training in the United States. An extensive reference list accompanies the article.

Supervising Unethical Salesforce Behavior

Abstract: Supervisory reactions of sales managers to potentially unethical salesperson behavior are examined in a national survey of sales executives. Four scenarios representing ethical issues were presente...

The effect of teaching medical ethics on medical students' moral reasoning.

Abstract: A study assessed the effect of incorporating medical ethics into the medical curriculum and the relative effects of two methods of implementing that curriculum, namely, lecture and case-study discussions. Results indicate a statistically significant increase (p less than or equal to .0001) in the level of moral reasoning of students exposed to the medical ethics course, regardless of format. Moreover, the unadjusted posttest scores indicated that the case-study method was significantly (p less than or equal to .03) more effective than the lecture method in increasing students' level of moral reasoning. When adjustment were made for the pretest scores, however, this difference was not statistically significant (p less than or equal to .18). Regression analysis by linear panel techniques revealed that age, gender, undergraduate grade-point average, and scores on the Medical College Admission Test were not related to the changes in moral-reasoning scores. All of the variance that could be explained was due to the students' being in one of the two experimental groups. In comparison with the control group, the change associated with each experimental format was statistically significant (lecture, p less than or equal to .004; case study, p less than or equal to .0001). Various explanations for these findings and their implications are given.

Toward a theory of nursing ethics

Abstract: The development of nursing ethics as a field of inquiry has largely paralleled developments within the field of biomedical ethics. However, there is growing evidence that the development of a theory of nursing ethics might not necessarily follow a similar pattern. The value foundations of nursing ethics are derived from the nature of the nurse-patient relationship instead of from models of patient good, rights-based notions of autonomy, or the social contract of professional practice as articulated in prominent theories of medical ethics. The value foundations of nursing are analyzed, and a moral-point-of-view theory with caring as a fundamental value is proposed for the development of a theory of nursing ethics.

Cross cultural perspectives in medical ethics : readings

Abstract: Cross Cultural Perspectives in Medical Ethics: Readings is an anthology "designed for undergraduate, graduate, and professional school courses in medical and bioethics where the objective is to provide an understanding of alternative systems of medical ethics and to introduce systematically the basic principles ofnormative ethics" (p v). The text itself is divided into three sections. Section I is an introduction to what the editor claims are "the major alternative traditions" in medical ethics (p xvi). Here the reader is introduced to ethical thought as diverse as the Hippocratic oath, the American Medical Association's (AMA) Principles of Medical Ethics, the professional ethics of ancient Indian medicine, and the Islamic code of medical professional ethics. In Section II the editor offers a number of essays that deal with the question of how an ethic for medicine is to be grounded; eg, should the ethic be viewed as the invention of a medical professional group such as the AMA, should it be conceived of as being grounded in a religious or philosophical system, or should the ethic be seen as having some other foundation? Finally, the articles in Section III attempt to specify those broad principles that de¬ scribe right-making characteristics of actions, and so serve as a general frame¬ work within which one may hope to an¬

Health Care Ethics: Principles and Problems

Abstract: PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH CARE ETHICS. 1. Ethics, Professional Ethics, and Health Care Ethics. 2. Principles of Autonomy and Informed Consent. 3. Principles of Beneficence and Nonmaleficence. 4. The Ethics of Distribution. 5. Principles of Confidentiality and Truthfulness. PROBLEMS OF HEALTH CARE ETHICS. 6. Professional Standards and Institutional Ethics. 7. Ethical Problems of Death and Dying. 8. Abortion and Maternal-Fetal Conflict. 9. New Methods of Reproduction. 10. The Ethics of Transplants. 11. The Ethics of Testing and Screening. 12. The Ethics of Biomedical Research. References. Index.

Beyond professional ethics: Issues and agendas

Abstract: Many professional bodies now include activist committees devoted to better serving the broad public interest. Some of the different ways that these groups operate are explored and analyzed. In particular, professional activist groups are divided into two general categories: those dealing mainly with standards of professional practice, and those dealing with political and social issues relevant to the larger social milieu. By participating in such groups, professionals can give the public an alternative view of their profession, and set the stage for public demand for more responsive, socially controlled, professional practices.

Entry-Level Competencies and Attributes Needed by Interior Design Graduates: A Survey of Top Interior Design Firms

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the education, competencies, and attributes needed by persons seeking entry-level interior design positions as indicated by respondents from large commercial design firms identified as “top” in the country. The importance of examination by the National Council for Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ) and of program accreditation by the Foundation for Interior Design Education and Research (FIDER) for entry-level designers was examined. This study revealed that large interior design firms are looking for entry-level personnel who critically think through design solutions based on design theories, communicate verbally and through graphic presentation, practice professional ethics, and present themselves as mature, enthusiastic, and well groomed. The profession is looking for conceptualizers over technicians. Comparisons with previous research indicate an increasing awareness of the importance of examination for professional qualification (NCIDQ) and accreditation of interior design programs.

Scientific Norms and Research Publication Issues and Professional Ethics

Abstract: This paper addresses the standards of scientific behavior and research within the context of academic scholarship. Factors which lead some researchers to transgress the ethical boundaries associated with the publication process are presented and discussed. Included is an examination of the central issues related to the “publish or perish” syndrome. It is argued that the intense pressure to get one's work into print often distorts the serious pursuit of knowledge. Linking tenure and promotion primarily to publications has led to emphasizing the length of the scholarly record rather than its quality. To avoid such outcomes, the academic/scientific communities are urged to develop policies which on the one hand protect the integrity of the scientific enterprise, and on the other strike a reasonable balance of expectations and performance regarding teaching, research, and service.

