Showing papers on "Psychological intervention published in 1980"

Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life

Abstract: Each chapter ends with 'summary' and 'key terms'1. Abnormal Psychology: An Overview2. Historical View of Abnormal Behviour3. Casual Factors and viewpoints in Abnormal Psychology4. Stress and Adjustment Disorders5. Panic, Anxiety and their disorders6. Mood disorders and suicide7. Somatoform and Dissocative Disorders8. Eating Disorders and Other Psychological Compromises9. Personality Disorders10. Substance-Related and other addictive disorders11. Sexual Variants, Abuse and Dysfunctions12. The Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder13. Brain Disorders and other cognitive impairments14. Disorders of childhood and adolescence15. Clinical Assessment16. Biologically Based Therapies17. Psychologically Based Therapies18. Contemporary issues in Abnormal Psychology

Review of Social-Cognitive Problem-Solving Interventions with Children.

Abstract: This article critically reviews training studies of interpersonal problem solving, family problem solving, verbally mediated self-control applied to social behavior, and social perspective taking with children. Treatment procedures are described, and the outcome data are examined. Although some encouraging results have been reported, the need for assessments of behavioral adjustment, for better control group procedures, and for more long-term follow-up reports are particularly noted. The discussion also considers the need to examine specific deficits in social-cognit ive abilities, the similarities across different training programs, and the need for analysis of the active treatment ingredients in multifaceted training programs. Although it seems reasonable to assert that a child's positive mental health is related to the way he or she resolves the social/interpersonal problems that arise in day-to-day living, there has been surprisingly little systematic research into the processes concerning how children think when confronted with personal and interpersonal problems. Until recently, research into human problem-solv

The sociology of mental disorders

Abstract: Preface The Social Construction of Bizarre Behaviors Introduction The Social Construction of Reality Bizarre Behaviors as Disease Bizarre Behaviors as Deviance Biosocial Framework For the Etiology of Mental Disorders A Definition of Mental Disorder The Social Epidemiology of Mental Disorders The Methods of Epidemiology Basic Data in Psychiatric Epidemiology Role, Identity, Suggestibility, and Stress Role and Identity Suggestibility and Mental Disorders Stress and Mental Disorders Integration: Community and Family Community Family Socioeconomic Stratification Causation: Environmental and Individual Factors Selection and Drift: Individual and Environmental Factors Other Concepts of Socioeconomic Disadvantage The Social Transmission of Psychopathology Acute Epidemics Chronic Epidemics Theories of Collective Behavior Relevant Social Psychological Processes Sociologic Framework for Somatoform Epidemics (Rescite) Social Aspects of Treatment Bizarre Behaviors and Use of Services The Organization of Treatment Diffusion of Therapeutic Innovations in Psychiatry Ideology, Technology, and Structure in Psychiatry Mental Disorder in the Modern World The Individual in Modern Society Epidemiologic Evidence Modern Society as Insane Bibliography Index

Community reactions to mental disorders – A KEY INFORMANT STUDY IN THREE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Abstract: Attitudes towards mental disorders have been studied in rural areas of Sudan and Northern India and an urban area of the Philippines using standardized interviews with key informants. On average each informant knew by name 3.6 individuals who corresponded to descriptions provided of common mental disorders. The conditions most frequently identified were mental retardation (in all three areas), alcohol and drug related problems (in the Sudanese and Philippines areas) and acute psychosis (in the Indian area). In the Philippines area, the majority of informants indicated traditional healers as the primary source of help for psychological symptoms; in all areas people were judged to be more likely to seek help for psychological than for physical symptoms from traditional healers. Perceptions of mental illness and their consequences have been presented in graphic form through “attitude profiles”. These reveal differences in responses to the seven mental disorders presented to the key informants through vignettes. More negative and pessimistic attitudes were found in the Indian area than in the other two areas. The study has been carried out within a programme to introduce community based mental health care as part of primary health care in developing countries. The results have already been used in selecting priorities and designing interventions to promote community involvement. Their eventual use in evaluating the effectiveness of new forms of mental health care is also described.

Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment Among Women

Abstract: When mental illness is precisely defined as a functional disorder involving acute distress or disorganization (or both), women are consistently found to have higher rates of mental illness than men. This sex difference appears to be real and not an artifact of response bias, patient behavior, or clinician bias. The higher rates of mental illness among women can be linked to aspects of their societal role and particularly to aspects of the marital role. Therapists who treat women whose mental illness is in part a response to the characteristics of conventional sex roles have no treatment alternatives that are not in some way problematic. The treatment alternative chosen has, in the broadest sense, political implications for the society at large.

The methodology of home-based intervention studies: problems and promising strategies.

Abstract: Research on home-based interventions directed toward promoting positive interaction between mothers and their young children has become a less active field in spite of evidence that some programs sustain meaningful improvements in the lives of mothers and children. The purpose of this paper is to clarify some of the methodological problems of home-based intervention research and to suggest future directions. Several major projects are discussed to illustrate different perspectives, trade-offs, and promising strategies for dealing with key issues: (a) congruence between goals and methods, (b) sample selection and retention, and (c) measurement and design. The authors suggest that designing home-based interventions as longitudinal development research (rather than outcome evaluations) can provide valuable knowledge about ecological factors that affect the development of competence in parents and children and about effective ways to support families.

Training for Prevention of Assaultive Behavior in a Psychiatric Setting

Abstract: A two-day training workshop for mental health center staff on preventing or dealing with patients' assaultive behavior included a values clarification exercise, a discussion of guidelines for preventing assaultive behavior, and practice of defense and restraining techniques. Fifteen staff members who were judged by peers to be most effective in defusing violent patient behavior participated in a follow-up seminar to identify components of their successful interventions. Those components included keeping calm, being honest, suggesting alternatives to violent behavior, and using positive reinforcement. The author recommends that a center's administrative staff keep policies and procedures related to violent behavior up to date in order to ensure consistency of interventions, and that they participate in a training program as well.

Depression following stroke: brief, problem-focused family treatment.

Abstract: The brief, problem-focused treatment of a case of depression is described. Members of a family were seen in the treatment of a 58-year-old man suffering from depression secondary to two strokes. The identified patient did not attend any of the five sessions. Therapeutic interventions emphasized interdicting the self-defeating efforts of family members to be supportive and encouraging. It is proposed that successful therapeutic interventions often involve changing the behavior of persons other than the identified patient but that traditional therapists have avoided the full implication of this. Ethical concerns about this mode of treatment are considered.

Reducing students' fear of mental illness by means of seminar-induced belief change

Abstract: Demonstrated that through brief demythologizing, college students' (N = 32) attitudes toward mental illness could be changed significantly in a non-medical model or psychosocial direction and that this attitude change apparently induced students to report a significantly reduced fear of contracting mental illness. Pretest-follow-up data comparisons confirmed the validity of these findings.

Evaluation and Multimodality Treatment of a Depressed Prepubertal Girl

Abstract: This paper provides the framework for assessing and treating chronically depressed, multiproblem children. A clinical case study was chosen as the vehicle to illustrate, in a sequential manner, an approach which utilizes intensive milieu interventions, dynamically oriented psychotherapy, antidepressant medication, and behavior therapy (social skills training) to convey the rationale and methodology for a pragmatic, comprehensive, multi-modal approach to the therapy of chronically depressed children.

Managing the Treatment Activities of State Hospital Staff

Abstract: Research has shown that both the frequency and topography of staff behavior can be modified, but most staff management studies have involved only small numbers of staff, for limited periods of time, in restricted settings. The present study examined the application of behavioral management strategies to a large mental health system. Treatment activites provided by staff of 12 residential units and four support services in a state hospital were monitored during an initial baseline period. Then three feedback interventions were provided and the effects measured on subsequent treatment activity. The results indicated that during the 57 weeks of the study all three feedback interventions increased the treatment activities of staff. A functional analysis of the effects of feedback concluded that performance feedback exerted multiple control, both antecedent and consequent stimulus effects, in the modification of staff treatment behaviors. The results supported the generalization of feedback as a straightforwar...

