Showing papers on "Projectile published in 1973"
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory for the Coulomb deflection of a moving projectile in the field of the target nucleus and the perturbation of the targets' atomic states by the moving projectile is developed in an approximate manner.
Abstract: Experimental $K$-shell ionization cross sections are reported for low-velocity heavy projectiles of atomic number small compared to the target atomic number. For such projectile-target combinations, the Coulomb interaction between the projectile nucleus and the $K$-shell electrons dominates the $K$-shell ionization process at all projectile velocities. The data can disagree by orders of magnitude with the primary predictions of the nonrelativistic quantum theory in the plane-wave Born approximation. Important physical processes are shown to be at the root of the discrepancies. They derive from the finite charge of the moving projectile, and thus do not contribute in the plane-wave Born approximation. They are the Coulomb deflection of the projectile in the field of the target nucleus and the perturbation of the target atomic states by the projectile. A theory for these processes is developed in an approximate manner. When incorporated with the theory in the plane-wave Born approximation, it accounts quantitatively for the data. A method results for reducing cross-section data in a comprehensive way. A universal graph of cross sections emerges which, in effect, constitutes an extrapolation of the data to the conditions of zero projectile charge. It comprises cross sections ranging over six orders of magnitude measured on different targets for various projectiles with a wide range of velocities, mostly below the mean $K$-shell velocities. The locus of this universal graph coincides with the prediction of the plane-wave Born approximation.
322 citations
01 Aug 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the ability of three different geometries to perforate plates of an age hardened aluminum alloy was examined and it was found that flat-ended projectiles perforated the target with greater ease than projectiles with more rounded ends.
Abstract: An examination has been carried out of the ability of projectiles of three different geometries to perforate plates of an age hardened aluminum alloy. It was found that flat-ended projectiles perforate the target with greater ease than projectiles with more rounded ends. The results are discussed in terms of the ability of a particular projectile geometry to promote adiabatic shear during penetration and the mode of fracture when projectile breakout occurs.
110 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the cross section for K-shell ionization derived from experimental measurements with the light ions 1H, 2H, 3He, and 4He are tabulated according to projectile energy and target atomic number.
83 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of small ceramic components by small projectiles can lead to strength degradation caused by the formation of Hertzian cracks, and the conditions which produce degradation are analyzed in terms of the momentum and elastic properties of the projectile.
Abstract: The impacting of ceramic components by small projectiles can lead to strength degradation caused by the formation of Hertzian cracks. The conditions which produce degradation are analyzed in terms of the momentum and elastic properties of the projectile. A critical momentum must be exceeded before strength loss can occur, and the critical condition depends on the surface condition of the ceramic. Comparison of the analytical predictions with data for SiC confirms the reliability of the analysis.
73 citations
Patent•
30 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a high velocity projectile striking a rigid platelet in one layer compresses and forces gas from the cells in the foam material to absorb and dissipate kinetic energy.
Abstract: Layers of rigid platelets are separated by layers of compressible foam material having gas cells therein. A high velocity projectile striking a platelet in one layer compresses and forces gas from the cells in the foam material to absorb and dissipate kinetic energy.
66 citations
Patent•
14 May 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a dual parabolic visor is mounted on a moving vehicle to simulate the trajectory of a single-barreled projectile in three dimensions, if the projectile were fired at any given time.
Abstract: An improved sighting device for projectile launchers that are mounted on a moving vehicle includes a dual parabolic visor slidably positioned on a helmet. The visor is in the form of two parabolas; and when locked in position, one parabola is in front of each eye of the wearer. The focal point of each parabola is at a prescribed point on the upper leading edge of the helmet opening. Fiber optic bundles, located at each focal point are connected to cathode-ray tubes and project a series of dots on to the visor in front of each eye of the wearer to simulate, in three dimensions, the trajectory of a projectile, if the projectile were fired at any given time.
54 citations
Patent•
17 Dec 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and system for guiding a spinning inflight projectile by determining the deviation of the projectile from an optimum trajectory along which the projectile would impact a target, and transmitting a signal to the projectile to subject the firearm to a correctional impulse acting substantially through the center of gravity of the firearm.
