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Showing papers on "Psychological intervention published in 1976"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Policy policies and practices which overemphasize chemotherapy and underemphasize sociopsychological treatment and suggestions for alternative policies and for research projects which could provide support for legislative change are suggested.
Abstract: ment policies and practices which overemphasize chemotherapy and underemphasize sociopsychological treatment. Some of the scientific evidence relevant to these policies and practices is reviewed. The article ends with suggestions for alternative policies and for research projects which could provide support for legislative change. Chemotherapy is the treatment of mental disorder that prevails in the United States today. Particularly for the more

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical examination of theories and hypotheses that purport to explain the process by which selected sociocultural factors make their ingression into the personality and emerge as mental symptoms and/or mental disorders is carried out.
Abstract: • The central objective in this article is to effect a critical examination of these theories and hypotheses that purport to explain the process by which selected sociocultural factors make their ingression into the personality and emerge as mental symptoms and/or mental disorders. The difficulties of isolating these specific factors stem from two unresolved methodological concerns. One is the uncertainty as to whether functional mental illness can be differentiated into several qualitatively distinct syndromes or whether it forms a unity of a more generic character. The other is the failure to formulate a valid social-psychological theory that can demonstrate that selected sociocultural factors contribute to the molding of a mental illness observed in the phenotype. Finally, 15 propositions summarize the factual knowledge that emerges from the several social-psychological, epidemiological, and cultural studies examined.

41 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of currently available data on mortality and morbidity indicates that the major organic illnesses of childhood, and their developmental consequences, are susceptible in part to the technical interventions of American medical science.
Abstract: Analysis of currently available data on mortality and morbidity indicates that the major organic illnesses of childhood, and their developmental consequences, are susceptible in part to the technical interventions of American medical science. Environmental forces, however, exert a powerful impact on the health of children in the United states, manifested both in the disproportionate toll of most organic diseases on poor and nonwhite populations and in such increasingly important symptoms of familial, social, and behavioral distress as child abuse, accidents, and childhood suicide. Review of the nature, quality, and distribution of child health services demonstrates a systemic inability to reach and treat the children most in need of them. A rational basis for child health policy includes: appropriate concepts of health, disease, and preventive and therapeutic intervention; a capacity to acknowledge, to measure, and to act on the familial and environmental, as well as the medical, sources of illness; an orientation to the developmental and social implications of good and poor child health; and a commitment to enable all children to receive health services. The data and this policy framework lead to these program recommendations: the channeling of resources into a more rational system which guarantees equity and access; a planning and program implementation mechanism which addresses the health needs of diverse local populations and which makes real the advocacy concept; a screening, evaluation, and surveillance methodology; a delivery system which both applies preventive and curative health technology and addresses basic life needs of children; and a coherent program for the training, assignment, and supervision of the several kinds of manpower which such a system would require. Language: en

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In support of the construct validity of the Client Attitude Questionnaire, 16 psychologists and 25 social workers reported attitudes more characteristic of the controversial psychosocial position about “mental illness” than 20 psychiatrists, 23 psychiatric nurses, or 40 previously hospitalized psychiatric outpatients.
Abstract: In support of the construct validity of the Client Attitude Questionnaire, 16 psychologists and 25 social workers reported attitudes more characteristic of the controversial psychosocial position about “mental illness” than 20 psychiatrists, 23 psychiatric nurses, or 40 previously hospitalized psychiatric outpatients.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the effectiveness of treatment programs for the schizophrenic patient would be improved greatly by simply applying the knowledge that the authors now have.

