Showing papers on "Psychological intervention published in 1989"
TL;DR: Comparison studies are needed of the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of generic and disease-specific measures in the same population and in minority and age-specific groups.
Abstract: Application of generic and specific measures of health status and quality of life to different diseases, conditions, states, and populations is increasing. Four strategies for using these measures are separate generic and specific measures, modified generic measures, disease-specific supplements, and batteries. The preferred strategy depends on project aims, methodological concerns, and practical constraints. Generic measures are necessary to compare outcomes across different populations and interventions, particularly for cost-effectiveness studies. Disease-specific measures assess the special states and concerns of diagnostic groups. Specific measures may be more sensitive for the detection and quantification of small changes that are important to clinicians or patients. Comparison studies are needed of the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of generic and disease-specific measures in the same population and in minority and age-specific groups.
1,735 citations
Book•
01 Aug 1989
519 citations
Book•
17 Jun 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the author introduces us to her patients, shares her thinking about their problems, and outlines interventions based on her understanding, and provides an overview of interventions for their problems.
Abstract: The author introduces us to her patients, shares her thinking about their problems, and outlines interventions based on her understanding.
377 citations
TL;DR: Perceptions about nontechnical interventions were better predictors of patient satisfaction than perceptions about technical interventions.
Abstract: This study was designed to determine the relationship between patients' satisfaction with their physician, the types of interventions that patients reported they received, and the congruence between those interventions and the types of interventions they desired. One hundred eighteen symptomatic adu
286 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis and synthesis of research is presented that addresses the efficacy of different psychological interventions with athletes performing in competitive situations in the sport in which they regularly compete, concluding that educational relaxation-based interventions and remedial cognitive restructuring interventions with individual athletes are, in general, effective.
Abstract: Although sport psychologists utilize numerous interventions and techniques intended to enhance the performance of athletes in competition, the selection of those interventions has not always been based on research for which adequate validity has been established. In an attempt to provide sport psychologists with a working body of accurate knowledge and suggestions for future intervention research, an analysis and synthesis of research is presented that addresses the efficacy of different psychological interventions with athletes performing in competitive situations in the sport in which they regularly compete. From information reported in 19 published studies, covering 23 interventions, it was concluded that educational relaxation-based interventions and remedial cognitive restructuring interventions with individual athletes are, in general, effective.
276 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: This reference work offers key studies in such areas as how patients cope with cancer, the psychological problems associated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the psychosocial problems associatedwith specific tumours, normal adaption patterns, common psychiatric complications and their treatment, the management of pain and sexual problems.
Abstract: Part I: Social factors and adaptation Part II: Psychological factors and adaptation Part III: Medical factors and adaptation: Stage-specific psychological issues Treatment-specific psychological issues Site-specific psychological issues Part IV: Common psychiatric disorders and their management Part V: Central nervous system complications of cancer Part VII: Therapeutic interventions Part VIII: Childhood cancer: Psychological issues and their management Part IX: Family adaptation Part X: Oncology staff: Psychological and ethical issues Part XI: Psychosocial considerations in cancer cause and survival Part XII: Research methods in psychooncology.
257 citations
TL;DR: A model of clinical case management is outlined that moves beyond the view of the case manager as a systems coordinator, service broker, or supportive companion and integrates the clinical acumen, personal involvement, and environmental interventions needed to address the overall maintenance of the patient's physical and social environment.
Abstract: The burgeoning field of case management for long-term psychiatric patients has been handicapped by a lack of conceptual models that delineate the diverse activities of case managers. Based on the actual practice of case management, the author outlines a model of clinical case management that moves beyond the view of the case manager as a systems coordinator, service broker, or supportive companion. Using a contemporary biopsychosocial model of mental illness, the clinical case management model integrates the clinical acumen, personal involvement, and environmental interventions needed to address the overall maintenance of the patient's physical and social environment. Clinical case management involves 13 distinct activities, including engagement of the patient, assessment, planning, linkage with resources, consultation with families, collaboration with psychiatrists, patient psychoeducation, and crisis intervention.
