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Showing papers on "Projectile published in 1978"


01 Jul 1978
TL;DR: An unsteady, hydrodynamic model of the impact of a low strength projectile on a rigid or semi-rigid target has been developed and impact tests of various materials including birds, gelatin, and RTV rubber have been conducted to validate this theory.
Abstract: : An unsteady, hydrodynamic model of the impact of a low strength projectile on a rigid or semi-rigid target has been developed. Impact tests of various materials including birds, gelatin, and RTV rubber have been conducted to validate this theory. At velocities above 100 m/s, these materials were seen to flow as a fluid upon impact. The resulting impact pressure histories were very similar to those predicted using the model. The impact process was dominated by an initial shock phase which was quickly followed by a release to a steady flow condition. This model should be applicable to the impact of any material for which the shock pressures generated during impact are much greater than the strength of the projectile but are less than the strength of the target. (Author)

150 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for high-energy heavy-ion collisions is developed that treats the variation across the overlap region of the target and projectile in the amount of energy and momentum that is deposited.

110 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the deuteron continuum spectra induced by 70,90 and 110 MeV 3He particles have been measured for a number of target nuclei and a good fit of the calculations shows that the continuum bump originates mainly from the projectile break-up process, and the mass number dependence of the cross-section indicates that such a breakup reaction occurs at the peripheral region of the target nucleus.

46 citations


Patent
03 Feb 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a pneumatic toy projectile launching device including a launching barrel, a reservoir for air under pressure, a pump inflation member and a flexible conduit joining the pump to the body of the device is described.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a pneumatic toy projectile launching device including a launching barrel, a reservoir for air under pressure, a pump inflation member and a flexible conduit joining the pump to the body of the device. The single conduit is employed both to fill the reservoir and for triggering launching of the projectile.

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two types of internal parts motion are considered: linear motion of the centers of mass of the components relative to the external shell center of mass, and angular motion of components' spin axes with respect to the internal shell spin axis.
Abstract: Projectiles containing movable internal components, when compared with rigid but otherwise equivalent projectiles, have been observed to have different damping rates, range losses, and rapid spin-downs. Two types of internal parts motion are considered: 1) linear motion of the centers of mass of the components relative to the external shell center of mass, and 2) angular motion of the components' spin axes with respect to the external shell spin axis. Motions at the projectile's pitching and yawing frequencies are considered, and such motions are shown to explain the observed flight behavior. £

45 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the stability of a spinning projectile which contains a cylindrical mass fitted loosely into a cavity but constrained to spin with the projectile is examined, and an unstable coning motion is obtained in which spin decay and cone angle growth are proportional to the coefficient of friction between the mass and the cavity wall.
Abstract: The stability of a spinning projectile which contains a cylindrical mass fitted loosely into a cylindrical cavity but constrained to spin with the projectile is examined. An unstable coning motion is obtained in which spin decay and cone angle growth are proportional to the coefficient of friction between the mass and the cavity wall and to the maximum angle of cant between the mass and the projectile. Similar behavior is observed experimentally.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental program has been conducted to investigate disturbances to the trajectories of gun-launched, fin-stabilized projectiles during the sabot discard process, and the perturbations to the flow around the projectile due to these asymmetries are calculated and shown to be of sufficient magnitude to produce significant alterations in the desired trajectory.
Abstract: : An experimental program has been conducted to investigate disturbances to the trajectories of gun-launched, fin-stabilized projectiles during the sabot discard process. Correlated near muzzle and down range measurements of sabot component and projectile motion are acquired using both orthogonal, flash X-rays and a ballistics range. Apparent anomalous yawing motion of projectiles correlates with asymmetries in the sabot discard geometry. The perturbations to the flow around the projectile due to these asymmetries are calculated and shown to be of sufficient magnitude to produce significant alterations in the desired trajectory. For the rounds tested, the impulse due to aerodynamic interaction during sabot discard is of the same magnitude as the transverse impulse imparted to the projectile during in-bore acceleration.

33 citations


Patent
05 May 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a target activated spin stabilized warhead is fired in a sustantially flatrajectory using a pair of diametrically disposed antennae electrically coupled to a 35 gigahertz radiometer.
Abstract: A target activated spin stabilized projectile fired in a sustantially flatrajectory utilizes a pair of diametrically disposed antennae electrically coupled to a 35 gigahertz radiometer to scan a target area. Upon detection of a target within the proximity of the projectile's flight path logic circuitry of the radiometer generates a signal activating one branch of a dual out-of-line ignition system. The selected ignition branch fires a high speed self-forging slug from a target aligned side of a Miznay-Shardin type warhead vertically downward into the "soft" top side of the detected target.

