Showing papers on "Proxy (statistics) published in 1978"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a multiplicative (log-linear) model for cross-classification of mobility tables, which is helpful in locating cells where counts are especially dense or sparse.
Abstract: We propose a multiplicative (log-linear) model for mobility tables (or other cross-classifications) which is helpful in locating cells where counts are especially dense or sparse. This specification eliminates the confounding of main effects and interaction effects, which has plagued many other methods of measuring and interpreting association in mobility tables, especially those methods based on the model of simple statistical independence. The model yields a parsimonious set of parameters which describe the table, and goodness of fit can be assessed with standard inferential procedures. For each cell of the table the model yields a useful measure of association, which we call the new mobility ratio. We illustrate the model by reanalyzing the classic British mobility table of 1949, and we use that example to compare our measure of association with other mobility measures. Occupational mobility is a fundamental indicator of the temporal aspect of social stratification (Duncan, b). The centrality of occupational roles in the organization of contemporary and especially industrial societies is coupled with strong commonalities across time and space in the differential access of occupational incumbents to social (including economic and political) rewards (Treiman). In this way occupational incumbency may be viewed as a proxy or index of social standing and occupational mobility as an index of social mobility. The terms "proxy" and "index" are used deliberately, for we would not wish to reify the concept of occupational status nor tc discourage the analysis of other aspects of social inequality.
224 citations
TL;DR: Attempts to identify the valid indicators of the long-run effects of manpower programs in the case of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 in the United States and the use of proxy variables.
Abstract: Attempts to identify the valid indicators of the long-run effects of manpower programs in the case of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 in the United States. Correlation between the long-run impact and the indicators used to estimate manpower program performance; Use of proxy variables. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
10 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the assumptions underlying present definitions of national income in its principal uses, and considered the alterations that would be needed to allow for the inclusion of environmental quality, and concluded that if we want national income to conform more closely to theoretical concepts of welfare indices, then we need to include a proxy for those environmental services that would not be completely free goods if it were possible to overcome their inherent non-marketability.
Abstract: This article explores the assumptions underlying present definitions of national income in its principal uses, and considers the alterations that would be needed to allow for the inclusion of environmental quality. A numerical example illustrates the impact of alternative measures. The discussion concludes that if we want national income to conform more closely to theoretical concepts of welfare indices, then we need to include a proxy for those environmental services that would not be completely free goods if it were possible to overcome their inherent non-marketability. The least unsatisfactory proxy would be the spending on environmental protection.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the equal weight proxy outperforms the others when the criterion is squared error of conditional prediction of returns. But the evaluation of the performance of the two proxies is based on the maximum likelihood estimates of return.
2 citations
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1 citations