Proxy (statistics)

About: Proxy (statistics) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5257 publications have been published within this topic receiving 94504 citations. The topic is also known as: proxy variable & proxy measurement.

Finance And Poverty Reduction In China: An Empirical Investigation

Abstract: In this paper, the causal relationship between financial development and poverty reduction is examined in China, using the newly developed ARDL-Bounds testing procedure. The paper uses two proxies of financial development against private per capita consumption - a proxy for poverty reduction to examine this linkage. The results of the study show that the causal relationship between financial development and poverty reduction is sensitive to the proxy used to measure the level of financial development.When the domestic credit to the private sector (DCP/GDP) is used as a proxy for financial development, a bidirectional causality is found to prevail between financial development and poverty reduction in the short run. However, when the broad money supply ratio (M2/GDP) is used as a proxy, a bidirectional causality between financial development and poverty reduction is found to prevail in the short run, but a unidirectional causal flow from poverty reduction to financial development is found to predominate in the long run. These results show that the poverty-reduction programmes, which have been ongoing in China for decades, are likely to lead to further development of the financial sector in the long run.

Clinical severity of Omicron sub-lineage BA.2 compared to BA.1 in South Africa

Abstract: Early data indicated that infection with Omicron BA.1 sub-lineage was associated with a lower risk of hospitalisation and severe illness, compared to Delta infection. Recently, the BA.2 sub-lineage has increased in many areas globally. We aimed to assess the severity of BA.2 infections compared to BA.1 in South Africa. We performed data linkages for (i) national COVID-19 case data, (ii) SARS-CoV-2 laboratory test data, and (iii) COVID-19 hospitalisations data, nationally. For cases identified using TaqPath COVID-19 PCR, infections were designated as S-gene target failure (SGTF, proxy for BA.1) or S-gene positive (proxy for BA.2). Disease severity was assessed using multivariable logistic regression models comparing individuals with S-gene positive infection to SGTF-infected individuals diagnosed between 1 December 2021 to 20 January 2022. From week 49 (starting 5 December 2021) through week 4 (ending 29 January 2022), the proportion of S-gene positive infections increased from 3% (931/31,271) to 80% (2,425/3,031). The odds of being admitted to hospital did not differ between individuals with S-gene positive (BA.2 proxy) infection compared to SGTF (BA.1 proxy) infection (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85-1.09). Among hospitalised individuals, after controlling for factors associated with severe disease, the odds of severe disease did not differ for individuals with S-gene positive infection compared to SGTF infection (aOR 0.91, 95%CI 0.68-1.22). These data suggest that while BA.2 may have a competitive advantage over BA.1 in some settings, the clinical profile of illness remains similar.

Intelligent proxy objects

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and article of manufacture for editing an object created by an object-controlling application program when the object-controlling application program is not available. First, an indication that the object is to be manipulated is received. Then, it is determined that the object-controlling application program is not available to manipulate the object. An intelligent proxy object is created as a placeholder for the object when it is determined that the object-controlling application program is not available. Manipulation operations are performed on the created intelligent proxy object. Further, data relating to the performed manipulation operations is stored.