Abstract: A method and system is disclosed for guiding a spinning inflight projectile by determining the deviation of the projectile from an optimum trajectory along which the projectile would impact a target, and transmitting a signal to the projectile to subject the projectile to a correctional impulse acting substantially through the center of gravity of the projectile of sufficient magnitude to translate the projectile toward the optimum trajectory.
53 citations
47 citations
Patent•
10 Aug 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a canard frame and a main housing are used to provide correction on the trajectory of a conventional gun-firing projectile by substituting for the standard fuze thereof, with the main housing being rotatable with respect to the main frame and having deflectable canards.
Abstract: Control is provided to conventional gun-fired projectiles by substituting for the standard fuze thereof a device comprising a canard frame and a main housing, which threads into the fuze well of the projectile, with the canard frame being rotatable with respect to the main housing and having deflectable canards thereon for providing vernier correction on the trajectory to the projectile.
42 citations
Patent•
06 Dec 1973
TL;DR: A rotatable airfoil projectile comprising a hollow closed circular ring wing surrounding a central open area with a non-lethal riot control agent positioned within the hollow ring is presented in this paper.
Abstract: A rotatable airfoil projectile comprising a hollow closed circular ring wing surrounding a central open area with a non-lethal riot control agent positioned within the hollow ring. The projectile consists of an aerodynamic lifting body of a thick ring wing geometry which uses spin imparted to it from a launching means for its gyroscopic stability. The combination of aerodynamic stability characteristics and high spin rate (i.e. above 2,000 rmp) results in a flat trajectory and extended range capability. The projectile ruptures on impact due to centrifugal and impact forces to distribute the non-lethal riot control payload about the target area. The sub-sonic launch velocity avoids bodily harm due to impact with a person even at point-blank range.
35 citations
Patent•
20 Jul 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a game to be played on bodies of water comprising a floating target and projectiles which are skipped across the surface of the water toward said target by the participants in the game is described.
Abstract: A game to be played on bodies of water comprising a floating target and projectiles which are skipped across the surface of the water toward said target by the participants in the game, differing objectives being defined by the nature of the target, the nature of the projectiles and the relationship of the projectiles to the target.
Patent•
16 Oct 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a brittle plate sealed a hole in a confinement inflatable in response to a vehicle collision, and an explosive propels a projectile against the plate to shatter it and allow excess fluid to escape through the hole as an occupant strikes the confinement.
Abstract: A brittle plate seals a hole in a confinement inflatable in response to a vehicle collision. An explosive propels a projectile against the plate to shatter it and allow excess fluid to escape through the hole as an occupant strikes the confinement.
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation of the plasma generated during the impact of hypervelocity micron-sized iron particles with a metal target is presented, where it is shown statistically that during impact equal numbers of electrons and positive ions are produced - indicating plasma generation - and that the total charge released (Q) may be described empirically in terms of the mass (m) and velocity (v) of the particle by a simple power law relationship of the kind Qαmαvβ.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with an investigation of the plasma generated during the impact of hypervelocity microparticles with a metal target. A laboratory source of hypervelocity micron-sized iron particles is first described which utilizes a 2 MV Van de Graaff generator, followed by a discussion of the techniques used to determine the mass and velocity of the particles. On impact of the iron projectiles on a slatted molybdenum target, charge is generated, extracted from the region of impact by suitably biasing a gridded electrode, and subsequently detected using a conventional wideband electronic amplifier or an electron multiplier. It is shown statistically that during impact equal numbers of electrons and positive ions are produced - indicating plasma generation - and that the total charge released (Q) may be described empirically in terms of the mass (m) and velocity (v) of the particle by a simple power law relationship of the kind Qαmαvβ, with β = 32 ± 01 over the complete velocity range investigated (005 to 10 km s−1) and with α = 085 for v>1 km s−1 and 133 for v<1 km s−1. It is also shown that the charge extracted from the plasma reaches a maximum a few microseconds after impact and subsequently decays exponentially with a time constant of several micro-seconds. A crude mass analysis of the positive ions generated during the impact using a simple time-of-flight mass spectrometer has indicated that, over the velocity range investigated, the dominant ions in the spectrum are characteristic of the projectile and not the target material. From considerations of the relative abundance of the metal ions in the spectra, together with the known relative metal atom concentrations in the iron projectiles, the temperatures of the plasmas have been estimated (from Saha equilibrium considerations) to be of the order of several thousands of degrees Kelvin. In a detailed discussion, attempts are made to consider how the kinetic energy of the projectile is dissipated - eventually producing plasma - in terms of available theoretical models of hypervelocity impact. It is shown that the most satisfactory model of this very complex interaction appears to be one in which the relative importance of shock-wave propagation into the projectile and target materials is considered. Finally, a discussion of the properties and the temporal behaviour of the impact-produced plasma is presented in order to assess the relative importance of diffusion and recombination processes, thus to assist in the interpretation of the experimental results obtained in this study.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the effect of a rapidly changing fluorescence yield can be partially understood as an energy-level-matching effect, but not as a matching effect.
