scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Professional ethics published in 2004"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify five common myths about business ethics and provide responses that are grounded in theory, research, and business examples, and recommend that ethical conduct be managed proactively via explicit ethical leadership and conscious management of the organization's ethical culture.
Abstract: Executive Summary In the aftermath of recent corporate scandals, managers and researchers have turned their attention to questions of ethics management. We identify five common myths about business ethics and provide responses that are grounded in theory, research, and business examples. Although the scientific study of business ethics is relatively new, theory and research exist that can guide executives who are trying to better manage their employees' and their own ethical behavior. We recommend that ethical conduct be managed proactively via explicit ethical leadership and conscious management of the organization's ethical culture.

473 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Responses to open-ended questions on an exploratory survey indicate that students identify common themes in describing both temptations to cheat or to violate workplace policies and factors which caused them to hesitate in acting unethically, supporting the first hypothesis and laying the foundation for future surveys having forced-choice responses.
Abstract: Previous research indicates that students in engineering self-report cheating in college at higher rates than those in most other disciplines. Prior work also suggests that participation in one deviant behavior is a reasonable predictor of future deviant behavior. This combination of factors leads to a situation where engineering students who frequently participate in academic dishonesty are more likely to make unethical decisions in professional practice. To investigate this scenario, we propose the hypotheses that (1) there are similarities in the decision-making processes used by engineering students when considering whether or not to participate in academic and professional dishonesty, and (2) prior academic dishonesty by engineering students is an indicator of future decisions to act dishonestly. Our sample consisted of undergraduate engineering students from two technically-oriented private universities. As a group, the sample reported working full-time an average of six months per year as professionals in addition to attending classes during the remaining six months. This combination of both academic and professional experience provides a sample of students who are experienced in both settings. Responses to open-ended questions on an exploratory survey indicate that students identify common themes in describing both temptations to cheat or to violate workplace policies and factors which caused them to hesitate in acting unethically, thus supporting our first hypothesis and laying the foundation for future surveys having forced-choice responses. As indicated by the responses to forced-choice questions for the engineering students surveyed, there is a relationship between self-reported rates of cheating in high school and decisions to cheat in college and to violate workplace policies; supporting our second hypothesis. Thus, this exploratory study demonstrates connections between decision-making about both academic and professional dishonesty. If better understood, these connections could lead to practical approaches for encouraging ethical behavior in the academic setting, which might then influence future ethical decision-making in workplace settings.

278 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A social responsibility (SR) theory of the press has emerged in various democratic societies worldwide since World War II as mentioned in this paper, and universal ethical principles are the most appropriate framework, and the cross-cultural axis around which these principles revolve is the sacredness of human life.
Abstract: A social responsibility (SR) theory of the press has emerged in various democratic societies worldwide since World War II. The Hutchins Commission in the United States is the source of this paradigm in some cases, but a similar emphasis on serving society rather than commerce or government has also arisen in parallel fashion without any connection to Hutchins. Professionalism and codes of professional ethics are too narrow to serve as the framework for a global SR paradigm of the 21st century. Instead, universal ethical principles are the most appropriate framework, and the cross-cultural axis around which these principles revolve is the sacredness of human life. Embedded in the protonorm of human sacredness are such ethical principles as human dignity, truthtelling, and nonmaleficence. These principles are citizen ethics rather than professional ethics; they are set in the social domain where SR gets its rationale. They provide a frame of reference internationally for assessing local news media practices...