33 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the large transverse acceleration, a, of a projectile and a target, which occurs in the course of a high-energy hadronic collision, is connected with the thermal emission of particles at a temperature given by kT = a 2π.

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple hydrodynamic model is used to estimate the strain field around the cavity created by a rod penetrating a thick plate and to find the distortion of the rear surface of the plate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, in-plane angular correlations between α-particles and projectile residue nuclei emerging from 32 S+ 197 Au collisions have been measured at 373 MeV incident energy, and model calculations indicate that α-emission originates from the region of the projectile which is facing the target nucleus during the collision.

Journal ArticleDOI
D. Tausch1, W. Sattler1, K. Wehrfritz1, G. Wehrfritz1, Hans-Joachim Wagner1 
TL;DR: A “loop-hole” in the Gun Control Act is shown, since the legal requirements for the unrestricted acquisition of firearms only considers the kinetic energy of the projectile (less than 7.5 J), and the legislature would have to establish a minimum mass for the projectiles.
Abstract: The literature cites values between approx. 50 to as critical velocities for spherical or ogival projectiles. This test was designed to determine the general validity of these values. “Critical velocity” is defined as that velocity, below which no penetration of the skin occurs. A series of 212 test shots was fired after the powder storage chambers of caliber 9 mm and caliber .45 cartridge cases were altered. With the appropriate charges, velocities varying between 50 and 100 m per sec were achieved. The shots were fired orthogonally into the muscle tissue of the upper thigh of corpses and into a combination of human skin + Mipoplast®. The skin was tightened in a wooden frame and a block of Mipoplast® was directly attached. (Preliminary tests showed that projectiles nearly had the same penetration power in Mipoplast® as in muscle tissue.) The projectile velocities were determined by a „shoot-velociter Re-Tronik“ with a resolving power of 10−6 sec. Projectiles were considered as having penetrated the skin, when they entered the epidermis for a distance equal to the caliber diameter. In order to determine a ballistic coefficient and a conversion factor, the depth of penetration into muscle tissue of the upper thigh or into Mipoplast® respectively was measured. The following bullets were used in the tests: 9 mm :lead ball 5.3 g lead, round nose projectile with a short cylindrical portion, 6.2 g lead, round nose projectile with a long cylindrical portion, 10.6 g conical, flat nose projectile 7.9 g conical, pointed nose projectile 7.9 g caliber. 45 : lead ball 9 g lead, round nose with a cylindrical portion, 14.7 g and finally a 4 nun lead ball. 47 g. The projectiles were fired from a Walther pistol P 38, caliber 9 mm Parabellum, a colt pistol, Government 1911 A1, caliber .45 ACP and from a revolver Rohm RG caliber 4 mm Rdz. The tests results permit three functional evaluations per series: (1) optimum parabola of second order, (2) optimum line (linear regression), (3) logarithmic function (log. nat.) The following results were obtained: The penetration power of a projectile does not depend primarily on its velocity, shape or cross-sectional load, but is determined by its mass. The following conclusions could be drawn, concerning lead projectiles fired by us: The greater the mass of a projectile, the lower the „critical velocity“ (vcr = 162.1 • e−629 m) The conversion factor for the penetration power of the examined projectiles comparing skin/Mipoplast® and skin/muscle tissue was determined to be 1.2, i. e. the depth of penetration into skin and muscle tissue is 1.2 times greater than into skin + Mipoplast ®. An evaluation of these results shows a “loop-hole” in the Gun Control Act, since the legal requirements for the unrestricted acquisition of firearms only considers the kinetic energy of the projectile (less than 7.5 J). However, all lead ball ammunition with diameters of less than 6.2 mm definitely does penetrate the skin at that energy level. Another conclusion is that projectiles fired from unlicensed weapons such as BB guns operated by air pressure, spring or CO2-cartridge (caliber approx. 4.5 mm) can achieve penetration with as little energy as 4 J. Even if one wants to maintain the present differentiation between exempted weapons and weapons covered by the Gun Control Act, based on the energy level of 7.5 J, the legislature would have to establish a minimum mass for the projectiles. Considering the results obtained, the present limitation of the kinetic energy of the projectiles of 7.5 J alone does not guarantee the level of harmlessness the present law supposes. A projectile mass of less than 1.4 g and a kinetic energy of 7.5 J can reach a level of danger that up now has not been recognized by the legislature. Those findings ought to be considered when licensing weapons according to Para 21 and 25 WaffG (Gun Control Act of the Federal Republic of Germany) as well when prohibiting weapons according to Para 37 WaffG and Para 8, Section 1, Number 1, of the first WaffV (Weapon Regulations).

