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Showing papers on "Psychographic published in 1993"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of literature and an analysis of the concept of lifestyle and its relationship to leisure is presented in this article, where Weberian, sub-cultural, psychological, market research and psychographics, leisure/tourism styles, spatial, socialist lifestyles, consumer culture, gender, and miscellaneous approaches.
Abstract: The paper is a review of literature and an analysis of the concept of lifestyle and its relationship to leisure In the first part of the paper the review is divided into nine sections covering Weberian, sub-cultural, psychological, market research and psychographics, leisure/tourism styles, spatial, socialist lifestyles, consumer culture, gender, and miscellaneous approaches In the second part of the paper a number of themes are identified and their roles in defining lifestyle are discussed; these are: activities/behaviour; values and attitudes; individuals versus groups; group interaction, coherence, recognisability and choice In conclusion, a definition of lifestyle is offered and a brief indication of a research agenda is presented

118 citations


Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Based on recent focus group research, it shows marketers how to spot and take advantage of emerging trends in the lucrative kids' market as mentioned in this paper, including demographic and psychographic information, plus numerous real-world examples of how companies are discovering what works - and what doesn't - in marketing to children as purchasers themselves, as well as instigators of their parents' purchases.
Abstract: The two-career American household has spawned a generation of wise-beyond-their-years children with unprecedented influence over all kinds of family purchases, from food and clothes to cars and computers - worth $70 billion in sales a year. This work teaches marketing and advertising professionals how to tap into this largely overlooked and powerful consumer bloc. Based on recent focus group research, it shows marketers how to spot and take advantage of emerging trends in the lucrative kids' market. In addition, there is demographic and psychographic information, plus numerous real-world examples of how companies are discovering what works - and what doesn't - in marketing to children as purchasers themselves, as well as instigators of their parents' purchases.

72 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a segmentation study was conducted to determine whether consumer-based variables such as activities, interests and opinions could be used to segment markets based on service quality expectations.
Abstract: Reports in a segmentation study conducted to determine whether consumer‐based variables such as activities, interests and opinions could be used to segment markets based on service quality expectations. Identifies those consumer‐based variables found to be significantly related to service quality dimensions and discusses their managerial significance to the healthcare market.

65 citations


01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a choice model of package tours by Australian outbound tourists, which was built using sociodemographics, travel characteristics, and psychographic attributes to predict the probability of choosing package tours using logit analysis.
Abstract: The development of package tourism has been a significant feature in the post-war expansion of tourism (Pearce, 1988). The packaging of travel service is unique and different from the packaging of consumer products in a general store. A package tour is identified as a trip planned and paid for in a single price far in advance, covering both commercial transportation and accommodation (often meals and sightseeing are also included) (Morrison, 1989). Packages are popular with customers because they make travel easier and more convenient. At the same time, package tours help the industry to increase business in off-peak periods and attract specific or new target markets (Morrison, 1989). The package tour, therefore, provides many benefits to both travellers and tourism service groups and has become one of the greatest influences in the travel and tourism industry. Abstract This paper presents a choice model of package tours by Australian outbound travellers. The choice model is built using sociodemographics, travel characteristics, and psychographic attributes to predict the probability of choosing package tours using logit analysis. In contrast to earlier studies on packaged vacations, psychographic variables were included into the model to understand the travel mode choice by Australian travellers. The findings indicate that package purchasers are likely to be older, tend to travel with larger party size for touring/city/resort/cruise trip type, and seek a "being & seeing" benefit.