144 citations


Book
30 Jul 2004
TL;DR: The history of service learning in the 19th and 20th Centuries is described in this article, where the authors present a review of the history of the service learning and professional ethics in a Catholic University.
Abstract: Introduction by Bruce W. Speck History Theoretical Roots of Service-Learning: Progressive Education and the Development of Citizenship by Jordy Rocheleau The Historical Origins of Service-Learning in the 19th and 20th Centuries: The Transplanted and Indigenous Traditions by Gregory R. Zieren and Peter H. Stoddard Theoretical Models A Justification of the Philanthropic Model by C. F. Abel A Critique of the Philanthropic Model by Arthur Sementelli A Justification of the Civic Engagement Model by J. B. Watson Jr. A Critique of the Civic Engagement Model by Robert J. Exley A Justification of the Communitarian Model by Frank Codispoti A Critique of the Communitarian Model by Christina Murphy A Synthesis of the Theoretical Stances by Sherry L. Hoppe Related Issues The Ethics of Classroom Advocacy by C. F. Abel, J. A. Lacina, and C. D. Abel Service Learning and Professional Ethics in a Catholic University by Rick Henderson Selected Sources on Service-Learning by Bruce W. Speck Authors

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors briefly review the general literature regarding dual relationships and offer the reader guidelines in applying an ethically based, risk-managed, decision-making model that could be helpful when a practitioner is considering entering into such relationships or when such relationships inadvertently develop.
Abstract: Entering into dual relationships with psychotherapy patients has been a topic of significant controversy in professional psychology. Although these types of extratherapeutic alliances have generally been considered to be unethical conduct, some authors recently have supported their development as both ethical and, in some cases, even therapeutic (A. Lazarus & O. Zur, 2002). In this article, the authors briefly review the general literature regarding dual relationships and offer the reader guidelines in applying an ethically based, risk-managed, decision-making model that could be helpful when a practitioner is considering entering into such relationships or when such relationships inadvertently develop.

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Due to the nursing profession's growing multidisciplinary nature, the increasing dominance of economic discourse, and the intensified legal framework in which health care professionals need to operate, the context of nursing is changing, and nursing professional codes have to accommodate to the increasing ethical demands placed upon the profession.
Abstract: Background. Professional codes played a definitive role during a specific period of time, when the professional context of nursing was characterized by an increasing professionalization. Today, however, this professional context has changed. Aim. This paper reports on a study which aimed to explore the meaning of professional codes in the current context of the nursing profession. Method. A literature review on professional codes and the nursing profession was carried out. The literature was systematically investigated using the electronic databases PubMed and The Philosopher's Index, and the keywords nursing codes, professional codes in nursing, ethics codes/ethical codes, professional ethics. Conclusion. Due to the nursing profession's growing multidisciplinary nature, the increasing dominance of economic discourse, and the intensified legal framework in which health care professionals need to operate, the context of nursing is changing. In this changed professional context, nursing professional codes have to accommodate to the increasing ethical demands placed upon the profession. Therefore, an ethicization of these codes is desirable, and their moral objectives need to be revalued.