249 citations
TL;DR: A review of 29 evaluative studies published through 1987 reveals that no clear link has yet been established between participants' satisfaction and such other important outcomes for caregivers as improving coping skills, preventing psychological disturbances, increasing caregiver support systems, or improving caregivers' ability to care for themselves.
Abstract: A review of 29 evaluative studies published through 1987 reveals that no clear link has yet been established between participants' satisfaction and such other important outcomes for caregivers as improving coping skills, preventing psychological disturbances, increasing caregiver support systems, or improving caregivers' ability to care for themselves.
233 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined psychosocial correlates of condom use and multiple partner sex for a sample of sexually-active heterosexual adolescent women and found that condom use was associated with perceived enjoyment of condoms and communication skills.
Abstract: The development of AIDS interventions for adolescents is hindered by the lack of data on the conditions that influence high‐risk sexual behavior. We examined psychosocial correlates of condom use and multiple partner sex for a sample of sexually‐active heterosexual adolescent women. Respondents reported higher levels of vaginal intercourse than the “average” adolescent. A minority were engaging in anal intercourse. Condom use was associated with perceived enjoyment of condoms and communication skills. Number of sexual partners was associated with susceptibility beliefs, social norms, and sexual communication skills. The findings support the general observation that AIDS interventions with adolescents should build sexual communication skills, address motivational issues, and teach people how to enjoy safe‐sex activities.
231 citations
TL;DR: The findings provide modest support for the role individual coping efforts play in shaping illness-related outcomes and knowledge about coping strategies that moderate its psychological impact may provide a useful basis for designing psychological interventions to promote adjustment.
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have been identified as a medical population at risk for psychological disorder, largely because of the pain and functional disability that are the hallmarks of the disease. This study examined the degree to which self-reported functional disability and coping efforts contribute to psychological adjustment among adult RA patients over a 6-month period. Adaptive outcomes included maintaining a sense of worth, mastery, and positive affect despite the illness. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that increases in disability were related to decreased acceptance of illness and increased negative affect. Coping efforts were related to increases in positive affect. The findings provide modest support for the role individual coping efforts play in shaping illness-related outcomes. Although disability is not easily reversed, knowledge about coping strategies that moderate its psychological impact may provide a useful basis for designing psychological interventions to promote adjustment.
183 citations
TL;DR: In sessions providing skills training, condom use increased, on average, by 44% between pre-test and second follow-up compared with only 11% on average in sessions which did not provide such training, which increased condom use for insertive anal intercourse.
Abstract: This study evaluates 2 AIDS risk-reduction interventions targeted at homosexual and bisexual men. Participants were randomized into 2 peer- led interventions: both involved a lecture on "safer sex" and 1 provided a skills-training component during which men could discuss and rehearse the negotiation of safer sexual encounters. Follow-up data collection assessed self-reported changes in sexual behavior at 6 and 12 months. Skills training increased condom use for insertive anal intercourse. In sessions providing skills training condom use increased on the average by 445 between pretest and 2nd follow-up compared with only 11% on the average in sessions which did not provide such training. (authors)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an empirical case study where a new CEO succeeds at strategic change, using an intervention approach called "comprehensive/collaborative" and a set of testable propositions are inferred to explain the unfolding dynamics within this intervention approach.
Abstract: Growing evidence in the executive succession literature and the business press makes clear that new CEOs often attempt to introduce strategic change upon entering their jobs. Yet strategy researchers have generally neglected to document the internal dynamics of these interventions, and many scholars remain pessimistic about the likelihood of success. This paper presents an empirical case study where a new CEO succeeds at strategic change, using an intervention approach we call ‘comprehensive/collaborative’. A set of testable propositions is inferred to explain the unfolding dynamics within this intervention approach, followed by an overall theoretical framework based on a series of phases and underlying themes involving the interplay between the CEO'S actions, rational synoptic planning, and emergent political behavior. Future research needs to expand upon this beginning framework to test our propositions and evaluate other intervention approaches.