Social and Community Interventions

Abstract: s published articles in the field of community mental health, was in its fourth year of publication in 1979. In the last three years, a number of textbooks in the field of community psychology and community mental health have appeared, including Bloom (1977), Catalano ( 1979), Heller & Monahan ( 1977), Mann (1978), Nietzel et al (1977), and Rappaport (1977). Conference proceedings on topics directly pertinent to the emerging field of SCI have been published, including Albee & Joffee ( 1977), Forgays ( 1978), Iscoe, Bloom & Spielberger (1977), and Klein & Goldston (1977). Among recent important published edited collections of readings should be men­ tioned Barton & Sanborn ( 1977) assessing the community mental health movement, Monahan ( 1976) in the field of community mental health and the criminal justice system, and Parad, Resnik & Parad (1976) in the field of crisis and disaster management. The special focus of SCI is on populations, as distinct from individuals. Any intervention (preventive or restorative) that attempts to have an impact on the psychological well-being of a defined population group qualifies as a SCI. This attempt distinguishes it from traditional clinical interventions. With regard to childhood psychopathology, for example, a clinical interven­ tion orientation would be exemplified by the employment in a school system of a psychologist or social worker who would see children for diagnosis and evaluation upon referral by teachers. In contrast, a SCI orientation would be exemplified by the establishment and vigorous publicizing of a "Tot Line," a free telephone answering service staffed on rotation by members of the children's team in a community mental health center. Parents in the community could call that telephone number with any problems about their child's behavior. The intent of the "Tot Line," a program actually put into effect by the staff of the Children's Psychiatric Center in Eatontown, New Jersey, is to provide a service to any parent in the community. With regard to adult psychopathology, to cite another example, mental health professionals might, on the basis of their clinical experiences, become sensitive to marital disruption as a common and serious stressful life event and might develop resources in their agency to provide special forms of social support to their clients who are newly separated or divorced. In contrast, since most divorcing persons are not clinic or mental health center clients, those same clinicians could attempt to have an impact on the entire community by preparing a series of newspaper articles identifying and analyzing the kinds of problems typically faced by newly separating couples and suggesting a number of strategies that could be employed in dealing with these problems (see, for example, Bloom, Asher & White 1978). This review will examine three particular forms of SCI in some detail­ planned short-term therapy, mental health education, and the patient rights and patient advocacy movement. As can be noted, these forms of SCI have

Primary prevention: fact or fiction.

Abstract: This paper is a review of studies oriented to the primary prevention of psychiatric disorder. Difficulties in this field are noted, including current aetiological concepts, outcome measures, techniques and processes, methodological problems, humanitarian and ethical issues and the role of social processes. Studies in several different areas of primary prevention are described. These include projects directed towards parenting processes, vulnerable children, crisis intervention, psychosomatic variables, biological factors, mental health education and community processes. Resistances to preventive work are outlined. It is concluded that much work in this field represents a ‘call’ for prevention; that diffuse interventions for diffuse population groups to achieve diffuse outcomes may not lead to demonstrable effects in prevention. Specific interventions directed towards high risk populations to achieve specific preventive goals have shown that primary prevention may be accomplished in some areas.

Mental Health Attitudes and Treatment Expectations as Treatment Variables.

Abstract: Evaluated 60 patients just before their initial assessment in a community mental health clinic. A series of questions about mental health attitudes and treatment expectation were asked each patient. The Psychiatric Evaluation Form was administered both before evaluation and after five treatment visits. Patients with harsh, pessimistic views about mental illness had more severe psychopathology and did less well over the period of follow-up. Expectation of medication was associated strongly with lower education, greater severity of illness, lower satisfaction with treatment, greater frequency of dropping out of treatment, and less improvement.

Science and psychotherapy: The state of the art*

Abstract: Training and practice within British clinical psychology are profoundly influenced by the belief that behavioural psychotherapy has been shown as more effective than verbal psychotherapy in the treatment of disorders for which both claim utility. A review of the comparative outcome evidence shows that this belief is largely unfounded. Taken together with the growing theoretical convergence between verbal and behavioural approaches, this negative result from comparative outcome studies has important implications for the future development of psychotherapy research, training and practice. More precise and sophisticated research strategies are required to identify the therapeutic ingredients of the psychotherapies, whether these be common to many approaches or specific to particular treatment modes. Closer integration between clinical and research activities in all forms of psychotherapy is necessary. Clinical psychologists should be trained in a variety of behavioural and verbal methods, and in the research methodologies necessary to evaluate and develop these methods. If the challenge of the present state of evidence is not evaded, then we may eventually supersede crude global comparisons, with precise specification of interventions appropriate for given populations.