81 citations


Book
22 Jul 2004
TL;DR: The Mental Health Professional and the New Technologies: A Handbook for Practice Today will enormously simplify the job of thinking through the issues and making clinically, ethically, and legally prudent decisions.
Abstract: In the last two decades, new communication technologies have dramatically changed the world in which mental health professionals and their patients live. Developments such as e-mail, online chat groups, Web pages, search engines, and electronic databases are directly or indirectly affecting most people's routines and expectations. Other developments are poised to do so in the near future. Already, for example, patients are acquiring both good and bad advice and information on the Web; many expect to be able to reach their therapists by e-mail. And already there is pressure from third party payers for providers to submit claims electronically. These technological breakthroughs have the potential to make mental health care more widely available and accessible, affordable, acceptable to patients, and adaptable to special needs. But many mental health professionals, as well as those who train them, are skeptical about integrating the new capabilities into their services and question the ethical and legal appropriateness of doing so. Those unfamiliar with the technologies tend to be particularly doubtful. How much e-mail contact with patients should I encourage or permit, and for what purposes? Why should I set up a Web site and how do I do so and what should I put on it? Should I refer patients to chat groups or Web-based discussion forums? Could video-conferencing be a helpful tool in some cases and what is involved? How do I avoid trouble if I dare to experiment with innovations? And last but not least, will the results of my experimentation be cost-effective? In this wide-ranging and practical handbook, five experts, each with a different vantage point and training, systematically guide readers through the new practice arenas already made possible by current information technologies--ranging from Internet-wired offices to wearable computers--and point to those on the horizon. Throughout, the authors clearly define terminology for the beginner and illuminate their points with rich, clinical vignettes and first-person accounts of the experience of pioneering practitioners. The book includes: *an extensive overview of legal and regulatory issues, such as those raised by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); *concrete technical, ethical and managerial suggestions summarized in a seven-step Online Consultation Risk Management model; and *"How to" resource lists and sample documents of use to beginners and experienced professionals alike. For better or worse, no mental health professional today can avoid confronting the issues presented by the new technologies. The Mental Health Professional and the New Technologies: A Handbook for Practice Today will enormously simplify the job of thinking through the issues and making clinically, ethically, and legally prudent decisions. Contents: Preface. Introduction to Technology in Mental and Behavioral Health. Technicalities. A Professional Online Presence. Professional Web Site Considerations. Audio & Videoconferencing. Computer-Aided Assessment. Computer-Aided Psychotherapy. Electronic Practice Management and the Computer-Based Patient Record. Legal, Regulatory and Reimbursement Issues. Standards of Practice. Online Consultation: Training. Online Consultation: Referrals, Client Education, and Consent. Online Consultation: Delivering Clinical Care. The Near Future. The Distant Future. Epilogue: A Checklist of Immediate Steps. Appendices: Comparative Studies of Psycho-Technologies in Mental Health. Sample Listserv Guidelines. Draft International Convention for Telemedicine and Telehealth. Patient Consent Form.

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This scheme uses six important dimensions to distinguish among codes of ethics: length, focus, level of detail, shape, thematic content, and tone.
Abstract: A great deal of interest in codes of ethics exists in both the business community and the academic community. Within the academic community, this interest has given rise to a number of studies of codes of ethics. Many of these studies have focused on the content of various codes.One important way the study of codes of ethics can be advanced is by applying formal tools of analysis to codes of ethics. An understanding of important dimensions that may differ across codes of ethics, a common terminology to describe these dimensions, and a means to measure these dimensions will facilitate applying such tools. They will also facilitate discussion, enable comparisons, and advance our understanding of codes of ethics. The present paper describes a classification scheme to use in studying codes of ethics. This scheme uses six important dimensions to distinguish among codes of ethics: length, focus, level of detail, shape, thematic content, and tone. The paper also introduces metrics that can be used to measure the dimensions.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a self-administered questionnaire was used as the data collection technique for the study of marketing ethics decision-making process of Middle-Eastern marketers, which examined the relative influences of ethical perceptions, perceived importance of ethics, and age on ethical intentions of marketers in the Middle East.
Abstract: This study analyzes the marketing ethics decision‐making process of Middle‐Eastern marketers. In particular, it examines the relative influences of ethical perceptions, perceived importance of ethics, and age on ethical intentions of marketers in the Middle East. A self‐administered questionnaire was used as the data collection technique for this study. Perception of ethical problem and ethical intention were operationalized by means of two marketing ethics scenarios. Age of respondents was measured directly and perceived importance of ethics was measured by a scale that has been used a number of times in the literature. Convenience samples of marketers from three Middle‐Eastern countries, Egypt, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, were used in this study. The survey results generally indicate that a perceived ethical problem is a positive factor of a Middle‐Eastern marketer's ethical intention, as hypothesized. The results also support the hypothesis regarding the influence of perceived importance of ethics, that Middle‐Eastern marketers who perceive ethics to be important are more likely to have an ethical intention than Middle‐Eastern marketers who do not perceive ethics to be important. The research hypothesis regarding the influence of age, however, is not supported. Implications of the findings are discussed.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper will discuss several different answers to the question about what ethical responsibility the authors have to provide health care to illegal immigrants and approach the issues in terms of social responsibility and discuss the moral relevance of work.
Abstract: In this paper I want to focus on the situation of illegal immigrants. I will discuss several different answers to the question about what ethical responsibility we have to provide health care to illegal immigrants. (I shall simply assume that societies have an ethical obligation to provide their own citizens with a reasonably comprehensive package of health benefits.) The answers that I shall discuss tend to conceptualize the ethical issues in terms of individual desert professional ethics or human rights. I want to discuss the limitations of each of these approaches and to offer an alternative. I shall approach the issues in terms of social responsibility and discuss the moral relevance of work. In doing so I tend to pull bioethics in the direction of social ethics and political philosophy. Thats the direction I think it should be heading. But before I begin the ethical discussion I need to say more about the phenomenon of illegal immigration. (excerpt)