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analysis examined the effects from 126 studies that employed organizational development (OD) interventions to modify satisfaction and/or other attitudes, finding that OD interventions were more effective in modifying satisfaction and attitudes than were OD interventions that used a single human-processes or technostructural technique.
Abstract: This meta-analysis examined the effects from 126 studies that employed organizational development (OD) interventions to modify satisfaction and/or other attitudes. Raju and Burkes's (1983) Taylor series approximation 1 (TSA 1) validity generalization procedure was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Multi-faceted interventions have been more effective in modifying satisfaction and attitudes than were OD interventions that used a single human-processes or technostructural technique. For specific interventions, team building and lab training were the most effective means of changing satisfaction and other attitudes. Also, OD seems to affect attitudes more than satisfaction. Caution is encouraged in generalizing these findings, given (1) the non-random selection of techniques, (2) the frequent moderating effects of both the participant's organizational level and the methodological rigor of the studies, and (3) this study's frequent failure to account for a substantial amount of the variability of the effect sizes.
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the literature on intervention with men who batter and concluded that the current state of knowledge about intervention is inadequate and in need of theories, interventions, and evaluations based on multilevel explanations of battering.
Abstract: This article reviews the published research on intervention with men who batter. It analyzes the literature at five levels of intervention: individual, couple, men's group, institution, and culture. Intervention at each of these levels is then examined in terms of theoretical orientations, intervention techniques, and outcomes. We conclude that the current state of knowledge about intervention is inadequate and in need of theories, interventions, and evaluations based on multilevel explanations of battering.
TL;DR: It is suggested that underutilization of mental health services by Chinese Americans is not due to unwillingness to admit to symptoms nor to use of alternative cultural sources of help; rather, lack of knowledge of existing services seems to be a major contributor to low use rates.
Abstract: This interview sample survey of adult residents of San Francisco's Chinatown was conducted in an effort to understand the phenomenon of underutilization of mental health services by Chinese Americans and the reasons underlying this phenomenon. Findings revealed that the use rate of mental health services was extremely low, with only 5% of respondents having sought mental health services, suggesting that this ethnic community has not yet seen the gains promised by the community mental health movement. At the same time, reported psychological disorders in the community were quite prevalent; a sizable number of respondents admitted to symptoms of emotional tension, depression, loneliness, and psychological-physiological symptoms. Thus, need is high, but demand is small. Findings suggested that underutilization is not due to unwillingness to admit to symptoms nor to use of alternative cultural sources of help; rather, lack of knowledge of existing services seems to be a major contributor to low use rates. Other contributing factors include the belief among some respondents that mental disorders cannot be prevented, lack of awareness of how psychological problems can be treated, and a low priority attached to seeking professional help for depression. Compared to other low-income Americans, Chinatown residents demonstrated more determination than resignation in handling personal problems. Moreover, approaches to handling problems were varied and often multiple in nature. The survey confirmed some existing notions about mental health among Asian Americans, while disconfirming other assumptions.
TL;DR: The authors review approaches to psychological intervention, including short-term psychotherapy, very brief interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, and career/vocational counseling, and discuss special considerations for conducting therapy with athletes.
Abstract: This article reviews the literature dealing with problems brought by student-athletes to college counseling and mental health centers. Among the issues discussed are fear of success; identity conflict; social isolation; poor athletic performance; academic problems; and career or vocational concerns. In addition, the authors examine the paradox that although athletes experience as much or more psychological distress as nonathletes, research indicates that athletes use professional services less often than nonathletes. Finally, the authors review approaches to psychological intervention, including short-term psychotherapy, very brief interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, and career/vocational counseling, and discuss special considerations for conducting therapy with athletes.
TL;DR: It is argued that stress management and coping studies in the health care setting have not been sufficiently theoretically grounded and researchers have not adequately taken into account the nature of the stressor in terms of the degree to which it poses emotion-focused versus problem-focused coping demands for the individual.