Abstract: Yields of projectile and target $K$ x rays from collisions between \ensuremath{\sim} 80-MeV argon ions and thin neon targets increase dramatically as the projectile charge is increased from +6 to +17. Although incrementing the projectile charge state amounts to "tuning" projectile $L$-shell energy through target $K$-shell energy, the 60-fold (\ensuremath{\sim}exponential) increase in target yield and the more than 1000-fold (gexponential) increase in projectile yield can be partially understood as the effect of a rapidly changing fluorescence yield, but not as an energy-level-matching effect.
Patent•
27 Apr 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a parachute-borne flare assemblage air-lifted by being fired from a rifled gun barrel is described, which includes a hollow projectile which houses the flare package proper.
Abstract: There is disclosed a parachute-borne flare assemblage air-lifted by being fired from a rifled gun barrel. This assemblage comprises a hollow projectile which houses the flare package proper. The package includes the flare composition, a main parachute for supporting the flare composition, a drag parachute for reducing the forward velocity and brake flaps for reducing the spin velocity imparted to the projectile when fired and thus also to the flare package and persisting after ejection of the flare package from the projectile. The flare package is ejected as a unit from the projectile by an ejection charge a predetermined time after firing of the projectile, or in other words, when the projectile has reached a selected point in its trajectory. Further ejection and ignition charges free at timed intervals the brake flaps for reducing the spin velocity and the drag chute for reducing the forward velocity of the ejected flare package. Also at timed intervals, components jacketing the package while in the projectile are released and thrown clear by the centrifugal force acting upon these components after ejection from the projectile. Finally, the main parachute unfolds and supports the flare composition which is ignited by an ignition charge, the ignition of which is initiated by the firing of the ejection charge ejecting the flare package as a unit from the projectile.
Patent•
23 Oct 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a small bore liquid propellant (LBP) is used to fire a small-bore LBP in the event of a misfire, where the carrier is separated from the projectile just prior to firing the projectile.
Abstract: A small bore liquid propellant weapon fires projectiles transported to the firing chamber in a projectile carrier. The projectile carrier is separated from the projectile just prior to firing the projectile. The projectile carrier can be reconnected with the projectile to extract the projectile from the weapon in the event of a misfire.
TL;DR: In this article, flat-ended cylindrical projectiles were projected at high speed against a thin mild steel plate to examine the impact conditions relevant to their containment, and a diagram of the equipment used, a photograph and photomicrographs of typical perforated plates are provided.
Patent•
09 Mar 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the outer cylinders are manually rotated in the field prior to firing so as to align or misalign the failure grids of one cylinder to another to produce various fragment size and patterns.
Abstract: A fragmentation projectile having a plurality of telescoping hollow concentric cylinders, each having a scored, failure, grid pattern, forming the shell of the projectile filled with an explosive. The outer cylinders may be manually rotated in the field prior to firing so as to align or misalign the failure grids of one cylinder to another to produce various fragment size and patterns. Mating serrations on the shell base and the cylinders lock the cylinders in the selected position.
Patent•
21 Mar 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a training bullet or cartridge provided with a projectile having an envelope or casing with at least one thin rupturable zone, there being an inert powder mass within the envelope which is released upon the breaking of the envelope when the projectile is subjected to a rather small impact.
Abstract: Training bullet or cartridge provided with a projectile having an envelope or casing with at least one thin rupturable zone, there being an inert powder mass within the envelope which is released upon the breaking of the envelope when the projectile is subjected to a rather small impact. When the projectile thus breaks up the fragments thereof have a rather small striking range.
Patent•
18 Jul 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, an air gun with a manually rotatable, multiple chamber, removable, projectile holding member connected to a source of compressed air by an elastic resilient sealing sleeve is described.