65 citations


Book
20 Sep 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, Demands of Institutional Politics: 1. The moral responsibility of public officials: the problem of many hands 2. Ascribing responsibility to advisers in government 3. Bureaucracy and democracy 4. Judicial responsibility: the problems of many minds 5. Varieties of institutional failure: 6. Democratic secrecy: the dilemma of accountability 7. Mediated corruption: the case of the Keating Five 8. Election time: normative implications of temporal properties of the electoral process in the US 9. Private life and public office 10. Extensions of institutional responsibility: 11. Rest
Abstract: Introduction Part I. Demands of Institutional Politics: 1. The moral responsibility of public officials: the problem of many hands 2. Ascribing responsibility to advisers in government 3. Bureaucracy and democracy 4. Judicial responsibility: the problem of many minds 5. Representatives in the welfare state Part II. Varieties of Institutional Failure: 6. Democratic secrecy: the dilemma of accountability 7. Mediated corruption: the case of the Keating Five 8. Election time: normative implications of temporal properties of the electoral process in the US 9. Hypocrisy and democracy 10. Private life and public office Part III. Extensions of Institutional Responsibility: 11. Restoring distrust: the ethics of oversight 12. The institutional turn in professional ethics 13. Hospital ethics 14. Understanding financial conflicts of interest in medicine 15. The privatization of business ethics 16. Democratic theory and global society.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look at the fundamental theories of ethics and morality and show how these and a fuller consideration of these can lead to better practice of social responsibility through a higher platform of quality, which they call quality consciousness.
Abstract: Quality as a philosophy of management practice has become widely embedded in organizational mindsets. This paper looks at the fundamental theories of ethics and morality, and shows how these and a fuller consideration of these can lead to better practice of social responsibility through a higher platform of quality, which we call quality consciousness. The paper shows that business actions, and indeed the pedagogy of management theory, are not in themselves amoral. Rather, they are driven by a systematic reflection of the context. The paper develops the implication of this for the extension and strengthening of the concept of quality by delineating the definitional boundary of quality, and then scrutinizing the philosophy of quality and the philosophy of virtue and morality to examine conceptual inter-linkage and symbiosis. The paper promulgates a view of quality that explicitly incorporates virtue as part of the quality paradigm. The paper then charts how the rigorous incorporation of ethics and organiza...

