Proteolytic enzymes

About: Proteolytic enzymes is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 23096 publications have been published within this topic receiving 835544 citations.

Entrapment of alpha-chymotrypsin into hollow polyelectrolyte microcapsules.

Abstract: Stable hollow polyelectrolyte capsules were produced by the layer by layer assembling of non-biodegradable polyelectrolytes - poly(allylamine) and poly(styrenesulfonate) on melamine formaldehyde micro cores followed by the core decomposition at low pH. A proteolytic enzyme, a-chymotrypsin, was encapsulated into these microcapsules with high yields of up to 100%. The encapsulation procedure was based on the protein adsorption onto the capsule shells and on the pH-depend ent opening and closing of capsule wall pores. The protein in the capsules retained a high activity, and thermo- and storage stability. The nanostructured polyelectrolyte shell protected the proteinase from a high molecular weight inhibitor. Such enzyme-loaded capsules can be used as microreactors for biocatalysis.

The nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit: a review

Abstract: To describe the nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit and the benefits relating to improved nutritional status, digestive, immune and metabolic health. The review includes a brief history of green and gold varieties of kiwifruit from an ornamental curiosity from China in the 19th century to a crop of international economic importance in the 21st century; comparative data on their nutritional composition, particularly the high and distinctive amount of vitamin C; and an update on the latest available scientific evidence from well-designed and executed human studies on the multiple beneficial physiological effects. Of particular interest are the digestive benefits for healthy individuals as well as for those with constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders, including symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. The mechanisms of action behind the gastrointestinal effects, such as changes in faecal (stool) consistency, decrease in transit time and reduction of abdominal discomfort, relate to the water retention capacity of kiwifruit fibre, favourable changes in the human colonic microbial community and primary metabolites, as well as the naturally present proteolytic enzyme actinidin, which aids protein digestion both in the stomach and the small intestine. The effects of kiwifruit on metabolic markers of cardiovascular disease and diabetes are also investigated, including studies on glucose and insulin balance, bodyweight maintenance and energy homeostasis. The increased research data and growing consumer awareness of the health benefits of kiwifruit provide logical motivation for their regular consumption as part of a balanced diet. Kiwifruit should be considered as part of a natural and effective dietary strategy to tackle some of the major health and wellness concerns around the world.

Crystalline chymo-trypsin and chymo-trypsinogen : i. isolation, crystallization, and general properties of a new proteolytic enzyme and its precursor.

Abstract: A new crystalline protein, chymo-trypsinogen, has been isolated from acid extracts of fresh cattle pancreas. This protein is not an enzyme but is transformed by minute amounts of trypsin into an active proteolytic enzyme called chymo-trypsin. The chymo-trypsin has also been obtained in crystalline form. The chymo-trypsinogen cannot be activated by enterokinase, pepsin, inactive trypsin, or calcium chloride. There is an extremely slow spontaneous activation upon standing in solution. The activation of chymo-trypsinogen by trypsin follows the course of a monomolecular reaction the velocity constant of which is proportional to the trypsin concentration and independent of the chymotrypsinogen concentration. The rate of activation is a maximum at pH 7.0–8.0. Activation is accompanied by an increase of six primary amino groups per mole but no split products could be found, indicating that the activation consists in an intramolecular rearrangement. There is a slight change in optical activity but no change in molecular weight. The physical and chemical properties of both proteins are constant through a series of fractional crystallizations. The activity of chymo-trypsin decreases in proportion to the destruction of the native protein by pepsin digestion or denaturation by heat or acid. Chymo-trypsin has powerful milk-clotting power but does not clot blood plasma and differs qualitatively in this respect from the crystalline trypsin previously reported. It hydrolyzes sturin, casein, gelatin, and hemoglobin more slowly than does crystalline trypsin but the hydrolysis of casein is carried much further. The hydrolysis takes place at different linkages from those attacked by trypsin. The optimum pH for the digestion of casein is about 8.0–9.0. It does not hydrolyze any of a series of dipeptides or polypeptides tested. Several chemical and physical properties of both proteins have been determined.

Myocardial oedema: a preventable cause of reperfusion injury?

Abstract: Myocardial ischaemia increases cellular and extracellular osmolarity, alters membrane permeability to ions and causes moderate cell swelling and interstitial oedema. Ischaemia also reduces the mechanical resistance of the sarcolemma of myocytes, probably as a result of proteolytic digestion of the connections between cell membrane and the cellular scaffold. During reperfusion, the abrupt normalisation of extracellular osmotic pressure results in marked osmotic cell swelling. In the clinical situation, the ability of mechanical stress imposed by cell swelling to disrupt the weakened sarcolemma of viable myocytes during reperfusion has not been definitively established. Observations demonstrating the important role of mechanical stress caused by contraction and cell to cell interaction in myocyte necrosis support the hypothesis that osmotic cell swelling may actually produce lethal reperfusion injury. This hypothesis has been investigated by analysing the effect of hyperosmotic reperfusion with mannitol on final infarct size after coronary occlusion. Studies using highly hyperosmotic reperfusion after relatively short periods of ischaemia have yielded positive results, while studies using intravenous mannitol at the time of reperfusion, and more closely resembling clinical situations, have failed to detect any beneficial effect. Myocardial oedema could also contribute to postischaemic functional derangements, such as reperfusion arrhythmias and stunning, and could modify the passive mechanical properties of the infarcts and alter ventricular remodelling. Interventions aimed to limit myocardial oedema will probably not play a role as a co-adjuvant therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolytic treatment. However, they should probably form part of controlled reperfusion strategies to be evaluated in patients with acute myocardial infarction in whom reperfusion is accomplished by percutaneous transcoronary angioplasty or surgery.