Showing papers on "Psychological intervention published in 1988"

The Beginnings of Social Understanding

Abstract: 1. Introduction. 2. Confronting the Mother. 3. Confronting the Sibling. 4. Understanding, Self--Interest and Family Relationships. 5. Benevolent Babies?. 6. Cooperation between Siblings. 7. Talking About Others: Questions, Interventions and Narrative. 8. Jokes. 9. Implications.

The NIMH Depression Awareness, Recognition, and Treatment Program: structure, aims, and scientific basis.

Abstract: Unrecognized, untreated, and undertreated depressive disorders extract an inordinate human and economic cost, despite the availability of an extensive array of effective clinical interventions. To enhance the availability and quality of care, the National Institute of Mental Health launched the Depression Awareness, Recognition, and Treatment Program, a multiphase information and education program designed to alert health professionals and the general public to the fact that depressive disorders are common, serious, and treatable. The authors review the development of this program, describing the professional education efforts it supports in anticipation of increased demand for services, the public education campaign launched in May 1988, and highlights of the scientific advances that make the program feasible and timely.

Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications

Abstract: This paper discusses research findings and their implications regarding children's responses to community violence. It outlines (1) theory and findings, (2) early intervention and psychological first aid, and (3) treatment approaches following a violent event. In each section we discuss post-traumatic stress, grief, worry about a significant other, and experience with previous trauma. Detailed steps for psychological first aid are outlined according to age and grade level. Intervention strategies are proposed for each category of response with designed interventions for the classroom, the family, the individual, and the group.

Environmental Interventions to Promote Healthy Eating: A Review of Models, Programs, and Evidence

Abstract: Environmental interventions are an important part of efforts to improve health in populations. With respect to strategies to encourage positive nutrition behavior, environmental approaches help create opportunities for action by removing barriers to following a healthy diet. This article reviews the rationale, conceptual models, program examples, and recent empirical evidence regarding the extent and effects of environmental interventions to promote healthy eating. The state of the art is described for five types of interventions: (1) changes in the food supply; (2) point of choice nutrition information; (3) collaboration with private sector food vendors; (4) worksite nutrition policies and incentives; and (5) changes in the structure of health and medical care related to nutrition. Environmental approaches to dietary behavior change can reach large segments of the population through increased availability of nutritious foods, provision of quality nutrition services in workplace and health care settings, and accessible information about healthful food choices. Nutrition intervention can also serve as a model for other types of health promotion initiatives using multidimensional environmental and educational technologies.

Family intervention after stroke: does counseling or education help?

Abstract: Two interventions for improving stroke caregiver knowledge, stabilizing family function, promoting patient adjustment, and enlisting the use of social resources after stroke were compared with routine medical and nursing care of stroke patients (n = 61) at a 440-bed Veterans Administration Medical Center. The education intervention (n = 64) consisted of classroom instruction for caregivers about basic stroke care principles. The counseling condition (n = 63) consisted of education plus seven follow-up problem-solving sessions with a social worker (for the caregiver). Six months and 1 year after the stroke, both interventions significantly improved caregiver knowledge and stabilized some aspects of family function better than routine care. Counseling was consistently more effective than education alone and resulted in better patient adjustment at 1 year. Neither intervention influenced the use of social resources.

A Meta-analysis of School-based Smoking and Alcohol Use Prevention Programs

Abstract: Tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents continue at historically high rates, and school-based interventions designed to deter students from smoking and drinking are increasingly being implemented This study reports a meta-analysis of 47 smoking and 29 alcohol school-based intervention programs published after 1970 Results indicate that, in general, smoking and alcohol interventions have equally modest effects on immediate behavioral outcomes Smoking interventions, however, have been more successful than alcohol interventions at altering students' long term behavior All of the alcohol programs and all but one of the smoking programs reviewed successfully increased knowledge regarding the risks of these behaviors Attitude change appears to be more difficult to achieve Twenty-nine of 33 smoking studies and only 19 of 31 alcohol studies successfully changed students' attitudes Finally, the data indicate that for immediate smoking outcomes and long-term alcohol outcomes innovative interven tions relyi

Evaluation of the contribution of clinical pharmacists: inpatient care and cost reduction.