Book
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: This state-of-the-art textbook illustrates paradigms for professional practice, provides an overview of current knowledge and future trends in rehabilitation counseling, and aims to stimulate thinking that will lead to new research initiatives.
Abstract: This state-of-the-art textbook illustrates paradigms for professional practice, provides an overview of current knowledge and future trends in rehabilitation counseling, and aims to stimulate thinking that will lead to new research initiatives. Both settings (private and public) as well as services are addressed, including placement, advocacy and case management. The text also contains elements of practice, including cutting edge uses of technology and supervision, both clinical and managerial. The appendices include useful source materials such as the Rehabilitation Acronyms and the Code of Professional Ethics for Certified Rehabilitation Counselors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that consulting ethicists need more than an understanding of ethics theory, concepts and principles; they also need a sufficiently rich understanding of organizational culture and a willingness and an ability to critique that culture.
Abstract: Much of the work in professional ethics sees ethical problems as resulting from ethical ignorance, ethical failure or evil intent. While this approach gets at real and valid concerns, it does not capture the whole story because it does not take into account the underlying professional or institutional culture in which moral decision making is imbedded. My argument in this paper is that this culture plays a powerful and sometimes determinant role in establishing the nature of the ethical debate; i.e., it helps to define what are viable action options, what is the organization’s genuine mission, and what behaviors will be rewarded or criticized. Given these conclusions, I also argue that consulting ethicists need more than an understanding of ethics theory, concepts and principles; they also need a sufficiently rich understanding of organizational culture and a willingness and an ability to critique that culture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The International Union of Psychological Science is searching for ethical principles that are universal for the discipline of psychology as discussed by the authors, and the hope for articulating universal ethical principles for psychologists is based on respect for our common humanity while still respecting the diversity of beliefs in different cultures.
Abstract: The International Union of Psychological Science is searching for ethical principles that are universal for the discipline of psychology. Codes of ethics adopted by other international organizations are reviewed, as well as recent comparisons of psychology codes across national boundaries. Distinctions are made between declarations of human rights and professional codes of ethics, between ethical principles as overarching values and as rules of conduct, and between Euro-North American and non-Western cultural values. Organizations such as the United Nations and Amnesty International work for the elimination of abuses of human rights. Professional associations establish guidelines to promote the ethical behavior of their members. The hope for articulating universal ethical principles for psychologists is based on respect for our common humanity while still respecting the diversity of beliefs in different cultures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the connection between ethics and employees is discussed, and it is shown that an organization's internal ethical context can help or hurt key employee attitudes and behaviors, including commitment and citizenship, which are considered important to a firm's overall success.
Abstract: The article discusses the connection between ethics and employees. Research indicates that an organization's internal ethical context can help or hurt key employee attitudes and behaviors. This includes employee commitment and citizenship, which are considered important to a firm's overall success. These and other intangible resources can neither be easily replicated nor purchased from a competitor. Experts say it is important to have established standards and guidelines in an organization. Ethics codes and programs can be helpful for employees to refer to.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Potential lessons for nurses working with people in a variety of settings can be drawn and implications for the teaching of nursing ethics are made in the areas of the virtues, relationships, professional ethics and the moral community of nursing.
Abstract: The events of the Holocaust of European Jews (and others) by the Nazi state between 1939 and 1945 deserve to be remembered and studied by the nursing profession. By approaching literary texts written by Holocaust ‘survivors’ from an interpersonal dimension, a reading of such works can develop an ‘ethic of responsibility’. By focusing on such themes as rationality, duty, witness and the virtues, potential lessons for nurses working with people in a variety of settings can be drawn. Implications for the teaching of nursing ethics are made in the areas of the virtues, relationships, professional ethics and the moral community of nursing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors adopt a position that the Standards in the American Psychological Association (APA; 2002) Ethics Code should be based on or be logically related to some underlying ethical theory and then review the 2002 APA Ethics Code from the standpoint of principle-based (prima facie) ethics.
Abstract: The authors adopt a position that the Standards in the American Psychological Association (APA; 2002) Ethics Code should be based on or be logically related to some underlying ethical theory. The authors then review the 2002 APA Ethics Code from the standpoint of principle-based (prima facie) ethics. Their analysis shows that almost all of the enforceable standards in the 2002 APA Ethics Code are based on or can be linked logically to the criteria of principle-based ethics.