Abstract: I argue that stress management and coping studies in the health care setting have not been sufficiently theoretically grounded. In particular, in formulating and evaluating intervention strategies, researchers have not adequately taken into account the nature of the stressor under study in terms of the degree to which it poses emotion-focused versus problem-focused coping demands for the individual. This theme is explored in examination of research in five essential areas: (a) effectiveness of problem- versus emotion-focused coping strategies, (b) effectiveness of interventions, (c) the role of individual difference variables, (d) timing of interventions, and (e) evaluation of treatment impact.
TL;DR: It is found that exposure to prevention messages was associated with safety behaviors for burns and poisonings, and a distinct reduction in motor vehicle occupant injuries among children ages 0-5 years in the intervention compared with control communities.
Abstract: We evaluated the effectiveness of a community-based injury prevention program designed to reduce the incidence of burns, falls in the home, motor vehicle occupant injuries, and poisonings and suffocations among children ages 0-5 years. Between September 1980 and June 1982, we implemented five injury prevention projects concurrently in nine Massachusetts cities and town; five sites, matched on selected demographic characteristics, were control communities. An estimated 42 percent of households with children ages 0-5 years were exposed to one or more of the interventions over the two-year period in the nine communities. Participation in safety programs increased three-fold in the intervention communities and two-fold in the control communities. Safety knowledge and practices increased in both intervention and control communities. Households that reported participatory exposure to the interventions had higher safety knowledge and behavior scores than those that received other community exposure or no exposure to intervention activities. We found a distinct reduction in motor vehicle occupant injuries among children ages 0-5 years in the intervention compared with control communities, associated with participatory exposure of about 55 percent of households with children ages 0-5 years. We have no evidence that the coordinated intervention programs reduced the other target injuries--although exposure to prevention messages was associated with safety behaviors for burns and poisonings.
TL;DR: The intervention models had a statistically significant positive impact on arthritis knowledge, self-care behavior, perceived helplessness, and pain and these findings did not vary when the effects of education level, disease diagnosis and duration, informal social support, and treatment choice were controlled.
Abstract: We examined the effectiveness of 2 models of arthritis self-care intervention, the home study model and the small group model. The effects of disease diagnosis and duration, self-care behavior, perceived helplessness, social support, treatment choice, and formal education level on outcomes among persons with arthritis who participated in these programs were evaluated. A pretest-posttest control group design was utilized in the initial experimental study; comparison group designs were used in the longitudinal studies. Three hundred seventy-four subjects completed the interventions and 12 months of research followup. We found that the intervention models had a statistically significant positive impact on arthritis knowledge, self-care behavior, perceived helplessness, and pain. These findings did not vary when the effects of education level, disease diagnosis and duration, informal social support, and treatment choice were controlled. The small group intervention was more effective in bringing about initial improvements in pain and depression, whereas the home study intervention was more effective in maintaining improvements in perceived helplessness. Changes in perceived helplessness and self-care behavior appear to explain in part the observed improvement in pain.
TL;DR: Questions about the generalizability of findings from research-oriented therapy are raised and the control and precision of research therapy may be needed in clinical practice are suggested.