28 citations





01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: A review of the literature concerning interventions aimed at families with retarded children, and suggestions for future research and intervention efforts can be found in this paper, where a perspective regarding retardation and a statement of the relevant levels of analysis is set forth in the introduction.
Abstract: This paper considers issues and strategies of household-level interventions for families of retarded children. A perspective regarding retardation and a statement of the relevant levels of analysis is set forth in the introduction. Section I considers the specific issues facing families with retarded children. The second section has two parts: 1) a review of the literature concerning interventions aimed at families with retarded children, and 2) suggestions for future research and intervention efforts. INTRODUCTION The conceptual framework adopted in this paper views retardation as a set of transactions between the specific developmental disabilities of individuals and the societal definition of retardation as a stigmatizing condition affecting all members of the class or persons labeled as retarded (Dexler, 1964; Edgerton, 1967; Goffman, 1964). The societal definition of retardation affects families with retarded children because it influences the way in which retarded persons are treate.d by members of various service professions (e.g., physicians, teachers, et.c.), by strangers, and by family friends, neighbors, and kin. In order to study these transactions, we n~ed to focus on many different levels of behavior. Relevant foci would seem to include individual family members, the family as a small group, the social network of the family, the local community, and the culture in which the family lives (Bott, 1957; Farber, 1964; Scott & Howard, 1970; Speigel, 1971). Several investigators have shown the utility of focusing on these different levels of behavior in order to more adequately describe (and, therefore, intervene more effectively with) individuals or families under stress. Hill's (1958) paradigm of familial response to stress views crisis as the result of an interaction between events, the family's definition of events, and the family's crisis-meeting resources. Parad and Caplan (1960) describe a framework for diagnosing families in crisis that takes into account 1) family life style, i.e., the reasonable stable patterns offamily organization, subdivided into three interdependent elements of value system, role system, and communication system; 2) intermediate problemsolving mechanisms, representing the family life style in action in a situational context that calls forth the family's efforts for coping with stress; and 3) needresponse pattern, i.e., the ways in which the family as a group perceives, respects, and satisfies the basic needs of its individual members. This particular approach is closely related to the work done by Lindemann and his colleagues at the . Wellesley Project (Klein & Lindemann, 1961), which, in turn, derives from


Book
01 Jan 1976

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To combat the increase in chronic alcohol use among adolescents in a large metropolitan area, community-based paraprofessionals were trained in behavior therapy and treated these adolescents and their families in the home.
Abstract: To combat the increase in chronic alcohol use among adolescents in a large metropolitan area, community-based paraprofessionals were trained in behavior therapy and treated these adolescents and their families in the home. Preliminary evaluation of the program revealed encouraging results. This training supplied structure for the paraprofessionals' interventions with families and provided them with skills they are continuing to use in their community work.

01 Dec 1976
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the experience of health is hierarchically organized such that gratification of physical health needs must precede gratification of mental health needs is tested, supporting the hypothesis and suggesting important differences in the validity of health measures across income groups.
Abstract: The present research tested the hypothesis that the experience of health is hierarchically organized such that gratification of physical health needs must precede gratification of mental health needs. It was reasoned that because the nondisadvantaged possess greater resources for the gratification of health needs in general, symptoms of mental illness would be more salient for this group and thus better able to explain variance in both mental and physical illness. On the other hand, it was reasoned that symptoms of physical illness would be more salient and thus better able to explain variance in both mental and physical illness for the disadvantaged. Results of the study indicate income group differences in patterns of relationships among health variables, supporting the hypothesis and suggesting important differences in the validity of health measures across income groups. The results are related to previous findings in medical sociology, and suggestions for future research are made.