Abstract: There is herein disclosed an air gun having a manually rotatable, multiple chamber, removable, projectile holding member connected to a source of compressed air by an elastic resilient sealing sleeve. The projectile holding member is made of one piece of molded plastic material having an integral shaft rotatably supporting the projectile holding member in a transverse access slot in a breech block between a source of high pressure fluid and a barrel with a sealing member therebetween and a detent to enable sequential indexing.
Patent•
10 Aug 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the angular rate of the line of sight between the target and a spinning object is estimated by using a body rate sensor and an accelerometer and a gyroscope.
Abstract: Guidance is provided for a spinning projectile by measuring the magnitude of the angle between the spinning projectile and a target. This information is processed in conjunction with a body rate sensor to deduce the angular rate of the line of sight between projectile and the target. A means is provided for reducing the line of sight angular rate to zero, thus ensuring that the projectile will intercept the target.
Patent•
17 Jul 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a fin-stabilized sub-calibre sub-carrier is described, which includes a plurality of segments held together by suitable means and covered by a common sealing disc on its rear side.
Abstract: A fin-stabilized subcaliber projectile, which comprises a projectile body including a central portion. A drive cage surrounds the central portion of the projectile body. The drive cage includes a plurality of segments held together by suitable means and covered by a common sealing disc on its rear side. The sealing disc lies in front of a guide or fin assembly arranged at the rear. The rear of the drive cage is formed as a frustocone, and the sealing disc on the rear side is shaped such that as a result of gas pressure developed upon firing, the drive-cage segments are pushed with radial force against the projectile body.
TL;DR: In this article, the cross sections of K alpha x radiation have been measured from energetic collisions of Ni and Br ions with targets throughout the periodic table, and a strong enhancement in cross section was found when the binding energy of the K or L shell of the projectile matches approximately the K- or L-shell binding energy.
Abstract: The cross sections of projectile K alpha x radiation have been measured from energetic collisions of Ni and Br ions with targets throughout the periodic table. A strong enhancement in cross section is found when the binding energy of the K or L shell of the projectile matches approximately the K- or L-shell binding energy of the target atom. Thc data show that even at 1.6 MeV/nucleon, Coulomb excitation processes do not overwhelm molecular-orbital effects. (auth)
Patent•
05 Oct 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, an apparatus for generating shock waves by means of a supersonic projectile to effect the phase transformation of a substance was described, where a hammer in a cylinder is accelerated by introduction of compressed air into the cylinder, whereby a plunger formed integrally with the hammer at one end thereof is thrust into a hydraulic pressure chamber filled with a liquid and disposed coaxially with the cylinder.
Abstract: An apparatus for generating shock waves by means of a supersonic projectile to effect, for example, phase transformation of a substance. A hammer in a cylinder is accelerated by introduction of compressed air into the cylinder, whereby a plunger formed integrally with the hammer at one end thereof is thrust into a hydraulic pressure chamber filled with a liquid and disposed coaxially with the cylinder. Thereupon, a high hydraulic pressure is generated in a hydraulic pressure chamber, and this hydraulic pressure accelerates a piston in a piston chamber connected with the hydraulic pressure chamber. The piston in turn compresses a light gas adiabatically to a high pressure, and a projectile fitted at one end of a barrel is thrust forward under the force of this high-pressure gas. The projectile is accelerated in the barrel and impacted onto a workpiece placed at the other end of the barrel at a speed higher than the sound velocity in the workpiece, whereby shock waves are produced in the workpiece and the workpiece is compressed under a superhigh pressure and at a high temperature to undergo the desired transformation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the stopping power of a target, composed of atoms with atomic number Z2, for a projectile of charge Z 1e and velocity v 1, depends in first Born approximation on the projectile charge as (Z 1e)2.
Abstract: The stopping power of a target, composed of atoms with atomic number Z2, for a projectile of charge Z1e and velocity v1, depends in first Born approximation on the projectile charge as (Z1e)2. Recently [1], we extended this theory to include the (Z1e)3 dependence in a classical treatment which is equivalent to a second Born approximation. The Z1 3 contribution was calculated for the statistical model of the target atom in the Lenz-Jensen approximation.
