Showing papers on "Proteolytic enzymes published in 1968"

The fibroblast and wound repair

Abstract: Summary This review of connective tissue repair has attempted to place into historical perspective information obtained by newer approaches. The literature review is incomplete, as it was unfortunately necessary to leave many interesting studies out of the discussion. Emphasis has been placed upon what is known of the inflammatory response, the fine structure of the connective tissue cells in healing wounds and with correlated chemical findings in these tissues. An optimal inflammatory response appears to be an important, rapid, non-specific stimulus for fibroplasia. It is not clear how inflammation exerts this effect. The inflammatory cells and their enzymes markedly alter the extracellular matrix of injured tissue. The matrix of connective tissue may itself participate in the control of its own synthesis and degradation. It is possible that modification of this environment by injury and/or inflammation with ensuing matrix alteration may provide a stimulus for cell migration and protein synthesis. The converse may also be true, that is, a given level of matrix concentration may have an inhibitory effect upon the connective tissue cells. The inter-relationships between the connective tissue matrix and the cells, and the possibilities of feedback mechanisms playing a role in maintaining a balance between these two are important areas for future investigation. In this regard, additional questions may be asked concerning the role of the fibroblast in remodelling and degradation of connective tissue. It is not yet clear how important a balance between collagenolytic enzymes and the solubility states, or stability, of collagen are in each connective tissue. It will be interesting to determine which cells make collagenolytic and/or proteolytic enzymes upon appropriate stimulus. It is possible to distinguish between the fibroblast and the monocyte, or potential macrophage with the electron microscope. The rough endoplasmic reticulum with its large numbers of attached ribosomes is extensively developed in the fibroblast in contrast to the monocyte. The endoplasmic reticulum sequesters collagen precursors and other secretory proteins for transport either directly to the extracellular space, as appears to be the case for collagen, or to the Golgi complex as is the case for other exportable proteins. Collagen precursors are secreted into the environment and are not shed from within the cell surface. A number of cytoplasmic alterations have been described for fibroblasts and other cells during various pathological states. The significance of these alterations is not clear. It will be important to distinguish between specific and non-specific responses to injury, if these alterations are to aid us in understanding the various cellular responses. The source of the fibroblasts in granulation tissue appears to be mesenchymal cells from adjacent tissues rather than blood-borne precursors. Although contact inhibition can be demonstrated in vitro, it is not clear how important this phenomenon is in vivo, nor are the reasons for the ability of some tissues to heal by regeneration rather than by scar tissue formation understood. These and many other questions remain to be answered. The healing wound is multifaceted and presents the opportunity for systematic investigation into the problems of cell proliferation, cell and matrix interactions, and protein synthesis in vivo and it also can help to further our understanding of the ubiquitous fibroblast and its complex extracellular matrix.

Comparative Studies on the Inhibition of Trypsin, Plasmin, and Thrombin by Derivatives of Benzylamine and Benzamidine

Abstract: Derivatives of benzylamine and benzamidine were found to be competitive inhibitors of the proteolytic enzymes trypsin, plasmin, and thrombin. The inhibitor activity of these compounds was determined by the inhibition of the hydrolysis of N-α-benzoyl-dl-arginine-4-nitroanilide, catalyzed by the three enzymes. Inhibitor constants (Ki) were ascertained. Relations be-between the chemical structure and the activity against trypsin, plasmin, and thrombin were deduced by comparing the inhibitor constants. Generally the inhibition of these enzymes by the investigated compounds runs parallel but there exist also some differences especially among the benzylamine derivatives. 4-Chlorobenzylamine, a strong thrombin inhibitor, is only of low effectiveness against trypsin and plasmin. Derivatives of benzamidine are stronger inhibitors than derivatives of benzylamine. The following compounds proved to be the most potent inhibitors: 4-amidinophenylpyruvic acid, 4-aminobenzamidine, and 4-amidinobenzoic acid benzyl ester. These compounds exhibited also an anticoagulant and antifibrinolytic effect.