Patent
05 Apr 1978
TL;DR: The tail section of a fin-stabilized, guided projectile having centrifuga deployed fins is disclosed in this paper, where a fin retainer and release mechanism engages the projectile fins and holds the fins within the projectile diameter during normal stowage, handling and travel of the projectile down the gun tube.
Abstract: The tail section of a fin-stabilized, guided projectile having centrifuga deployed fins is disclosed. A fin retainer and release mechanism engages the projectile fins and holds the fins within the projectile diameter during normal stowage, handling and travel of the projectile down the gun tube. The fin retainer and release mechanism is designed to operate from the forces of gun launch to enable centrifugal deployment of the fins due to projectile rotation after the projectile leaves the gun tube.

Patent
06 Apr 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a steering arrangement for missile type projectiles is described, where a source of steering propulsion which is accommodated in the vicinity of the center of gravity of the missile comprises two gas generators which are positioned symmetrically on either side of the centre of gravity a system being provided to switch or divert the gases to the exterior of the ballistic missile in at least two directions which are transverse to the projectile and to its axis.
Abstract: A steering arrangement for missile type projectiles. A source of steering propulsion which is accommodated in the vicinity of the center of gravity of the missile comprises two gas generators which are positioned symmetrically on either side of the center of gravity a system being provided to switch or divert the gases to the exterior of the missile in at least two directions which are transverse to the projectile and to its axis. The arrangement according to the invention considerably improves the reliability and effectiveness with which the projectile is steered.

Patent
16 May 1978
TL;DR: In this article, an exercise projectile of the discarding sabot type and having a body consisting of at least two parts which, after traversing a predetermined trajectory, are separated from one another and are provided with first and second connecting means for keeping these parts interconnected prior to firing and during the predetermined trajectory respectively, respectively, and with disconnecting means for rendering the connecting means inoperative at least at or near the predetermined trajectories.
Abstract: An exercise projectile of the discarding sabot type and having a projectile body consisting of at least two parts which, after traversing a predetermined trajectory, are separated from one another and are provided with first and second connecting means for keeping these parts interconnected prior to firing and during the predetermined trajectory, respectively, and with disconnecting means for rendering the connecting means inoperative at least at or near the predetermined trajectory. The first connecting means comprise means cooperating with the sabot, like collars engaging in grooves of the sabot. The second connecting means are of the type activated by the firing of the projectile, e.g. of pneumatic type, like gas pressure interlocking means which, during the predetermined trajectory, are kept under a gas pressure derived from the firing gas pressure and are reduced during the predetermined trajectory by suitable means, like leakage ducts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the total yield of secondary electrons (SE) emitted during the passage of heavy ions through thin C-foils with incident energies in the MeV range has been measured by a simple method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, spherical and elongated projectiles were fired into modelling clay (Plasticine) parallel to the surface but from a position below it, and the trajectory was seen to depend strongly on surface pressure.

Patent
21 Aug 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a hollow projectile jacket is used to make available for the payload as large as possible part of the cross-section of the projectile, and a latching or locking location at the projectile jacket for a container and the payload is provided.
Abstract: A projectile having a payload, a first brake system and a second brake system at one side of the payload. A first explosive charge and a second explosive charge, separated from one another by a drive disk, are arranged at the other side of the payload and surrounded by a hollow projectile jacket. In order to render as simple as possible the construction of such projectile and in order to make available for the payload as large as possible part of the cross-section of the projectile, there is provided a latching or locking location at the projectile jacket for a container and the payload. The container and payload can remain in the projectile jacket as long as the initially effective brake system brakes the projectile. For slowly lowering the payload with the other brake system the payload leaves the latching location and thus the projectile jacket.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented empirical formulas for determining the depth of penetration of a projectile into a buried structure by using the residual velocity of the projectile after penetration of the overburden material to determine the penetration into concrete structures.
Abstract: Projectile penetration into buried structures is a complex problem. The paper presents empirical formulas for determining this depth of penetration. Comparisons of calculated depths of penetration into uniform or layered earth with test results are excellent. The residual velocity of the projectile after penetration of the overburden material is used to determine the penetration into concrete structures. The comparisons between test results and predicted values are excellent.

