Showing papers on "Psychological intervention published in 1982"

Health promotion in nursing practice

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION: THE CHALLENGES OF A NEW MILLENNIUM. I. THE HUMAN QUEST FOR HEALTH. 1. Toward a Definition of Health. 2. Motivation for Health Behavior. 3. The Health Promotion Model. II. HEALTH PROMOTION IN DIVERSE POPULATIONS. 4. Empowering for Self-Care across the Life Span. 5. Health Promotion in Vulnerable Populations. III. PLANNING FOR PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION. 6. Assessing Health, Health Beliefs and Health Behaviors. 7. Developing a Health-Protection-Promotion Plan. IV. INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION. 8. Physical Activity and Health. 9. Nutrition and Health. 10. Stress Management and Health. 11. Social Support and Health. V.EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH PROMOTION. 12. Measuring Outcomes of Health Promotion and Prevention Interventions. 13. Evaluating Individual and Community Interventions. VI. APPROACHES FOR PROMOTING A HEALTHIER SOCIETY. 14. Health Promotion in Community Settings. 15. Protecting and Promoting Health Through Social and Environmental Change.

The effect of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: an analysis of the literature.

Abstract: A quantitative review of 34 controlled studies demonstrates that, on the average, surgical or coronary patients who are provided information or emotional support to help them master the medical crisis do better than patients who receive only ordinary care. A review of 13 studies that used hospital days post-surgery or post-heart attack as outcome indicators showed that on the average psychological intervention reduced hospitalization approximately two days below the control group's average of 9.92 days. Most of the interventions were modest and, in most studies, were not matched in any way to the needs of particular patients or their coping styles. Beyond the intrinsic value of offering humane and considerate care, the evidence is that psychological care can be cost-effective.

Psychological interventions for chronic pain: a critical review. I. Relaxation training and biofeedback.

Abstract: There has been substantial recent application of psychological techniques‘in pain management, often within the context of multidisciplinary pain clinics. It is now important to ask whether these procedures are meeting the goals they purport to achieve and how they compare with one another. In part I of this two-part article, we provide a background for the problem of chronic pain and the current psychological conceptualizations of pain phenomena. Research on the effectiveness of relaxation training and biofeedback is also discussed. In part II, studies of the efficacy of operant conditioning,. hypnosis, and co~itive-behavioral therapy are examined. Finally, the comparative efficacy of these interventions, salient methodological issues, and suggestions for future research are considered.

A Multivariate Approach to the Prediction of No-show Behavior in a Primary Care Center

Abstract: • To predict no-show behavior in a primary care center, we analyzed a wide range of factors in 376 patients. Of 1,181 appointments that were scheduled during a six-month follow-up period and that were not cancelled in advance, 968 (82%) were kept and 213 (18%) were no-shows. By multivariate logistic regression analysis based on two thirds of the patient sample, no-show behavior was independently correlated with the following four factors: the patient's age and race, the presence of any physician-identified psychosocial problems, and the percent of noncancelled appointments that were kept during the prior 12 months. Neither patient satisfaction nor patient-physician concordance in problem identification were independent correlates of appointment keeping. When our four-factor logistic regression equation was independently tested on the other one third of the patients, it accurately predicted no-show behavior. We suggest that our predicted probability of no-show behavior can be used to guide changes in scheduling patterns or to recognize patients appropriate for interventions to change behavior. ( Arch Intern Med 1982;142:563-567)

Social networks and mental health: on overview.

Abstract: Research has shown that social networks can act as social support systems to promote mental health and buffer psychological stress. In this selective review the authors illuminate patterns and characteristics of social networks that maintain health and help prevent illness, explore the relationship between social networks and the course and outcome of treatment for mental illness, and describe clinical network interventions that have been used to facilitate inpatient care and maximize performance of ex-patients in the community. The authors also discuss the implications of research findings for mental health practice.

Does the geographical distribution of physicians reflect market failure

Abstract: Public policy toward the geographic distribution of physicians presumes that the market fails because physicians can create their own demand. A number of government interventions attempt to correct this market failure. We derive several predictions about physician location behavior from standard location theory (i.e., assuming the market does not fail). The data generally support these predictions. At a theoretical level the ability ofphysicians to induce demand is neither necessary nor sufficient to demonstrate that physicians will locate only in large cities as their numbers increase. The premises of public policy toward the geographic distribution of physicians need rethinking.

How Families Evaluate Mental Health Professionals, Resources, and Effects of Illness

Abstract: Evaluations by families (of chronically mentally ill individuals) of mental health professionals and resources were solicited through a mail survey. The respondents, largely better educated, white, and female, indicated a generally high level of dissatisfaction. Emotional support, information, and aftercare resources were identified as particular areas of concern. The survey findings present a challenge to mental health professionals to reconsider the effects of chronic mental illness on the family and the needs of the non-ill family members.

Living with dementia: the ongoing funeral.