Subgingival Curettage Versus Surgical Elimination of Periodontal Pockets

Abstract: B O N E I N D U C T I O N B Y D E C A L C I F I E D D E N T I N E I M P L A N T E D I N T O O R A L , O S S E O U S A N D M U S C L E T I S S U E S Yeomans, J. D . and Urist, M . R. Arch. Oral Biol. 12:999-1008, 1967 The object of this experiment was to determine the bone in- duction effect of implanting decalcified cortical bone, decalcified dentine, tendon and muscle into three receptor sites of young adult New Zealand rabbits: a) a pouch in the rectus abdominus muscle, b) a drill-hole bone defect in the mandible, and c) an empty tooth socket. With the implants of dentine and bone, a consistently reproducible induction system was set up for osteo- genesis which was not found with the tendon and muscle im- plants. The new bone developed from the interaction of hyper- trophied mesenchymal cells with extracellular substances in the matrix of dentine and bone. A film of cement substance gener- ally separated the old and new bone. University of California, Los Angeles, California. T H E E F F E C T O F S E X H O R M O N E S O N I N F L A M M A T I O N . II. P R O G E S T O G E N , O E S T R O G E N , A N D C H O R I O N I C G O N A D O T R O P I N Lindhe, J. and Sonesson, B. J. Perio. Res. 2:7-12, 1967 A comparative study of the effect of the sex hormones pro- gestogen, oestrogen, and chorionic gonadotropin on acute con- nective tissue inflammation induced by croton oil was conducted using a modified granuloma pouch technique on 88 female Wistar rats. If any of the sex hormones used was deposited immediately prior to the croton oil, a noticeably less extensive inflammation occurred. It was concluded that the sex hormones act as antiphlogistic substances on the acute inflammatory proc- ess induced by the croton oil. This information cannot be ap- plied clinically, but can serve as a theoretical basis for further study. Departments of Anatomy and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. E N Z Y M E T R E A T M E N T O F T R A U M A T I C S W E L L I N G I N O R A L A N D M A X I L L O F A C I A L S U R G E R Y Wigand, F . and Messer, E . Clinical Medicine 74:29-32, July 1967 The anti-inflammatory effectiveness of crystalline chymostryp- sin, a proteolytic enzyme, in reducing traumatic edema following surgery was tested clinically on 56 patients (18 females and 38 males) ranging from nine to 59 years of age: 22 received ex* traction, cystectomy, apicoectomy or miscellaneous other oral surgical procedures, and had accidental maxillofacial trauma usually involving fractures. Each patient was given one or two tablets (20 mg. per tablet) of crystalline chymotrypsin, four times a day, started immediately after surgery or upon arrival and continued to a usual total dosage of 24 tablets. A compari- son of actual degree of swelling with the normally expected de- gree of swelling was made and a first day score of two points was assigned as the normally expected degree of swelling in all routine surgical cases, based on previous experience. Against these scores were recorded the actual scores observed on the first five days, graded as 0 = none, through 4 = excessive. By com- paring the first day actual score against the first day "guess" score, the traumatic swelling after 24 hours was about one- third of that normally expected. These patients recovered more rapidly and the need for analgesic drugs after the first 24 hours appeared less than usually required in these cases. U. S. Naval Hospital, Great Lakes, Illinois. T H E A D S O R P T I O N O F S A L I V A R Y P R O T E I N S B Y H Y D R O X Y A P A T I T E A N D E N A M E L Hay, D . I. Arch. Oral Biol. 12:937-946, 1967 Studies of the adsorption of salivary proteins from whole saliva on to hydroxyapatite and enamel powder revealed highly selective adsorption of a few of the salivary proteins. The ad- sorption behavior of the proteins was followed electrophoreti- cally. Protein was also recovered and studied from freshly extracted teeth to compare with the in vitro results. The carbo- hydrate components of the adsorbed proteins were analyzed by hydrolysis with N H C L for two hours at 100°C. To ascertain the effect of mucin as a component of the pellicle, the apatite: saliva ratio was analyzed with 10 ml. of saliva to 50,200 and 350 mg. of apatite. The supernatants were analyzed for sialic acid using Warren's method. The results showed the adsorbed proteins to contain glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, glu- cosamine and galactosamine. Proteins from extracted teeth and the proteins adsorbed on to hydroxyapatite and powdered enamel have the same electrophoretic mobility. It seems prob- able that these proteins are identical. Sialoprotein was not found to be selectively adsorbed implying that mucin, if involved in pellicle formation, has been changed perhaps by bacterial activ- ity or may not be involved in early pellicle formation. Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts.