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored determinants of rural to rural outshopping in the Central Western region of NSW, Australia and found that outshoppers tend to be more socially active, innovative, have one to two children living at home and are younger than those people who tend to shop in their local trading area.
Abstract: This article explores determinants of rural to rural outshopping in the Central Western region of NSW, Australia. The results of this study indicate significant psychographic and demographic variables associated with outshoppers to another rural trading area. These outshoppers tend to be more socially active, innovative, have one to two children living at home and are younger than those people who tend to shop in their local trading area. Regression analysis is used to develop a causal relationship between psychographic variables, demographic variables and outshopping.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that visitors' and nonvisitors' evaluations of two environmental factors in museums-comfort and caring-were related to their leisure values, leisure activity participation, and demographics.
Abstract: Differences in responses to museums by frequent, occasional, and hardly ever visitors primarily reflect their psychographic characteristics, as measured by their valuing of six basic leisure concepts. Visitors' and nonvisitors' evaluations of two environmental factors in museums-comfort and caring-are related to their leisure values, leisure activity participation, and demographics. Examples of impediments to audience satisfaction, when museums do not emphasize comfort and caring, illustrate the difficulties both occasional and hardly ever visitors have in coping with the museum environment. Findings about the relationship between museum environmental factors and visitor and nonvisitor behavior and attitudes have developed from a series of in-museum and community studies.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a sample application of a neural network model to assist in the transfer of the Eurostyle typology to the USA is described, along with consumer lifestyle attributes and psychographic data with respect to market segmentation.
Abstract: Discusses consumer lifestyle attributes and psychographic data with respect to market segmentation and as systematized by “Eurostyles”. Describes a sample application of a neural network model to assist in the transfer of the Eurostyle typology to the USA.

16 citations


Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive market guide based on the 50+ Studies, a unique mathematical psychological-based study of 3,000 seniors, and break the market into key segments based on attitudes and motivations, as well as specific demographic and psychographic data.
Abstract: People over 50 account for 43 percent of all U.S. households and half of all discretionary income. This comprehensive market guide is based on the 50+ Studies, a unique mathematical psychological-based study of 3,000 seniors. By breaking down the market into key segments based on attitudes and motivations, as well as specific demographic and psychographic data, the authors reach a level of sophistication never before achieved in researching this market. Topics include detailed psychographic and demographic data; trends developing among senior segments; attitudinal and motivational factors for purchasing; marketing oppportunities to this population; and practical guidelines for reaching potential buyers.