Patent
13 Nov 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, an electronic velocimeter for measuring the muzzle velocity of a projectile is deployed between the muzzle and an annular conductive shield, which is insulated from each other and encircle the trajectory of the projectile.
Abstract: An electronic velocimeter for measuring the muzzle velocity of a projectilemploys a conductive coil mounted between the muzzle and an annular conductive shield. The shield and coil are insulated from each other and encircle the trajectory of the projectile. An oscillator means for generating an oscillator signal is coupled to the coil. This oscillator means is responsive to the projectile passing through the coil. A timing means responds to the oscillator to produce a timing signal. This timing signal represents the transit time for the projectile to traverse a predetermined interval of the trajectory of the projectile. Knowing this transit time the velocity is readily obtained.

Patent
02 May 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a system for launching by a gun or similar weapon, having a hollow housing within which there is carried a pressurized container having the material to be delivered therein.
Abstract: A projectile suitable for launching by a gun or similar weapon, having a hollow housing within which there is carried a pressurized container having the material to be delivered therein. A piercing pin within the housing is spaced from the bottom of the container. When the projectile is launched by the firing of the weapon, the inertia of the container causes the piercing pin to penetrate the bottom of the container. The pin and container remain together until the projectile's forward motion is sharply reduced as by striking an object or the ground. The piercing pin is thereby dislodged, releasing the delivered material under pressure into the atmosphere. Stabilizing fins and weights are provided to control the flight of the projectile.

Patent
19 May 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic band is releasably mounted to the ends of the slingshot prongs, so that the band protrudes in alignment therewith, thereby reducing the danger of the projectile striking the user's hand.
Abstract: A slingshot for hunting, target shooting, or the like, and which includes an adjustably mounted aiming device optimumly located between the slingshot prongs for accurate and selective alignment of the projectile trajectory's range and horizontal placement. The elastic band is releasably mounted to the ends of the slingshot prongs, so that the band protrudes in alignment therewith, thereby reducing the danger of the projectile striking the slingshot or the user's hand, while permitting the mounting of the aiming device between the prongs and making possible rapid and convenient interchange of elastic bands. A slingshot handle, having a cross-sectional dimension parallel to the projectile's trajectory greater than the perpendicular dimension, is also provided for improved safety, accuracy, and facility of use.

Patent
16 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a container for a pre-measured powder charge, a projectile and a percussion cap ready for quick use in reloading a muzzle-loading firearm.
Abstract: The invention is that of a cartridge-like container for containing a pre-measured powder charge, a projectile and a percussion cap ready for quick use in reloading a muzzle-loading firearm. The device comprises a tube open at both ends. The projectile is inserted in one end, the powder from the other end and a cap to contain the powder. A socket is provided on the cap for holding a fresh percussion cap. To use, the cap is removed, the powder poured into the barrel of the gun, the projectile is forced into the barrel by placing the container on the muzzle and pushing the projectile out of the container and into the barrel with a ramrod which is passed through the body of the container. The container is re-usable.

Patent
28 Dec 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined the miss distance as the shortest distance (dMK) between the projectile and the target, and one object of the invention is to indicate this distance and the exact position of the projectile when it is at the missing distance from the target.
Abstract: Indicator apparatus for determining the miss distance of a projectile in relation to a fixed or moving target (2), comprising pressure-sensing transducers (5) intended to sense the pressure wave (4) generated by the projectile in at least four points (M1, M2, M3, M4), and means for generating corresponding electrical signals therefrom. The apparatus further comprises computer circuits (10), calculating the distance (dB) to the point (PB) of origin of the wave, i.e. the so-called "bang generation point", in response to the characteristics of the pressure wave. This distance has been called the "miss distance" in previously known indicator apparatus, but in accordance with the invention the miss distance is defined as the shortest distance (dMK) between the projectile and target, and one object of the invention is to indicate this distance and the exact position of the projectile when it is at the miss distance from the target. In the indicator apparatus in accordance with the invention, the direction (nb) of the trajectory is calculated by means of said at least four pressure transducers arranged at the corners of a polyhedron. By measuring the time differences for the passage of the pressure wave past the pressure transducers in the transducer system, the exact position of the bang generation point can be given in relation to the pressure transducer system from these time differences and the measured distance to the point. The indicator apparatus also comprises a second transducer system (M5) which can sense either the height of the first pressure transducer system above a horizontal plane, or the passage of the pressure wave at a further instant. From these data the computer circuits (18) can give the trajectory direction which, together with the bang generation point gives the required trajectory. For shooting at fixed targets, the computer circuits give a second point (PB2) on the trajectory which, together with the bang generation point (PB1), gives the trajectory per se.