Abstract: Dementia is an illness profoundly affecting the patient's physical and emotional well-being The impact of the disease extends far beyond the patient himself, touching each family member involved in the patient's care Social workers and other mental health professionals can offer valuable assistance to the family as they experience each stage of the patient's illness Several theoretical constructs aid in understanding the grieving process of the family Clinical case examples are used to highlight individual and group therapeutic interventions

Prevention of Children's Psychosocial Disorders: Myth and Substance

Abstract: A critical appraisal of primary prevention of children9s psychosocial disorders indicates that our knowledge on this topic is limited and that there are few interventions of proven value. Nevertheless, there are possibilities for effective prevention. Myths associated with unwarranted claims for the value of prevention are reviewed in terms of unproven assumptions that: (1) prevention cuts costs; (2) prevention in childhood will improve adult health; (3) improved living standards will reduce mental illness; (4) sensible interventions can only be beneficial; (5) providing people with information leads to preventive action; (6) the main issue in prevention is implementing what we know; (7) the best approach is to tackle the basic cause; and (8) the crucial issue is to identify that one basic cause. Principles of causation are discussed and a model of causative influences is used to consider potentially effective primary prevention policies with respect to those directed at (a) individual predisposition; (b) ecologic factors; (c) influences on opportunity and situation; and (d) current stresses and strengths. It is concluded that a good deal is known about risk factors and the areas in which primary prevention might be effective, but that less is known concerning precisely how to intervene in order to bring about the desired results. There is a potential for effective primary prevention but, so far, it remains largely unrealized.

Brief Interventions with Children in a Battered Women's Shelter: A Model Preventive Program.

Abstract: HONORE M. HUGHES** A description is presented of a number of brief interventions which were implemented for purposes of providing services directly to children which interrupted the cyclical perpetuation of violence across generations of families. The model preventive program included intervention with: 1) children, 2) mothers, 3) schools, and 4) shelter staff members. Children's services consisted of individual counseling as well as peer, sibling, and family group meetings. Mothers received education regarding parenting skills and child development. A school liaison system was established; the shelter staff members were trained regarding child advocacy and child development. Informal assessment, intervention strategies, and limitations of the program are also discussed.

A Client Outcome Planning Model for Assessing Psychiatric Rehabilitation Interventions

Abstract: Skill training, drug therapy, and community support strategies are the three primary intervention techniques used by practitioners attempting to rehabilitate severely psychiatrically disabled clients. The present article describes a comprehensive client outcome planning model that encompasses both the intended and unintended effects of an intervention, and that extends beyond such traditional outcome measures as recidivism, clinical relapse, and employment. In addition, data collection strategies and instruments capable of measuring a broad range of possible outcomes are described. A comprehensive model has the advantage of encouraging researchers to consider, during the process of research design, the specific outcomes that will and will not be effected by an intervention. Furthermore, such a model discriminates between process and outcome variables, limits the scope of the implications derived from the research data, and encourages the researcher to assess both the positive and negative effects of the rehabilitation intervention.

Experiencing child abuse: effects on emotional adjustment.

Abstract: The impact of abuse and subsequent intervention strategies on emotional development was examined for a group of 30 physically abused children between the ages of five and 12. Results indicated that emotional adjustment, as measured by psychological test scores, was differentially affected by characteristics of the abuse experience and interventions. Implications for the use of psychiatric treatment and foster care placement in the management of child abuse cases are discussed.

Psychosocial intervention in coronary artery disease: a review.

Abstract: This review attempts to provide comprehensive consideration of three phases of psychosocial intervention in coronary artery disease (CAD): preventive, acute, and convalescent/rehabilitative. Toward this end, a wide variety of literature, ranging from clinical-anecdotal reports and prescriptive exhortations to controlled systematic studies, is considered. The prevention literature is limited to the Type A behavior pattern (TABP). Despite conceptual and methodological problems. TABP modification research seems promising, though its significance for ultimate CAD-reduction remains to be demonstrated. The acute phase literature consists almost entirely of clinical lore. Systematic research is recommended on several aspects of denial and on the efficacy of the many anecdotally recommended interventions. The rehabilitative phase literature also includes a rich clinical lore, and, in addition, several systematic studies indicating psychological and perhaps physiological benefits from both individual and group supportive psychotherapy. It is concluded that the current state of knowledge in this area is promising but controversial, and that advance beyond this point requires a shift from global, clinically derived impressions to specific, tested hypotheses.