Abstract: Clinical pharmacists in this study hospital reported 1027 interventions in patient drug therapy over two time periods of three and two weeks, respectively. These interventions were subjected to self and peer reviews and to cost-avoidance evaluation. The most frequent type of intervention was recommendations related to drug selection (29.6 percent). Recommendations were not implemented by physicians in only 10.2 percent of the cases. The perceived impact of these interventions on the quality, cost, or both was found by the peer reviewers to occur in 58.5, 16.1 and 25.6 percent of the cases, respectively. Also, when peer reviewed for clinical significance, 983 of these interventions were judged to improve drug therapy to an acceptable level based on the professional literature, and 36 were deemed very significant in terms of saving patients' lives or preserving major organ functions. Of the 983 interventions rendering drug therapy to an appropriate level, 398 were deemed to have cost-avoidance impact; of this number a 25 percent random sample was subjected to cost-avoidance evaluation. Realized cost-avoidance averaged $242 for each intervention implemented. When extrapolated annually, $364,900 was the net realized cost-avoidance after discounting for the cost of providing clinical pharmacy services. An average cost-avoidance of $860.50 was calculated for each intervention made by pharmacists, but not followed by physicians, for an annual potential cost-avoidance of $532,650. In all, clinical pharmacists had the potential to save $897,550 annually in hospital resources if all their interventions had been accepted and implemented.

The Regular Education Initiative: Patent Medicine for Behavioral Disorders

Abstract: Implications of the regular education initiative (REI) for students with behavioral disorders (BD) are examined in the context of integration and right to treatment. Arguments that BD students are being overidentified for special education are refuted. Labels for BD students are seen as important indicants of the seriousness with which professionals take their problems, not as the source of students' spoiled identities. Eligibility for services that encompass appropriate education, right to privacy, and implementation of appropriate interventions are viewed as particularly problematic issues related to realization of laudable goals of the REI.

Family Resources, Personal Well-Being, and Early Intervention:

Abstract: The hypothesis that adequacy of resources is related to personal well-being and adherence to professionally prescribed child-level regimens was tested. The subjects were 45 mothers of developmentally delayed infants and toddlers participating in an early intervention program. The mothers completed three measurement scales about their family resources, personal well-being, and commitment to professionally prescribed treatments. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that adequacy of resources was related to both well-being and commitment to child-level interventions even after the effects of maternal age, family socioeconomic status and income, and child age and developmental quotient were statistically removed. The results are discussed in terms of assisting families to meet self-identified needs before asking them to carry out professionally prescribed child-level treatments as part of their involvement in early intervention programs.

The couch and the cloth: the need for linkage.

Abstract: Data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study were used to compare the demographic characteristics and psychiatric symptomatology of persons classified into four groups based on source of mental health services: clergy only, mental health specialists only, both clergy and mental health specialists, and neither source. Those receiving services from both clergy and mental health specialists were more likely to have major affective and panic disorders than those who sought services from clergy or mental health specialists only or who sought services from neither. Those in the care of mental health specialists were more likely to have substance abuse disorders. Those in the care of clergy only were as likely as those seeing mental health specialists only to have serious mental disorders. The data make clear the need for formal linkages between clergy and mental health professionals.

An introduction to social psychiatry

Abstract: The tools of social psychiatry - its methods and instruments epidemiological knowledge about mental disorders life experiences as causes of mental disorders - the main hypotheses the social consequences of mental disorders mental disorders and primary care social treatments and preventive strategies the evaluation of services a synthesis.

Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young Autistic Children

Abstract: Behavioral interventions have become very effective in helping young (preschool) autistic children. This chapter describes these children, the behavioral interventions used for them, the philosophy underlying the interventions, and the findings and implications of a treatment study on such interventions. The treatment study was carried out by our research team at the Young Autism Project in the Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, which has concerned itself mostly with the treatment of autistic children less than 4 years old. Though the study focused on autistic children, it may also be relevant for other young, disadvantaged children; this possibility will be explored. First some statements about the general context and philosophy within which we have approached our work.

Mental Imagery and Its Potential for Physical Therapy

Abstract: The purposes of this article are 1) to review the sports and motor-learning literature regarding the effects of mental imagery and mental practice on physical skills and 2) to explore the feasibility of using them as adjunctive techniques in physical therapy. In the area of sports, evidence exists that mental practice can improve motor skills. Research that supports a mind-body relationship is cited, in addition to research using mental imagery from the areas of medicine, biofeedback, psychoneuroimmunology, and physical therapy. Variables that influence the outcome of mental practice such as vividness, kinesthetic imagery, and combining physical and mental practice are examined, and two major variables associated with ineffective results are identified. The advantages and disadvantages of using mental imagery for physical therapy patients are discussed with the conclusion that mental imagery has the potential to be a viable technique for physical therapists.

Redefining the Applied Research Agenda Cooperative Learning, Prereferral, Teacher Consultation, and Peer-Mediated Interventions

Abstract: We review recent literature on four intervention approaches—cooperative learning, prereferral teams, consulting teachers, and peer-tutoring—that have been recommended as means of accommodating atypical learners in general education settings. Although there is extensive evidence about some of these approaches, there are few direct tests of their effects on atypical learners in general education settings. In addition, the evidence about some approaches is based primarily on descriptive rather than experimental data. The research in these areas, although encouraging, does not justify reducing special education services or provide definitive direction for practice. Indeed, the available evidence reemphasizes the need for careful and systematic research.

