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Protoporphyrin IX

About: Protoporphyrin IX is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2250 publications have been published within this topic receiving 65544 citations. The topic is also known as: PpIX.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The X-ray structure revealed the active site of the enzyme, to which only one of the isomers was bound, and for the first time allowed characterization of the mode of porphyrin macrocycle distortion by ferrochelatase.

109 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that retinol and protoporphyrin IX are bound to the β‐lactoglobulin monomer at two different sites.

109 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is determined that the photochemistry subsequent to TPE is very similar to that found for one‐photon excitation, and the photoproducts observed possess very intense TPE fluorescence spectra, which allows their detection at low relative concentrations.
Abstract: The spectroscopy and photochemistry of protoporphyrin IX in ethanol and in Triton X-100 micelle solution have been examined using near-infrared two-photon excitation (TPE). TPE will allow photodynamic therapy with highly localized light dosage. We have determined that the photochemistry subsequent to TPE is very similar to that found for one-photon excitation. Moreover, the photoproducts observed possess very intense TPE fluorescence spectra, which allows their detection at low relative concentrations.

108 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that frataxin deficiency causes defects late in the heme pathway, which could be primary to the pathophysiological process of Friedreich's ataxia.
Abstract: Deficiency of the frataxin mRNA alters the transcriptome, triggering neuro- and cardiodegeneration in Friedreich's ataxia. We microarrayed murine frataxin-deficient heart tissue, liver tissue and cardiocytes and observed a transcript down-regulation to up-regulation ratio of nearly 2:1 with a mitochondrial localization of transcriptional changes. Combining all mouse and human microarray data for frataxin-deficient cells and tissues, the most consistently decreased transcripts were mitochondrial coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX) of the heme pathway and mature T-cell proliferation 1, a homolog of yeast COX23, which is thought to function as a mitochondrial metallochaperone. Quantitative RT-PCR studies confirmed the significant down-regulation of Isu1, CPOX and ferrochelatase at 10 weeks in mouse hearts. We observed that mutant cells were resistant to aminolevulinate-dependent toxicity, as expected if the heme pathway was inhibited. Consistent with this, we observed increased cellular protoporphyrin IX levels, reduced mitochondrial heme a and heme c levels and reduced activity of cytochrome oxidase, suggesting a defect between protoporphyrin IX and heme a. Fe-chelatase activities were similar in mutants and controls, whereas Zn-chelatase activities were slightly elevated in mutants, supporting the idea of an altered metal-specificity of ferrochelatase. These results suggest that frataxin deficiency causes defects late in the heme pathway. As ataxic symptoms occur in other diseases of heme deficiency, the heme defect we observe in frataxin-deficient cells could be primary to the pathophysiological process.

108 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Mar 2007-Gut
TL;DR: The haem biosynthetic pathway showing the enzyme deficiency associated with porphyria cutanea tarda and erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and the final step in this pathway involves the incorporation of iron into the middle of the ring structure of protoporphyrin IX to form haem
Abstract: The porphyrias are a group of disorders caused by defects in haem biosynthesis (fig 1). Of the seven main types of porphyria recognised, two are characterised by associated liver disease (table 1). In porphyria cutanea tarda it is the liver disease which leads to the onset of the porphyria, characterised by blistering, hirsutes and skin fragility of sun-exposed skin. A number of different liver diseases may precipitate porphyria cutanea tarda including haemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C. In contrast, in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) it is the porphyria itself which leads to liver disease, due to progressive deposition and accumulation of insoluble protoporphyrin IX in hepatocytes and bile canaliculi. View this table: Table 1 Liver disease and the porphyrias: names and patterns of inheritance for the seven main clinical variants of porphyria, highlighting those characterised by concomitant liver disease Figure 1 The haem biosynthetic pathway showing the enzyme deficiency associated with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). The final step in this pathway involves the incorporation of iron into the middle of the ring structure of protoporphyrin IX to form haem. EPP is an inborn error of haem biosynthesis caused by mutations in the gene encoding the mitochondrial enzyme ferrochelatase (FECH), the final enzyme in the haem biosynthetic pathway (fig 1).1–5 It was first described by Magnus et al in 1962.6 Ferrochelatase catalyses the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin to form haem, and when defective or deficient, accumulation of protoporphyrin ensues. Ferrochelatase is active in cells that produce haem including erythroid precursors in the bone marrow7 and hepatocytes.8 However, the majority of protoporphyrin (80% or more) originates from bone marrow with most of the remainder generated by the liver (fig 2).7,9 Figure 2 The fate of protoporphyrin IX in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Protoporphyrin accumulates in the maturing red blood cells …

107 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202383
2022132
202157
202061
201958
201858