BookDOI
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: This thoughtful, comprehensive, and balanced volume reviews and synthesizes what research has uncovered thus far, and provides rich context on the major legal, ethical, clinical, social policy, and psychological research issues involved in end-of-life decision-making.
Abstract: In Assisted Suicide and the Right to Die: The Interface of Social Science, Public Policy, and Medical Ethics, Barry Rosenfeld examines how social science can inform policy and practice issues in the ongoing debates on end-of-life issues. While some important elements of the arguments for advocacy or opposition to the legalization of assisted suicide, such as moral and ethical concerns, are not necessarily the domain of science, others are amenable to scientific study, including such questions as whether untreated pain or depression fuel requests for assisted suicide. This thoughtful, comprehensive, and balanced volume reviews and synthesizes what research has uncovered thus far, and provides rich context on the major legal, ethical, clinical, social policy, and psychological research issues involved in end-of-life decision-making. Topics include assessment of patient decision-making abilities, do-not-resuscitate orders, and advance directives. Chapters on experience with legalized assisted suicide in Oregon and the Netherlands supplement those devoted to reviewing the psychosocial and medical literature on who seeks assisted suicide and why. This book will be an invaluable resource for health psychology researchers interested in end-of-life policy research as well as for clinicians who treat terminally ill patients and struggle to understand the factors influencing their decisions.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The role of the First Amendment in "spiritual" counseling in public schools and various multicultural considerations are explored in this article, where guidelines based on the American School Counselor Association's ethical codes and various social studies teaching techniques are presented for school counselors to use as they address the spiritual concerns of students.
Abstract: Guidelines based on the American School Counselor Association's ethical codes and various social studies teaching techniques are presented for school counselors to use as they address the spiritual concerns of students. The role of the First Amendment in "spiritual" counseling in public schools and various multicultural considerations are explored as well. This article explores the practical challenges of counseling students with spiritual issues. To do so, I draw upon the American School Counselor Association's (ASCA, 1998) Ethical Standards for School Counselors and certain teaching suggestions from the social science and history disciplines. Even though I use the terms spirituality and religion throughout the article, they are not interchangeable concepts. In my view, spirituality in a general sense refers to "making sense of" and "giving meaning to the world," and how meaning is made; this process is different for each person. While spirituality might incorporate formal religious beliefs, it does not necessarily have to. When dealing with the spirituality of students, school counselors have to know the difference between teaching and preaching. As defined by Merriam-Webster's Dictionary (2003), teaching includes imparting knowledge and providing instruction. Preaching can be defined as follows: to urge the acceptance or advocate for an idea or a course of action. SPIRITUAL, ETHICAL, AND LEGAL GUIDELINES If spirituality is an integral part of human life, why then, do school counselors have to adhere to a standard where they cannot affirm their own spirituality? For public school educators, the answer starts with the First Amendment (Commager, 1958) of the United States Constitution, which in part states, "Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" (p. 146). In my view, what the First Amendment really means is that the government cannot officially sponsor any faith tradition as the state religion. Public schools, as a government agency, have taken this to mean that they cannot formally endorse any particular religion. This point is relevant for school counselors to consider, because as we counsel students, invariably spirituality will come up, either directly or indirectly. When spiritual issues do present themselves in a counseling session, it is unethical for school counselors to advocate for their personal spiritual beliefs. This is not only a constitutional issue, but also a professional and ethical issue. For school counselors, ASCA's (1998) Ethical Standards for School Counselors (Standard A.1.c. Responsibilities to Students) states that the professional school counselor "Refrains from consciously encouraging the counselee's acceptance of values ... and beliefs that represent the counselor's personal orientation." This, however, does not mean that a school counselor and student are prohibited from discussing issues related to spirituality. Even with the separation of church and state, schools do not exist in a spiritual vacuum; most children and adults have some kind of loosely defined personal spiritual belief system. How do school counselors address spirituality within the confines of the First Amendment and professional ethical standards? Some ideas for addressing spirituality are found down the hallway from the counseling office in the classrooms of the history and social science teachers. History teachers have long faced this problem because human history includes religion and spirituality. The National Council for the Social Studies (1998) wrote guidelines for objectively teaching about religions in the context of the history curriculum. There are two recommendations applicable to school counseling. First, teaching about religions should emphasize the necessity and importance of tolerance, respect, and mutual understanding in a world of diversity. Second, teaching about religions should be descriptive, non-confessional, and conducted in an environment free of advocacy. …