Proteolytic enzymes, their production and use

Abstract: The invention relates to enzyme preparations containing novel proteolytic enzymes produced by cultivation of novel species of the genus Bacillus and showing useful activity at high alkalinities. The invention also relates to production of the novel proteolytic enzymes by cultivation of the novel species of the genus Bacillus in a nutrient medium having a pH-value within the range of 7 to 12. Finally the invention relates to a process of isolating the novel species referred to by effecting the isolation on nutrient media having a pH-value within the range of 9 to 11. The novel enzymes are particularly useful in detergent and dehairing compositions.

Effect of glucose concentration on insulin and glucagon release from isolated islets of Langerhans of the rat.

Abstract: The isolated islets of Langerhans of the rat have been utilized to study simultaneous insulin and glucagon release. There is very little degradation of insulin or glucagon when a proteolytic enzyme inhibitor, Trasylol, is added to the incubation vessels. Glucose exerts an opposite effect on insulin and glucagon release. As the glucose concentration in the incubation media is raised from 30 to 300 mg. per 100 ml., there is a decreased secretion of glucagon and an increased secretion of insulin. The addition of 2-deoxyglucose to the media inhibited insulin release but had no effect on glucagon. The results are discussed in reference to the role of glucagon in insulinogenesis and in regard to the possible mechanisms of insulin and glucagon release.

Studies on human platelet protease activity.

Abstract: Solubilized protein derived from human platelets was fractionated by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and analyzed for protease activity using three substrates: denatured bovine hemoglobin, alpha casein, and purified plasminogen-free human fibrinogen. A protein fraction was found with proteolytic activity which was heat labile and not attributable to plasmin. The activity was not potentiated by cysteine or inhibited by iodoacetamide. Studies of pH optima indicated a broad range of enzyme activity with peaks in both the acid and alkaline region. Cathepsin A activity was detected in the platelet protease fraction by hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate N-carbobenzoxy-α-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine. Similar proteolytic activity was found when the proteins derived from isolated platelet granules were examined. The results indicate that human platelets possess potent intracellular proteolytic enzymes. The relationship of this proteolytic activity to the hemostatic process is discussed.

Model for destruction of bacteria in the midgut of blow fly maggots.

Abstract: A 5-log destruction of gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria in the acid midgut of the blow fly maggot, Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, has been reported. This paper describes 3 different models which employ various physical and biotic factors known to be present in the maggot gut, in order to reproduce this destruction in vitro. Two of the models which simulated gut conditions by incorporating combinations of low pH, proteolytic enzymes and partial anaerobiosis failed to reproduce the kill observed in the maggot. A third model satisfies the in vivo requirement of rapid kill, broad-spectrum effect and acid-dependent activity. It consists of 3 fractions obtained from 15-day broth filtrates of Proteus mirabilis which differ in molecular size and activity. The active agents have properties which distinguish them from known bacteriocins and are named Mirabilicides. They resist proteolysis, are thermostable and are active only below pH 4.5. Their possible significance in the digestive tract of the maggot is discussed.

HL-A Substances from Human Spleens

Abstract: TRANSPLANTATION of tissues between humans is usually accompanied by the appearance in the serum of recipients of cytotoxic antibodies which reflect differences at the HL-A genetic locus. Antigenic specificities which are determined by this locus are frequently characterized by means of soluble serological inhibitors, prepared either by autolytic or proteolytic digestion of cell membranes. (Correlation of HL-A specificities used by various groups of workers is given in ref. 1.)