10 citations



Dissertation
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of consumers' attitudes towards commercial banking services with special reference to savings accounts in Iraq was carried out, where the main focus of the research objectives was to develop a theoretical model and an empirical method of investigating consumers' saving behavior (decisions) in Iraq.
Abstract: This thesis is the result of a study of consumers' saving behaviour in Iraq. It is an empirical investigation of consumers' attitudes towards commercial banking services with special reference to savings accounts in Iraq. A number of research objectives and related hypotheses were stated to be achieved through carrying out this investigation. The main focus of the research objectives was to develop a theoretical model and an empirical method of investigating consumers' saving behaviour (decisions) in Iraq. This investigation was carried out in order to achieve the following benefits: (a) providing better understanding of consumers' banking behaviour in Iraq, as one of the less-advanced countries, where little attention has previously been paid to consumers and their needs, wants and satisfaction; (b) contributing to the literature of bank marketing in the Third World which is very limited; (c) establishing the extent to which models of consumer behaviour are applicable in investigating consumers' banking behaviour in a less-advanced country such as Iraq; (d) providing better understanding of consumers' saving decisions in Iraq, which may help banks to gain more savers and enhance the process of mobilisation of finance, and that will have positive effect on the national economy; (e) relating consumers' saving decisions to their attitudes, socio-economic, demographic and some psychographic financial characteristics; and (f) the findings of the research may encourage banks to provide better services for consumers in Iraq by providing banks with some insights about Iraqi consumers in terms of their wants, needs, desires and opinions. The theoretical part of the research was devoted to covering the following: (a) a background review of the status of the Iraqi banking system; (b) a review of the literature related to the problem under investigation; (c) a discussion of the theories of consumer behaviour in general and consumer banking behaviour in particular; and (d) a presentation of the research methodologies of research design, data collection, sampling and the statistical methods of data analysis. The empirical part of the research was designed according to the Faceted Design which helps in defining and selecting the most important and relevant variables to the research problem. Also, the faceted design was of a great help in preparing the research questionnaire for this investigation which was used for the purpose of primary data collection from respondents. Data was gathered in Iraq by questionnaires distributed to 800 respondents. Two methods of probability random sampling, area and systematic sampling, were used for the purpose of selecting a representative sample of the population. The collected primary data consisted of attitudinal and categorical variables. In other words, the data was multivariate in type and of ordinal and nominal scales. The variables were dependent and independent in nature. Therefore, three statistical methods of data analysis were used to analyse the primary data. Factor Analysis and Two-Group Discriminant Analysis were used to analyse the attitudinal data and achieve the relevant research objectives, while Multiple Classification Analysis was used to analyse the categorical data and achieve the relevant objectives. In addition, the Kolmogorov-Sairnov Goodness-of-Fit test, the F-test and the T-test were used as statistical tests for the purpose of testing the research hypotheses. With regard to consumers' saving behaviour (decisions) in Iraq, the findings of the empirical part of the investigation revealed, in brief, the following: The results of Factor Analysis indicate that there are thirteen attitudinal factors which are perceived by SAVERS in Iraq as of significant importance in influencing their decisions to open savings accounts. These thirteen factors summarise the 60 attitudinal variables related to SAVERS' attitudes towards savings accounts. The results of Two-Group Discriminant Analysis and T-test confirm that there are dissimilarities between the Iraqi consumers' attitudes towards the idea of saving and having savings accounts, if compared according to their: (1) Saving decisions; (2) Saving habits; (3) Age group; (4) Family size; (5) Income; and (6) Educational level. The results of the Multiple Classification Analysis suggest that consumers' socio-economic and demographic characteristics have an influence on Iraqi consumers' saving decisions (hold / not hold a bank savings account). In other words, the results of the analysis confirm that the seven consumers' socio-economic and demographic characteristics used in this investigation, taken together, have significant influence on their saving decisions. However, when the relationship between each of the seven consumers' socio-economic and demographic characteristics and consumers' saving decisions are examined separately, the findings confirm that each of them, except sex of respondents, has a significant influence on consumers' saving decisions in Iraq. Thus, the findings confirm that sex of respondent in Iraq had no significant influence on his I her saving decision, while, marital status, age, family size, income, educational level and occupation of respondents were of significant importance in influencing consumers' saving decisions. The main reason for this finding can be attributed to the fact that in the Iraqi society women have a less prominent role in general, and have less financial independence in particular. Finally, the main contributions of the present study can be summarised as follows: (a) a model for investigating consumer's banking behaviour in Iraq, as one of the underdeveloped countries, was developed, as presented in figures 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 5.1; (b)Facet Theory was extended to be used in bank marketing research in general, and in investigating consumer banking behaviour in Iraq, as one of the underdeveloped countries, in particular; (c) this study is the first study of consumer banking behaviour in Iraq and its model can be generalised and modified to be used in investigating consumer banking behaviour in the underdeveloped countries; and (d) in comparison with previous comparative studies this study is more comprehensive in terms of its model, methodology and findings.