Conflicting responsibilities: A case study of an ethical dilemma for psychologists working in organisations

Abstract: A case study is presented illustrating the dilemma of conflicting responsibilities for a psychologist working in an organisation. A paradigm of how ethical issues may be investigated is applied to the situation. As a consequence, psychologists' responsibilities to be ethically watchful, to clarify obligations to different groups, to inform those serviced about the limits of confidentiality, and to promote the acceptance of professional standards among employers and the general public are highlighted.

Professionalism as Bar Politics: The Making of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct

Abstract: Based on extensive archival research, this article offers a political account of the six-year process in which the ABA developed its latest ethics code for lawyers, the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The article casts doubt on the validity of several functionalist and critical theories about the provenance and significance of professional ethics codes generally and the ABA's codes in particular. It evaluates the Model Rules process as an instance of de facto law making by a private group. And it identifies a lawyer's “professionalism-in-fact”–a set of common themes in the way lawyers currently think about the field of legal ethics. At the same time, however, the article stresses the ethical pluralism and structural differentiation of today's legal profession and roots the ethical preoccupations of various types of lawyers in the circumstances of their particular practices.

Methodology choice and consulting ethics in management science

Abstract: This paper has been written against a background of growing concern for business and professional ethics generally, and draws most of its material from the field of organisation development where such issues have been on the agenda for more than a decade. It is the author's view that a cross-fertilisation of ideas on the subject of ethical practice between OD and Management Science/Operational Research is long overdue. There is a rising awareness within MS/OR that systems or contingency approaches to consultancy interventions call for the ability to discriminate between situations, so that an appropriate choice of methodology may be made. There is less awareness of the ethical issues which this implies. Consultants are required to be competent in making such choices, not to misrepresent their capabilities, and to take account of conflicting interests within organisations. This calls, among other things, for impartiality, diagnostic skill and a general understanding of behaviour in organisations. Following an analysis of obligations to clients and other affected parties, a summary of guiding principles for ethical consulting practice is offered.

Professional Ethics and Patients' Rights: Past Realities, Future Imperatives

Abstract: The nature and application of professional ethics in relation to patients' rights is not always clearly understood by healthcare professionals. As a result, patients' rights are not always respected or upheld in a way that they ought to be. An undersirable consequence of this has been that patients have suffered otherwise avoidable harms. The issue of professional ethics and patients' rights is one of concern to all healthcare professionals. It is of particular concern to nurses since they are the ones who are often caught in situations involving abuses of patients' rights. This paper briefly examines the failure of professional ethics to prevent patients' rights' abuses in healthcare contexts. It also makes recommendations on how the nursing profession could respond to this problem.

Cost Containment, DRGs, and The Ethics of Health Care

Abstract: This series of articles by Charles Dougherty, Robert Berenson, and Kathleen Powderly and Elaine Smith, as well as “Cost Containment: Challenging Fidelity and Justice” by E. Haavi Morreim (Hastings Center Report, December 1988), result from a Hastings Center project, “Ethics and Prospective Payment Systems: DRGs.” The two-year project was jointly funded by The General Electric Foundation and the American Medical Association Education and Research Foundation. The project tried to gauge the systematic effects of the introduction of cost containment strategies, prospective payment by Diagnostic Related Groups in particular, on the provision of health care and the ethical practice of medicine. Cost containment strategies, no matter how necessary in curbing spiraling medical costs, leave no sector or participants in the health care system untouched—hospitals and other health care institutions; doctors, nurses, social workers and other health care professionals; patients, their families, and the thirty-six to forty million medically indigent. The articles discuss the several and interrelated ethical issues raised by the DRG prospective payment system (Dougherty); its particular affect on the doctor-patient relationship and how it is transforming the ethical practice of medicine (Berenson and Morreim); and its specific impact on the professions and professional ethics of nursing and social work (Powderly and Smith). The overall message of the articles is that the health professions, their provision of care, and the ethics of their practices—as driven by economic considerations and realities—are in the midst of a more or less radical sea change.

Anthropology and West African Development: A Political Economic Critique and Auto-Critique

Abstract: Anthropologists are exploring ways to increase the impact of the discipline on public policy, notably development policy. Sponsors of the panel, "Conflict and Compromise: Perspectives on the Practice of Anthropology" at the 1987 AAA meetings suggest that despite 25 years of practice development anthropology has had minimal impact on policy. Here, cases in which anthropologists have had a significant impact on development policy in West Africa are documented. Some situational and historical constraints to greater impact are then identified; other serious structural problems are explored. A fundamental problem is that development policy is carried out under a paradigm which assumes that Third World populations should adapt to the conditions of production and reproduction imposed by capitalism. Anthropologists who merely accept this paradigm compromise scientific standards and their professional ethics. Improved scientific credibility, greater professional impact, and more ethical practice may be obtained by...

Medical ethics for physicians-in-training

Abstract: New updated! The latest book from a very famous author finally comes out. Book of medical ethics for physicians in training, as an amazing reference becomes what you need to get. What's for is this book? Are you still thinking for what the book is? Well, this is what you probably will get. You should have made proper choices for your better life. Book, as a source that may involve the facts, opinion, literature, religion, and many others are the great friends to join with.

Professional Ethics and Audit

Abstract: Self‐ethics are what organisations and professionals should aim for. A comparison is made between legal and medical ethics. This is followed by a discussion of the ethical dimensions of the accounting and auditing professions.

Managers' Moral Reasoning: An Exploratory Look at Managers' Responses to Three Moral Dilemmas .

Abstract: Based on Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and Standard Issue Scoring method, an assessment of managers' responses to three moral dilemmas vas explored. The findings indicate that managers typ...