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards' Disciplinary Data System (DSDS) was reviewed and a new classification system was devised, based on base-rate descriptive data, and presented here.
Abstract: This article reviews recent trends in the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards' Disciplinary Data System-a record of sanctions against psychologists. Review of these data revealed problems with the usefulness of the categorization and reporting system. As a result, a new classification system was devised, based on base-rate descriptive data, and is presented here. Implications for psychology boards, ethics training, and professional practice are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a grounded conceptual framework of corporate ethics and trust in intra-corporate relationships and provide an in-depth and longitudinal case description that underpins the topic and discussion provided in the article.
Abstract: Theoretically, a contribution of this article is the pinpointed connection between corporate ethics and trust in intra-corporate relationships. Furthermore, it contributes to a conceptual framework that distinguishes between the constructs of business ethics and corporate ethics. The authors also provide a grounded conceptual framework of corporate ethics and trust. The principal dyadic determinants of corporate ethics in intra-corporate relationships are interpreted to be management behaviour versus employee perception of that behaviour. Empirically, the contribution is an in-depth and longitudinal case description that underpins the topic and the discussion provided in the article.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the Swedish public sector, organizations are less developed in their business ethics artifacts causing them to appear to be lagging behind the corporate sector as mentioned in this paper, and each sector's intended future implementation of codes of ethics, could mean that these two sectors of business may become highly divergent in their acceptance of business ethics practices as a norm.
Abstract: This research examines and reports upon the results of a study conducted in 2002 of the top 100 corporate sector organizations and the top 100 public sector organizations in Sweden. The aim of the study was to examine, via a self-administered mail questionnaire, the commitment to business ethics of these top 200 Swedish organizations. This research reports on the responses of those organizations that possessed a code of ethics. It would appear that in corporate Sweden business ethics has only recently become a topic of interest and that many organizations are in the early stages of code development and assimilation into organization policies. In the Swedish public sector, organizations are less developed in their business ethics artifacts causing them to appear to be lagging behind the corporate sector. This disparity between the two sectors in Sweden currently, and each sector's intended future implementation of codes of ethics, could mean that these two sectors of business may become highly divergent in their acceptance of business ethics practices as a norm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Academic medical centers should divert their intellectual and financial resources away from luxury primary care and toward more equitable and just programs designed to promote individual, community, and global health.
Abstract: Medical schools and teaching hospitals have been hit particularly hard by the financial crisis affecting health care in the United States. To compete financially, many academic medical centers have recruited wealthy foreign patients and established luxury primary care clinics. At these clinics, patients are offered tests supported by little evidence of their clinical and/or cost effectiveness, which erodes the scientific underpinnings of medical practice. Given widespread disparities in health, wealth, and access to care, as well as growing cynicism and dissatisfaction with medicine among trainees, the promotion by these institutions of an overt, two-tiered system of care, which exacerbates inequities and injustice, erodes professional ethics. Academic medical centers should divert their intellectual and financial resources away from luxury primary care and toward more equitable and just programs designed to promote individual, community, and global health. The public and its legislators should, in turn, provide adequate funds to enable this. Ways for academic medicine to facilitate this largesse are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated how two professional fields (law and medical ethics) have used cases to analyze practical ethics and found that case studies have played a prominent role in the study of ethical issues in planning.
Abstract: Case studies have recently played a prominent role in the study of ethical issues in planning. To clarify the role that cases can play, this article investigates how two other professional fields (law and medical ethics) have used cases to analyze practical ethics. The author argues that law and medicine use studies to develop “moral taxonomies”—classifications of important cases that help clarify the meaning and limits of ambiguous values, principles, and maxims. Three features characterize case ethics in law and medicine: (1) a focus on hard cases, in which key values or principles are ambiguous or in conflict; (2) use of analogical reasoning to analyze those cases, to determine which previously resolved cases they resemble and which they do not; and (3) identification of low-level principles that underwrite these judgments of similarity and difference and can help inform judgments about future cases.