The concept of a psychiatric “case” in general practice

Abstract: The paper describes a classification of psychological disorders occurring in primary care settings which is attuned to the needs of the doctor and his patient, and takes into account the non-specific nature of many of the disorders, the effects of diagnostic “labelling” and the need for intervention. Three groups of disorders are described. These are (i) major psychiatric illness, which broadly correspond to psychotic illnesses for which physical treatments have been shown to be of value. “Labelling” is seen to be necessary for correct treatment, and often helpful for the patient. (ii) Psychological distress syndromes not requiring intervention, which include subclinical illnesses, transient illnesses, distress unrelated to the presenting symptoms and some patients with unmodifiable dysphoric symptoms. Such patients may benefit from ventilation of problems at the time of consultation but an illness label should be avoided. (iii) Psychological distress syndromes which require intervention; they form a large group which may benefit from a variety of psychological, social and drug treatments. It may be important to help the patients to see themselves as emotionally ill, but specific labels are only justified by particular interventions. The need for future research is discussed in relation to triaxial classification and intervention studies.

Clinical psychology: scientific and professional dimensions

Abstract: The Nature and History of Clinical Psychology. Training in Clinical Psychology. Research Methods. Conceptualizations of Human Functioning and Social Environments. Perspectives on Psychological Dysfunctions. Assessment: Scientific and Professional Concerns. Assessment of Intellectual Functioning. Assessment of Personality. Assessment of of Neuropsychological Functioning. Behavioral Assessment. Intervention: Professional and Scientific Concerns. Interventions with Individuals: Psychoanalytic, Client Centered, Existential, Gestalt, and Crisis Therapies. Interventions with Individuals: Behavioral, Cognitive, and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies. Group Interventions. Milieu and Community Interventions. References. Subject Index. Name Index.

Learning theory approaches to psychiatry

Abstract: A collection of papers by eminent researchers discussing the theoretical issues regarding the relevance of learning theories to behavioral therapies. Examines phobic disorders, obsessive disorders, compulsive disorders, sexual disorders, and the management of children's disorders. Presents research data derived from the successful application of behaviorally-oriented therapeutic interventions to patients suffering from these disorders, and discusses the prospects for development of more effective therapeutic strategies.

Behavioral effects of using conduct problem adolescents as cross‐age tutors

Abstract: Behavioral effects of using conduct problem adolescents as cross-age tutors for elementary school-aged mentally retarded students were evaluated. Eighteen high school students. administratively classified as emotionally disturbed; were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) Provision of cross-age tutoring, (b) Reception of peer tutoring, and (c) Reception of group counseling. Data assessing academic performance, absenteeism, and rates of disciplinary referrals were gathered on all subjects prior to, during, and after the interventions. When compared to students who received peer tutoring or group counseling, cross-age tutors improved significantly on social science and language arts grades, and had significantly reduced rates of absenteeism and disciplinary referrals. Furthermore, these changes were maintained during the follow-up period.

Psychiatry in Medical Practice

Abstract: Part I: Clinical Approach to the Patient. Introduction. Interview Techniques and History Taking. Examination of the Mental State. Risk Assessments. Syndromes and Diagnosis. Aetiology. Investigations. Treatment. Prognosis. Formulation. Part II: Syndromes of Disorder. Psychiatric Aspects of Physical Disease. Organic Brain Disease. Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorders. Bipolar Illness. Internalising Disorders: 1 Anxiety and Depression. Internalising Disorders 2: Somatisation. Externalising Disorders - Dependence on Alcohol and Drugs and Eating Disorders. Personality Disorders. Part III: Particular Parts of the Life Cycle. Learning Disability. Childhood and Adolescence. Sexual and Reproductive Disorders. Old Age. Part IV: Services, Ethics and the Law. Mental Health Services. Ethical Dilemmas and Legal Aspects.

Gender and Mental Illness

Abstract: Research provides evidence of a distinctive gendered landscape of mental illness, with women and men differing in the types of disorder they commonly experience – a landscape that is not specific to Western societies. While there are no marked gender differences in the rates of psychoses like schizophrenia or in dementia, women have higher levels of affective disorders, such as depression, and of anxiety disorders, and men have higher levels of substance abuse and conduct disorders. Consequently the observed gender difference in overall levels of mental illness depends on what disorders are included in the measure. The gendered patterning of mental disorders is now usually linked to differences between women and men in gender-related tendencies to internalize or externalize their feelings, women more often internalizing their feelings and men more often externalizing them. While such differences may be influenced by genetic factors, they also relate to the socialization of women and men in childhood – a gender socialization that is linked to the expectations of what is required of them in adult life. Further differences in women's and men's social situations also have a direct impact on the gender-related expression of feelings in the face of life events and difficulties.

Psychological Assessment in Medical Settings

Abstract: The majority of physicians who note emotional problems among their patients act on an idiosyncratic set of beliefs regarding optimal psychological assessments and interventions Most will rely heavily on their personal experience with psychologists and psychiatrists rather than on a particular theoretical orientation Most commonly, the physicians’ attitudes toward psychological services largely derive from their frustrations and limitations in managing difficult patients This stems in part from the fact that the traditional medical disease model, which developed along with the great advances of medicine in the past half-century, no longer appears fully effective or relevant in managing many problems now seen in medical practice Physicians have turned to psychology out of frustration, hoping that it will offer a successful method for maximizing their treatment effectiveness, largely through improved patient compliance