Attitudes Toward Mental Illness: the Construction of the Libertarian Mental Health Ideology Scale:

Abstract: The present study was an attempt to construct an attitude scale to measure the radical psychosocial or libertarian position about "mental illness" and mental health practices. Scale items received ...

Balancing statistical data and clinician judgments in the diagnosis of patient educational needs

Abstract: Survey content is necessarily limited by the investigators' foresight and by prior research on their subject of inquiry. Clinical data must supplement statistical data whenever the prior research is insufficient to delineate exactly what problems to expect. The differing perspectives on needs of patients sometimes set up competing demands. This calls for strategies based on a programmatic or population perspective that identifies the commonalities in patient educational needs from the statistical profiles, while at the same time allowing for the development of interventions that provide for as much tailoring of the educational experience based on clinical judgments as possible. By combining the community health education perspective with a clinical perspective, we were able to design interventions that responded to the educational needs of a population of low-income, black hypertensive patients. A needs assessment process that combined these perspectives began with a historical and community assessment of the problem in its most general terms. A second phase focused on the most important behavioral and organizational points for intervention. A third phase required formal assessment of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors that may be determining the priority behaviors of health care organizational problems. Finally, clinical and administrative judgment sharpened and supplemented the educational interventions that were suggested by statistical data from formal surveys. Behavioral science theory was applied usefully in all these phases.

Mental Health Practitioners: Old Stereotypes and New Realities

Abstract: • Changes in the patterns of mental health care have led to shifts in the treatment roles of types of mental health personnel. The current contributions of mental health personnel in one geographic region were identified. Over 500 psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric social workers, psychiatric nurses, and mental health workers responded to questionnaires covering their personal background, training and education, treatment roles, salary, and attitudes. Unexpected findings about these groups included their overall youthfulness, differences in religion, the high proportions of nurses and mental health workers with advanced degrees; and occupational ratings for families of origin. Despite differences in the types of psychotherapy provided, almost half of each group provided some formal psychotherapy. An important factor in the mental health field's "identity crisis" may be that these groups can no longer define themselves in terms of psychotherapy.

Multiple impact therapy : evaluation and design for future study

Abstract: This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact pdxscholar@pdx.edu. Recommended Citation Abikoff, Jacqueline H.; Anderson, Dennis C.; Bowman, Patricia C.; Caylor, Carolyn Crawford; Freeland, Nancy W.; Godfrey, Jan A.; Graham, Marlene; Hall, Kelly Ann Mason; Hatzenbeler, Mary J.; Hedlund, Susan C.; Kast, Carol Lewis; Lansky, Gayle Matson; Lewis, Janet M.; Muldoon, Kathleen Patricia; Stoudt, Victoria A. G.; and Waage, Anita, "Multiple impact therapy : evaluation and design for future study" (1980). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3461.

Ethnicity, Aging and Mental Health

Abstract: The relationship between ethnicity and mental health deserves more consideration than it usually receives if we are to understand how values translate into behavior. This question could be explored productively with a variety of subgroups, but in this paper the emphasis will be on the aged. What is the relationship between ethnicity and the mental health problems of the elderly in American society? This paper offers some suggestions and reviews some data that might encourage further efforts in this area.

The Use of Paradox in a Community Home for the Chronically Disturbed and Retarded

Abstract: This paper describes the use of paradoxical interventions to change the resistant behaviors of community home residents who were formerly institutionalized in state hospitals and in state schools for the retarded for an average of 27 years. The paradoxical interventions were used following prior therapeutic failures using more traditional behavioral approaches. Seven brief case studies are presented describing the problem, the paradoxical intervention used, reactions to the intervention, follow-up information, and an explanation of the intervention. Some of the paradoxical interventions used include: prescribing the resistance, symptom, or system; reframing; restraining change; reversals; and rituals. Explanations of these interventions are given based upon general systems theory.