BookDOI
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present ethical challenges for the life sciences, including ethical conduct of research, including responsible authorship and publication practices, and professional ethics and scholarly communication, as well as some recent challenges to openness and freedom in scientific publication.
Abstract: Introduction: Ethical challenges for the life sciences.- Researchers in Organizations.- Moral complexity in organizations.- Comments on Jeurissen: Organization and moral complexity.- The social role of businesses and the role of the professional.- Comments on Wempe: Conditions for ethical business.- Responsible Authorship and Communication.- The responsible conduct of research, including responsible authorship and publication practices.- Comments on Bulger: The responsible conduct of research, including responsible authorship and publication practices.- Professional ethics and scholarly communication.- Comments on Zwart: Professional ethics and scholarly communication.- Some recent challenges to openness and freedom in scientific publication.- Comments on Resnik: Some recent challenges to openness and freedom in scientific publication.- Ethics of Animal Research.- Research ethics for animal biotechnology.- Comments on Thompson: Research ethics for animal biotechnology.- Ethics for Life Scientists as a Challenge for Ethics.- How common morality relates to business and the professions.- Comments on Gert: Gert's common morality: old-fashioned or untimely?.- Research as a challenge for ethical reflection.- Comments on Duwell: Research as a challenge for ethical reflection.- Scientists in Society.- New public responsibilities for life scientists.- Comments on Korthals: New public responsibilities for life scientists.- Science, context and professional ethics.- Bioscientists as ethical decision-makers.- Comments on Hayry: Assessing bioscientific work from a moral point of view.- New Developments.- The human genome: common resource but not common heritage.- Conclusions.- Conclusions: Towards ethically sound life sciences.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: Improvements in professional ethics are necessary to regain their self-respect and the respect of the people the authors serve and all of us need to improve.
Abstract: I apologize for making some of you nervous, and perhaps even resentful, but I HAVE HAD ENOUGH! I do not like the new unethical face of my profession, where incessant seeking of more money has replaced service to the public, honesty, and self-respect. Numerous areas of major ethical concern in dentistry are identified in this article. The ongoing, if not accelerating, degeneration of professional ethics in dentistry is clearly evident to even casual observers. Improvements in professional ethics are necessary to regain our self-respect and the respect of the people we serve. All of us need to improve, including practitioners, speakers, dental schools accomplishing research, manufacturers, editors, and evaluating groups. It is time to return to honesty and to dealing with our fellow men and women in the way we would want to be treated ourselves. I do not think it is too late.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, psychoanalytic concepts of the ego ideal and superego are used to explore the internal psychological dynamics that contribute to moral decision-making, and examples from Enron Corporation will be used throughout the paper to relate the analysis and discussion to contemporary business ethics problems.
Abstract: Modern professional behavior all too often fails to meet high standards of moral conduct. An important reason for this unfortunate state of affairs is the expansive self interest of the individual professional. The individual's natural desire for his/her own success and pleasure goes unchecked by internal moral constraints. In this essay, I investigate this phenomenon using the psychoanalytic concepts of the ego ideal and superego. These concepts are used to explore the internal psychological dynamics that contribute to moral decision-making. The contrasts between self interest and concern for others, selfishness and moral values, and moral conscience and social conformity are examined in Tolstoy's study of the modern professional in The Death of Ivan Ilych. By reviewing Freud's work on the moral conscience, particularly its complex inner structure and liabilities to dysfunction, and applying it to Tolstoy's penetrating portrayal of Ivan Ilych's personal and professional life, an understanding of the inner (emotional) foundation of moral character, its dependence on the past through the links between generations, and the need to integrate idealism with moral values is generated. Examples from Enron Corporation will be used throughout the paper to relate the analysis and discussion to contemporary business ethics problems.