Patent•
25 Apr 1973TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe an example of a piece of metal having a plastic rotating band chemically bonded to the target's head. But they do not describe how such a piece was used to control the target.
Abstract: A plastic rotating band for a projectile. More particularly, this invention relates to a projectile having a plastic rotating band chemically bonded to the projectile.
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical integration method for the reduction of yawonde data from instrumented projectiles in free flight has been developed Yawsonde data represent two-dimensional information (solar aspect angle and spin) while the actual motion is three-dimensional (pitch, yaw, and spin).
Abstract: : A numerical integration method for the reduction of yawsonde data from instrumented projectiles in free flight has been developed Yawsonde data represent two-dimensional information (solar aspect angle and spin) while the actual motion is three-dimensional (pitch, yaw, and spin) The method obtains a best fit of the aerodynamic coefficients in the equations of motion using numerical integration The coefficients are iteratively adjusted Linear aerodynamic coefficients have been derived from the flight of an M549, 155mm rocket assisted projectile
Patent•
21 Feb 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a fin arrangement for a self-propelled projectile which comprises a sleeve mounted coaxially and slidingly over the rear part of the venture of the projectile.
Abstract: The invention relates to a fin arrangement for a self-propelled projectile which comprises a sleeve mounted coaxially and slidingly over the rear part of the venture of the projectile. The fins are hinged to said sleeve. The sleeve is displaced under the acceleration force of the projectile, after having left the launching tube, from a forward rest position to a rearward service position. This rectilinear displacement of the sleeve causes the unfolding of the fins, the rear part of which are guided by means of guiding ramps, fast with the projectile, during said displacement.
TL;DR: The injuries inflicted by 7.62 mm ammunition with an impact velocity of 714–798 m/sec were generally less severe than those inflicted by 5.56 mm ammunition, and the maximum pressures measured were approximately proportional to the square of projectile velocities.
Abstract: The effect of firearm calibre and bullet velocity on head wounds were studied in anaesthetized dogs. Autopsy, radiological and microscopic studies were undertaken. It was found that the injuries inflicted by 7.62 mm ammunition with an impact velocity of 714–798 m/sec were generally less severe than those inflicted by 5.56 mm ammunition with an impact velocity of 810 to approx. 1000 m/sec. Effects of low velocity were observed when the 7.62 mm ammunition was used. Typical high velocity effects were noted with the 5.56 mm ammunition. The entrance wound generally corresponded to the size and shape of the projectile. The size of the exit wound was directly proportional to the projectile's impact velocity. Indirect (shock wave) damage to the cranium, brain and, in one case, the atlas was noted. The effects of intra- and extra-cranial projectile fragments were studied together with severe pressure effects in 4 cases. Model experiments were performed to study the pressure effects of the projectiles used. The maximum pressures measured were approximately proportional to the square of projectile velocities.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the impact of RIGID PROJECTILES into KAOLIN CLAY TARGETs with CAthis articleULLY CONTROLLED PROPERTIES.
Abstract: PENETRATION OF RIGID PROJECTILES INTO COMPACTED KAOLIN CLAY TARGETS WITH CAREFULLY CONTROLLED PROPERTIES IS INVESTIGATED. A EXAMINATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING THE SOIL RESISTANCE TO A PENETRATING PROJECTILE IS PRESENTED. PROCEDURES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF TARGETS AND DETERMINATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES IS DESCRIBED. PROJECTILE DIAMETER IS VARIED FROM 1.5 IN. TO 3 IN. (40 MM TO 75 MM) AND PROJECTILE WEIGHT IS VARIED FROM 3 LB F TO 115 LB F (10 N TO 510 N). SIX DIFFERENT NOSE SHAPES ARE TESTED. IMPACT VELOCITY IS VARIED FROM 30 FPS TO 300 FPS (9.0 M/S TO 90 M/S). THE EFFECT OF PROJECTILE AND SOIL PROPERTIES ON THE DECLERATION HISTORY OF THE PROJECTILE IS DEMONSTRATED. TEST RESULTS INDICATE THAT A CRITICAL VELOCITY EXISTS ABOVE WHICH SEPARATION OF THE SOIL OCCURS DURING PENETRATION. THE CRITICAL VELOCITY IS A FUNCTION OF BOTH SOIL AND PROJECTILE PROPERTIES. /AUTHOR/