Journal ArticleDOI
30 Apr 1976
TL;DR: This article is a review of the psychiatric literature dealing with recent trends in mental hospitals and community alternatives to hospitalization, covering the period 1972-75, with a focus on interventions with adult psychotics.
Abstract: This article is a review of the psychiatric literature dealing with recent trends in mental hospitals and community alternatives to hospitalization, covering the period 1972-75. The focus is on interventions with adult psychotics; excluded is literature relating to psychiatric hospitalization and community alternatives for children, adolescents, drug addicts and alcoholics. The review is not to be exhaustive, but representative of the work reported in the professional literature.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three hundred eighty-five advanced doctoral students from 102 training programs in clinical, clinical--community, and community psychology participated in as assessment of their training in community psychology/community mental health (CP/CMH).
Abstract: Three hundred eighty-five advanced doctoral students from 102 training programs in clinical, clinical--community, and community psychology participated in as assessment of their training in community psychology/community mental health (CP/CMH). Significant findings included: (a) 66% consider training in CP/CMH as very helpful to their career goals, (b) 54% are very much interested in post-doctoral training in CP/CMH, and (c) 62% consider the training in CP/CMH available in their graduate programs below adequate. Respondents rated the coverage and adequacy of coverage of 30 CP/CMH-related topics. Only four topics were reported by 50% or more of the respondents as having been covered. For the 30 topics, reported adequacy of coverage ranged from 40% to 67%; the percentage of respondents who considered coverage inadequate ranged from 18% to 56%.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients and nursing staff showed a greater custodial orientation than did other members of the staff and these orientations were tapped by the use of a close-structured questionnaire.
Abstract: The patients and staff of a psychiatric hospital were asked about their attitudes toward mental illness and how they conceive the roles of various patient and staff groups in the therapeutic community. The focus was on the bipolar dimension of "Custodial" vs. "Accountability" orientation. A Custodial orientation discourages autonomy, promotes submission, and emphasizes the satisfaction of the physical needs of the patients. On the other hand, an orientation of Accountability emphasizes the "healthy" aspects of the patients and encourages autonomy and the sharing of power. These orientations were tapped by the use of a close-structured questionnaire. The results revealed that attitudes toward mental illness and role conceptions were highly related. Patients and nursing staff showed a greater custodial orientation than did other members of the staff.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a system analysis of mental health systems in the context of systems and non-systems, focusing on three types of systems: systems, networks, and networks.
Abstract: (1976). Mental Health: Systems and Nonsystems. International Journal of Mental Health: Vol. 5, Mental Health Systems Analysis: Promise and Practice, pp. 5-31.




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The planning of mental health services for medical and surgical inpatients in terms of current community mental health concepts is discussed and it is observed that patients being treated for medical or surgical conditions have a higher than expected incidence of psychiatric disorders.


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the Yom Kippur War and its stressful aftermath created a number of special psychological effects in Israeli schools, including shock and grief, and other acute disturbances; fear and its psychological concomitants; confusion, perplexity, and their attitudinal accompaniments.
Abstract: The Yom Kippur War and its stressful aftermath created a number of special psychological effects in Israeli schools. During that period mental health and counseling services were available and made use of in the educational system. Extensive experiences permit an attempt to delineate guidelines for future school psychological emergency interventions. These guidelines rest on the supposition that the planning and delivery of professional emergency interventions resemble those governing routine mental health services in a number of crucial aspects. Firstly, the need for an educated anticipation of problems, their kinds, their ecology and other characteristics. Schematically, three categories of emergency reactions could be expected in schools: shock and grief, and other acute disturbances; fear and its psychological concomitants; confusion, perplexity, and their attitudinal accompaniments. It is noted that the stressful event can also generate positive effects. Secondly, the necessity for a preliminary, on the spot, assessment of psychological affliction in any specific emergency case. Such examination should be done against the background of the total emergency situation (locally and country-wide), as well as the chronic characteristics of the particular school or system. Third, the requirement for deliberate planning of the intervention program. In this phase, judgements have to be made about the recipients of the aid, the methods of help and the levels at which professional services will be extended. Fourth, the consideration of important clinical and community psychological principles during the execution of the program.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper will consider some of the methodological difficulties associated with empirically taking up the challenge of adapting mental health services to different ethnic groups, and hopes it will stimulate further, systematic research on the issues it raises.
Abstract: "Ethnicity and mental health" - certainly a scholarly sounding and somewhat weighty subject Yet when reduced to its basics, the topic is people; and the goal is an exchange of information that may help mental health professionals appreciate the psychological implications of the divergent backgrounds and life-styles of people in order to respond better to their needs Despite all its contributions, the community mental health movement remains surprisingly distant from the people it aims to serve Each of the papers in this issue seeks to reduce that distance a bit by pointing out the need to recognize ethnic influences on adaptation and on the acceptance and impact of therapeutic interventions My paper will consider some of the methodological difficulties associated with empirically taking up the challenge of adapting mental health services to different ethnic groups I hope it will stimulate further, systematic research on the issues it raises