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Proxy (statistics)

About: Proxy (statistics) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5257 publications have been published within this topic receiving 94504 citations. The topic is also known as: proxy variable & proxy measurement.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2006-Stroke
TL;DR: Significant differences between patient and proxy HRQL domain scores is modest at best and is affected by patient depression and proxy perception of burden, which may impact the outcome assessment in stroke clinical trials.
Abstract: Background and Purpose— Proxy respondents are often needed to report outcomes in stroke survivors, but they typically systematically rate impairments worse than patients themselves. The magnitude of this difference, the degree of agreement between patients and proxies, and the factors influencing agreement are not well known. Methods— We compared patient and family proxy health-related quality of life (HRQL) responses in 225 patient–proxy pairs enrolled in a clinical trial for poststroke depression. We used paired t-tests and the intraclass correlation (ICC) statistic to evaluate the agreement between patient and proxy domain scores and the overall Stroke-specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) score. We used multivariate linear regression to model patient- and proxy-reported SS-QOL scores. Results— Patients were older (63 versus 55 years) and less often female (48% versus 74%) than proxies. Proxies rated all domains of SS-SQOL slightly worse than patients. The Mood, Energy, and Thinking domains had the greates...

130 citations

Patent
18 May 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved proxy is disclosed for allowing click-through on an ad URL delivered on a web page within a Java® applet executing on a client machine, which caches cookie information for the browser, to support java applications that do not allow for planting of cookies directly.
Abstract: An improved proxy is disclosed for allowing click-through on an ad URL delivered on a web page within a Java® applet executing on a client machine. The proxy caches cookie information for the browser, to support java applications that do not allow for planting of cookies directly. When the user clicks on the ad URL, the proxy retrieves the relevant cookie and link information from a host side database, and uses the same to help the browser open the correct URL associated with the ad. The proxy acts to extend the reach and access of a conventional applet beyond the resources of a download host associated with such applet.

128 citations

Patent
01 Mar 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, a new form of security designated the proxy asset provides risk management capabilities, such as liquid interests in illiquid assets and economic indicators, without the deficiencies associated with other types of financial instruments.
Abstract: A new form of security designated the proxy asset provides risk management capabilities, such as liquid interests in illiquid assets and economic indicators, without the deficiencies associated with other types of financial instruments. A proxy assets set is defined to respond to one or more indices. Each proxy asset (1112A, 1112B) has a share value and a number of shares. The proxy assets (1112A, 1112B) have a proxy assets set account value equal to a sum over all proxy assets of the products of the share value and the number of shares. At least one proxy asset account value per share is a function of an index. The function is called an account formula. The account value for the entire set of proxy assets (1112A, 1112B) is constrained by a value of a resources pool. The proxy asset account value is reevaluated according to the account formula upon occurrence of each event of a plurality of predetermined events.

127 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between dimensions of voting (e.g., composites of votes on several issues) and measures of general district opinion such as referendum results (Miller and Stokes, 1963; Erickson, 1978, Kuklinski, 1977, 1978; Kuklininski and McCrone, 1980; and Markus, 1974).
Abstract: -M W fANY MEMBERS of the press and the public apparently believe that interest groups "buy" influence by contributing to political campaigns. This belief has been cited as reason for Congress either publicly to finance congressional campaigns or to place a limit on the amount of monies that a candidate may receive from political action committees. In spite of this public discussion, few scholars have investigated systematically whether campaign contributions directly affect public policy or, more specifically, whether the likelihood that a legislator will vote for a bill favored by an interest group increases upon receiving a contribution from the group. Empirical research on legislative voting can be categorized into two groups. The first group of studies has investigated the relationship between dimensions of voting (e.g. composites of votes on several issues) and measures of general district opinion such as referendum results (Miller and Stokes, 1963; Erickson, 1978; Kuklinski, 1977, 1978; Kuklinski and McCrone, 1980; and Markus, 1974). The second group has focused on the relationship between a congressman's vote on specific bills and the opinions (or self-interest) of sections of his constituency (Bernstein and Anthony, 1974; Danielson and Rubin, 1977; Kau and Rubin, 1978, 1979; and Abrams, 1977). Opinion is usually measured by socioeconomic characteristics. To elaborate on Kuklinski's (1979) criticism, the presumption is that legislative voting is influenced by constituents' opinions but socioeconomic characteristics are no more than proxy variables for such opinions. Most of those used are poor proxies because a priori it is not clear which of many characteristics will predict voting and because the ability of a characteristic to predict voting presumably varies over issues. To be an adequate proxy, a socioeconomic characteristic must be sufficiently refined so that it is related to opinion on a specific bill. In the case of a vote on a specific piece of legislation, the size of a group for whom the issue is salient may be a convincing measure of its influence; and the more precisely the group is defined, the better the variable as a proxy. For instance, in this study dairy industry characteristics arguably are better measures of opinion on dairy price supports than general district characteristics such as percentage of the population which is rural. Furthermore, dairy industry characteristics presumably are poor measures of the relevant dimensions of district opinion on issues such as civil rights. For issues involving specific subgroups of votes, the relationship between a proxy variable and voting is not necessarily a black box. However, district level measures of

126 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined multibeta asset pricing models using proxies for economic state variables in a framework which exploits time-varying expected returns to estimate conditional betas, but both the consumption and the market variables failed to proxy for the state variables.
Abstract: Multibeta asset pricing models are examined using proxies for economic state variables in a framework which exploits time-varying expected returns to estimate conditional betas. Examples include multiple consumption-beta models and models where asset returns proxy for the state variables. When the state variables are not specified, the tests indicate two or three time-varying expected risk premiums in the sample of quarterly asset returns. Conditional betas relative to consumption generate less striking evidence against the model than betas relative to asset returns, but both the consumption and the market variables fail to proxy for the state variables.

124 citations


Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20231,242
20222,473
2021334
2020262
2019250
2018282