Patent
18 Sep 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a high power source of electrical energy, such as a homopolar generator, is connected to a longitudinally extending coaxial structure which forms a gun barrel.
Abstract: A high power source of electrical energy, such as a homopolar generator, is connected to a longitudinally extending coaxial structure which forms a gun barrel. Within the gun barrel toward the end to which the power supply is connected is mounted a coaxial projectile, or several projectiles, in engagement with one or more movable conductive elements, that extend between the two longitudinally extending conductors. The homopolar generator is switched to apply on the order of a megajoule of energy to the coaxial structure, and after being delayed for a short interval until the current has built up to a significant level, the conductive element is accelerated with the projectile as a result of the magnetic pressure building up within the coaxial structure. Velocities on the order of 2 kilometers per second with kilogram mass projectiles may be achieved with a gun barrel approximately one meter in length.

Patent
06 Nov 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a skill-type game is disclosed having two opposing projectile launching areas, each launching area including means for launching a projectile and a projectile receiving target area including at least one projectile-receiving upstanding channel adapted to receive a plurality of projectiles, one at a time, in stacked relation one above another.
Abstract: A skill-type game is disclosed having two opposing projectile launching areas, each launching area including means for launching a projectile and a projectile receiving target area including at least one projectile-receiving upstanding channel adapted to receive a plurality of projectiles, one at a time, in stacked relation one above another. Each launching area includes means for launching a projectile upwardly from a game floor area into a channel, and means for launching a projectile along the game floor area to dislodge a lowermost projectile out of a channel.

Patent
15 Feb 1978
TL;DR: A hollow point lead bullet is provided with an aluminum jacket which allows the cartridge containing the projectile to feed reliably in auto-loading pistols and yet does not restrict normal expansion of the bullet upon impact with the target as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A projectile for a centerfire cartridge achieves maximum energy transfer with limited target penetration. A hollow point lead bullet is provided with an aluminum jacket which allows the cartridge containing the projectile to feed reliably in auto-loading pistols and yet does not restrict normal expansion of the bullet upon impact with the target. The jacket extends into the nose recess of the bullet and covers the peripheral portion of the bullet base, whereby the jacket is securely fastened to the bullet and separation subsequent to impact is prevented. A method of fabricating the projectile is also disclosed.

Patent
06 Oct 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a remotely-perceptible, impact-indicating target for a projectile, such as a bullet, is constructed so as to remotely perceptibly indicate, to a target shooter at a projectile shooting location, the impact of a shot or fired projectile or bullet on a remotely located target in a manner clearly visibly perceptibly indicating not only the hit, but also the impact location of the projectile and bullet on the target, by causing the effective expansion in an explosion-simulating manner of a quantity of visibly perceptible target material.
Abstract: A remotely-perceptible, impact-indicating target for a projectile, such as a bullet or the like, constructed so as to remotely perceptibly indicate, to a target shooter at a projectile shooting location, the impact of a shot or fired projectile or bullet on a remotely located target in a manner clearly visibly perceptibly indicating not only the hit, but the impact location of the projectile or bullet on the target, by causing the effective expansion in an explosion-simulating manner of a quantity of visibly perceptible target material.

Patent
12 Oct 1978
TL;DR: In this article, two photodetectors are spaced apart by an accurately known distance along a ballistic velocity measuring path exposed to ambient light from the sky, and a sunshield and light diffuser structure for each (or both) of the photodeteectors to eliminate light reflection from the projectile which can cancel the "shadow" of the projectile and prevent the photodelector from responding to passage of the object, and to increase the level of light to the phototeectors by diffusing direct sunlight.
Abstract: In a ballistic velocity measuring device, two photodetectors are spaced apart by an accurately known distance along a projectile path exposed to ambient light from the sky. The invention comprises a sunshield and light diffuser structure for each (or both) of the photodetectors to eliminate light reflection from the projectile which can cancel the "shadow" of the projectile and prevent the photodetector from responding to passage of the projectile; and to increase the level of light to the photodetectors by diffusing direct sunlight.