Showing papers on "Psychological intervention published in 1971"

Infant obedience and maternal behavior: The origins of socialization reconsidered.

Abstract: STAYTON, DONELDA J.; HOGAN, ROBERT; and AINSWORTH, MARY D. SALTER. Infant Obedience and Maternal Behavior: The Origins of Socialization Reconsidered. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 1057-1069. Discussions of socialization typically assume that if the socialization process has been successful, then natural behavioral dispositions of a child will have been dramatically altered. Evidence suggesting the contrary, based on 25 white middle-class infants from 9 to 12 months of age, is presented here. The earliest manifestation of obedience to appear was a simple disposition to comply with maternal commands and prohibitions, independent of efforts to train or discipline the baby. This early obedience was strongly related to the sensitivity of maternal responsiveness to infant signals, but not to frequency of commands or forcible interventions. A few of the brighter babies who had freedom to explore also displayed evidence of "internalized controls" even at this early age, and this too was related to the quality of maternal responsiveness. The findings are considered in the context of an ethological-evolutionary model of early social development.

Mexican-American Bilingualism and the Perception of Mental Illness

Abstract: Attitudes towards mental illness and the usage of language are related; both reflect cultural distinctions with lasting psychological involvements. Mental health professionals are needed who possess both fluency in Spanish and sensitive understanding of the culture of the Mexican-American poor.

Suggestions for further improvement of the international classification of mental disorders.

Abstract: The 8th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) favoured classification of mental disorders by a combination of predominant syndrome and predominant aetiology. However, this important principle has been carried through incompletely, to the disadvantage of diagnostic flexibility and innovation. In addition, too much work is required for the retrieval of cases with the same aetiology irerspective of the syndromes they exhibit, or of cases with the same syndrome whether in the setting of a personality disorder, a neurosis, or a psychosis. The present paper suggests certain simplifications by which the principle of combined classification can hopefully be applied to develop a more comprehensive and flexible instrument.

Appalachia's Children: The Challenge of Mental Health.

Abstract: This excellent book is highly recommended to anyone interested in community mental health. Although it portrays a vivid picture of the children of eastern Kentucky only, its importance goes beyond the problems and issues of that region. In short, this book provides a paradigm for those health (and particularly mental health) workers endeavoring to reach people from a different subculture. The subject matter concerns rural life; nevertheless there are many parallels to be drawn for urban living. The techniques outlined for effecting meaningful interventions with the rural poor are, for example, equally relevant for the urban poor. Thus, Looff stresses the importance of not jumping into an area populated by people already wary and suspicious of "outsiders." The approach is really very similar to that of the cultural anthropologist. First, it is important to listen, to get acquainted not just with people but with the values and customs these people

Exploration of Factors Influencing Physician Decisions To Refer Patients for Mental Health Service

Abstract: present state of the relationship between interventions for somatic and emotional problems indicates a multiplicity of modes. One point seems clear. They have different histories, employ disparate concepts, and tend to be performed in separate treatment facilities. Another point of little dispute is that the transaction between a physician and his patient incorporates a significant amount of attention to emotional problems. This dichotomized relationship has continued to be a problem area. However, the rapid growth of comprehensive prepaid medical care facilities and the incorporation of mental health services, a relatively recent development in the delivery of medical care in this country, has altered this to some extent. Thus, facilities providing almost complete patient care

The route to primary prevention

Abstract: It is now known, from the opinions of key mental health professionals, why primary prevention is so small a part of community mental health programming. It is not simply that we do not know how to accomplish it or because the etiology of mental illness is so vague. Instead the problems are practical: Seeking change through social planning and social action is uncomfortable for mental health professionals, the clinical orientation of professionals has kept the public from understanding what primary prevention is all about, and funding mandates give priority to tertiary prevention. The broad involvement of community mental health centers in their communities has the potential for developing powerful support for primary prevention.

Emotional disorder as a social problem: implications for mental health programs.

Abstract: Development of the community mental health center has opened new possibilities in the mental health field. Realization of this potential, however, demands revision and expansion of our ideological framework. Basic to such a transformation is a conceptual shift in which we redefine mental health problems as primarily social rather than medical disorders.

Experimental prevention of underachievement among intelligent impulsive college students.

Abstract: : An investigation was made of several methods of preventing academic underachievement among university students identified by test score as impulsive. Sixty-four impulsive entering freshman with Scholastic Aptitude Test scores (SAT) of 1000 or more were assigned in equal numbers to one of four conditions: (1) students were paid a weekly amount, contingent upon their attending a weekly group counseling session; (2) students were paid a weekly amount, contingent upon their demonstrating that they had completed their previous week's mathematic assignment; (3) students were paid a weekly amount with no contingent effort required; (4) unpaid control -- no direct interventions were attempted beyond an initial testing for impulsivity prior to the beginning of the semester. Sixty-four non-impulsive entering freshmen served as additional controls in each of the four conditions. The main results were that weekly counseling significantly improved the final grades of impulsive students. Paying students to study mathematics was only effective among impulsive students with SAT scores of 1060 or more. Among this more intelligent group, however, final grades were significantly improved in comparison to the grades of the control group. (Author)

Psychological Monitoring of Interventions into Educational Problems with Psychoactive Drugs

Abstract: Attempts to modify behavior disorders associated with cerebral dysfunction in children have included the use of both stimulant and tranquilizing drugs. Although the former now appear to be gaining popularity, their effects are paradoxical and must be balanced against the risk of harmful side-effects. Techniques of psychological testing involving psychomotor measures are reported which offer sensitive means of monitoring the relative effects of medication. Their quantitative nature allows clinical decisions to be made quickly and objectively. In the two cases presented, stimulant drugs were associated with both educational and behavioral improvements.