7 citations


Dissertation
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the contribution of psychographic measures as potential descriptor variables in the profiling stage of a market segmentation analysis in the context of a specific industry and concluded that the psychographic variables had contributed significantly as descriptor variables for the profiling of market segments.
Abstract: Psychographic measures were widely employed in market segmentation studies in the seventies. Psychographics were said to offer marketers quantitative research that resulted in rich descriptive profiles of target segments. The present use of psychographics in segmentation studies has however become a controversial issue among marketing theorists. The literature reveals that no explicit theory has guided the development of psychographics. As a result it has been abused by researchers. There is no one universally accepted definition of psychographics and researchers tend to operationalize psychographics to fit their own research purposes. Psychographics has consequently attracted criticism in the literature. Critics argue that psychographic measures are useless and expensive. Moreover, it is felt that psychographic segmentation studies often produce results that are questioned on the grounds of reliability and validity. On the other hand, supporters of psychographic research feel that psychographic measures can be of value in segmentation studies. It is the author's intention in this thesis to address the conflicting opinions surrounding the potential usefulness of including psychographic variables in a market segmentation analysis. Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn IV Market segmentation analysis involves two steps: 1) Segmenting the market of interest [Function of the basis variable(s)]. 2) Profiling of the resultant segments on their distinguishing characteristics [Function of the descriptor variable(s)]. The objective of this thesis is to critically examine the contribution of psychographic measures as potential descriptor variables in the profiling stage of a market segmentation analysis in the context of a specific industry. The author has undertaken a segmentation analysis of the fresh mushroom industry. Existing fresh mushroom users were segmented on the basis of volume of use into two groups a group of heavy users and a group of light users of fresh mushrooms. Four sets of variables were included in the analysis as potential descriptor variables for the profiling of the two user groups: 1) Geographic Variables 2) Demographic Variables 3) Behavioural Variables 4) Psychographic Variables A broad definition of psychographics was adopted for this thesis based on that proposed by Demby, 1974 and Haley, 1984. The psychographic measures were operationalized through a model (proposed by the author for this study) that hypothesized to represent the hierarchy of effects on consumers' purchase behaviour for fresh mushrooms. Based on this model 6 psychographic measures were included in the segmentation analysis: 1) Role Perceptions 2) Value Orientations 3) Benefits Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn v 4) Category Beliefs/Perceptions 5) Salient Product Attributes and Brand Preferences 6) Buying Styles In order to assess the contribution of the psychographic variables to the profiling of the market segments, discriminant analysis was performed in two phases. Phase I included only the non-psychographic measures (Sets 1 3). In phase II the psychographic measures were added to the analysis. Comparing the two stages of the discriminant analysis has shown that the psychographic measures yielded variables that were significant in identifying and describing the two user groups. Specifically nine psychographic variables (two general and three product specific in orientation) were useful for the profiling of heavy users and light users on their distinguishing characteristics. These nine psychographic variables together with the significant demographic and behavioural descriptive variables reduced the total unexplained variation in behaviour between the two groups to less than 25%. Based on the findings of the empirical research the author concluded that the psychographic variables had contributed significantly as descriptor variables in the profiling of market segments and therefore were potentially useful measures to include in market segmentation analysis~ Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn vi

01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, PSYCHOGRAPHICS GIVE CARMAKERS MARKET INFORMATION FAR BEYOND TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA, i.e.
Abstract: 8 ASUBTITLE: PSYCHOGRAPHICS GIVE CARMAKERS MARKET INFORMATION FAR BEYOND TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a case study on the youth markets for financial services is presented, focusing on the 15-24 year-old market, where the banks and building societies have segmented their markets along various dimensions: geographic, demographic, psychographic, personality and social class; and behavioral to include benefits sought and usage patterns.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a case study on youth markets for financial services. The youth market covers 15–24 year-olds—a total of 9 million people. They represented 16.3% of the population in 1986, decreasing to 14.2% in 1991. The proportion is expected to fall to 12% by the year 2000, although it will rise again thereafter. The banks and, more recently, the building societies have segmented their markets along various dimensions: geographic; demographic; psychographic to include life styles, personality and social class; and behavioral to include benefits sought and usage patterns. As a prerequisite to designing a marketing strategy for the youth market, market information was gathered using a self-completion survey questionnaire. Other demographic data collected related to social class and accommodation. About 22% of respondents had an account with more than one bank. The respondents' main account, that is, the one most often used, involved a mixture of current, cash-card, and deposit/savings account. Some 19% of these accounts had been opened by the time the respondents were 12 years old, and a further 23% between 13 and 15 years.

Dissertation
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a psychographic segmentation of Korean tourists to Australia was performed based on information about the tourists' travel, life-styles, activities, interests and opinions, and the psychographic variables were developed based on the information of the tourists.
Abstract: In this study, Korean tourists to Australia were investigated. In analysing the Korean tourist market, a psychographic segmentation was undertaken. Psychographic variables were developed based on information about the tourists' travel, life-styles, activities, interests and opinions.