A meta-analysis and theoretical review of school based tobacco and alcohol intervention programs

Abstract: A review of outcome evaluations published after 1970 dealing with school based interventions on alcohol and tobacco reveals four major theoretical bases supporting the program intervention models employed: rational, social reinforcement, social norms and developmental. The review found this research still in need of methodological improvements prominently involving the assessment of experimental attrition and the validity of the dependent variable measure. For the projects reviewed here, program interventions based upon predominantly rational models produced fewer positive behavior and attitude effects but more positive knowledge effects than those for which the rational model was not dominant. Behavior effects for published school based smoking outcome evaluations were generally positive for both short and long term effects. Behavior effects for published alcohol evaluations were mixed, positive and negative. Knowledge effects were consistently positive over all studies reviewed here, but attitu...

Intervention programmes for work-related neck and upper limb disorders: strategies and evaluation

Abstract: In this review the design and results of controlled interventions against work related neck and upper limb disorders are discussed. The method of intervention—workstation redesign, work reorganization, worker training and education—is related to the outcome. The result should be evaluated using a range of intermediate and end-point variables. Very little attention has yet been paid to the cost effectiveness of interventions and unsuccessful interventions are seldom reported, which makes an evaluation of the ‘most successful design’ incomplete. The use of reference groups for control of background variables, like fluctuations in work output and staff turnover is emphasized. The role of researchers, as active interveners or as passive recorders of effects is discussed, and the importance of an active contribution from management and employers is stressed.

The sociology of mental illness

Abstract: I. MENTAL ILLNESS AND SOCIAL FORCES: AN OVERVIEW. 1. Mental Illness and Society. 2. Concepts, Definitions and Types of Mental Illness: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. 3. Environmental Theories of Mental Illness: The Influence of Social Stress. II. COMMON FORMS OF MENTAL ILLNESS: PREVALENCE, SYMPTOMS, AND CAUSES. 4. Schizophrenic and Mood Disorders. 5. Anxiety Disorders. 6. Personality Disorders. III. THE SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MENTAL ILLNESS. 7. Epidemiology: An Overview of Patterns of Mental Illness. 8. Social Class and Social Mobility. 9. Gender, Marital Status, and Family Relationships. 10. Religion, Ethnicity and Race. 11. Migration, Place of Residence and Age. IV. THE PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPERIENCES OF MENTAL PATIENTS. 12. Becoming a Mental Patient: The Prepatient Process. 13. Treatment: The Inpatient Experience. 14. After the Mental Hospital: The Social Role of the Ex-Mental Patient.

Adolescent smoking: research and health policy.

Abstract: A great deal is now known about the prevalence and natural history of adolescent smoking. The literature on smoking intervention, drawn from theoretically based experiments, shows that most programs are unlikely to become widely disseminated because of the extensive resources required. More thoughtful strategies for research and targeting of interventions are examined. They may yield coordinated and comprehensive approaches to moving more quickly and effectively from the behavioral laboratory into the field.

Parent nutrition education: a conceptual model.

Abstract: Getting nutrition information to parents is beneficial for several reasons. Children need support from their parents to implement behavior changes learned in primary prevention interventions. In addition, positive eating behavior changes last longer if interventions are aimed at family attitudes and habits rather than individuals. Finally, parents also can benefit from the information. This article summarizes selected research about the impact of youth-directed nutrition education interventions on parents. A conceptual model is proposed to guide development and evaluation of future interventions with a parent component.

Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions integrated into primary care practice.

Abstract: Using a complete factorial design, we tested three interventions for smoking cessation in routine primary care practice. The interventions tested were 1) physician counseling, 2) mailed letters and educational materials designed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and 3) referral to smoking cessation classes. Thirty-seven family practice physicians at three of Group Health's outpatient facilities participated. Patient participation rates were 95%, and follow-up was complete for 92% of those participating. None of the interventions had any effect on point prevalence of quitting as determined 8-9 months later by self-report. However, the combination of physician counseling and NCI materials doubled the odds of occurrence of significant antismoking behavior (quit, quit and relapse, or cut down) during the ensuing 8-9 months in those individuals receiving that combination. Referral to smoking cessation classes was strikingly ineffective in this setting. Of 369 individuals designated by study design for referral, only 14% even investigated the classes. This compares with a 10% self-referral rate for those persons not designated for referral by our study design. Our results and other recent work suggest that more intensive interventions on multiple occasions based on relapse prevention strategies hold promise for future success in smoking cessation efforts in primary care.

Topics in health psychology

Abstract: Health Psychology Psychosocial Antecedents of Coronary Heart Disease and Cancer Smoking from a Preventative Point of View Secondary Prevention in Respiratory Disorders Disease and Stress: Mediators and Interventions Occupational Health and Health Education.