Abstract: Recent meta-analyses suggest that psychotherapy is quite effective with children and adolescents. However, most research in those analyses involved controlled laboratory interventions that may not represent typical therapy in clinics. We studied more representative treatment as it routinely occurs, in 9 clinics. We compared 93 youngsters who completed a course of therapy with 60 who dropped out after intake. At intake, the groups did not differ on demographic, family, or clinical measures, including Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores. Six months later (when therapy had ended for 98% of the treated children) and again 1 year later, the 2 groups were compared on CBCL scores, parent ratings of each child's major referral problem, and (for a subsample) teacher reports. No comparison showed significant main effects of therapy. The findings (a) raise questions about the generalizability of findings from research-oriented therapy and (b) suggest that the control and precision of research therapy may be needed in clinical practice. How effective is psychotherapy with children and adolescents? Two recent meta-analyses offer quite positive assessments. Casey and Herman (1985) analyzed outcome studies involving children 12 years of age or younger, and Weisz, Weiss, Alicke, and Klotz (1987) analyzed studies with children and adolescents aged 4-18 years. In both analyses, the average treated youngster functioned better after treatment than three fourths of the untreated controls. These positive findings are subject to a potentially important limitation, however: Most of the studies reviewed may have involved conditions and interventions unrepresentative of usual clinical practice. For example, in the large majority of studies in Weisz, Weiss, Alicke, & Klotz (1987), (a) youngsters were recruited for treatment rather than being clinic-referred; (b) samples were selected for homogeneity, with all youngsters displaying a similar problem (e.g., a specific phobia); (c) therapy was focused primarily or exclusively on the focal problem or problems; (d) therapists were specially selected and were trained immediately prior to therapy in the specific techniques they would use; and (e) therapy involved nearly exclusive reliance on those techniques.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of the theoretical constructs and empirical studies regarding the use of the parallel process in supervision is provided by an introduction to parallel process interventions and recommendations for the facilitative application of the Parallel Process in the supervision and training of professional psychologists, as well as case examples.
Abstract: An introduction to parallel process interventions is provided by a comprehensive review of the theoretical constructs and empirical studies regarding the use of the parallel process in supervision. Although more direct investigations of the parallel process are needed, we conclude that parallel process interventions within the supervisory relationship can be extremely potent and impactful. Recommendations for the facilitative application of the parallel process in the supervision and training of professional psychologists, as well as case examples, are provided.
Book•
31 Oct 1989
Abstract: PART I: THE FRAMEWORK. 1. THE PEOPLE AND THE FIELD. Stereotypes and the New Senior Citizen. A Demographic Perspective on the People. An Age Revolution. A Revolution in Social Roles. Women and Later Life. Minorities and Later Life. A Historical Perspective On The Field. The Perspective and Plan of this Book. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. 2. THEORIES AND RESEARCH METHODS. Age-Irrelevant Theories. A Behavioral Perspective on Aging. A Psychoanalytical Perspective on Aging. A Behavioral Genetic Perspective on Aging. Age-Change Theories. Tasks linked to Age: Erik Erikson"s Psychosocial Crises. A Single Shift in Midlife: Carl Jung"s Passage toward Maturity. Adapting to Development and Decline: Paul Baltes"s Selective Optimization with Compensation. Synthesizing the Perspectives: The Contextualist. Life-Span Developmental Approach. Research Methods. Cross-sectional Studies. Longitudinal Studies. Sequential Studies. Evaluating Any Research. Getting Much Bigger and on Occasion Much Smaller: A Final Note on Current Research Trends. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. PART II: THE PHYSICAL DIMENSION. 3. NORMAL AGING AND DISEASE PREVENTION. An Overview of the Aging Process. Biological Theories of Aging. Random Damage Theories of Aging. Programmed Aging Theories. Extending the Maximum Life Span. Normal Aging. Two Basic Principles of Normal Aging. Impact of Normal Aging on Daily Life. The Externals: Hair and Skin. The Cardiovascular System. The Nervous System. Lifestyle, Aging and Disease. Health Practices, Social Relationships and Longevity. Emotional Stress and Illness. Interventions. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. 4. SENSORY AND MOTOR FUNCTIONING. Vision. The Problem. The Visual System and Age-Related Decline. Interventions. Hearing. The Problem. The Auditory System and Age-Related Decline. Interventions. Taste and Smell. The Problem. Interventions. Motor Performance. The Pace of Responding. The Act of Taking Action. Specifics. A General Strategy for Enhancing Sensory-Motor Functioning in Old Age. Designing Housing for the Elderly. Modifying Public Spaces. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. 5. DISEASE, DISABILITY, AND HEALTH CARE. Chronic Disease versus Disability. Is Disability the Price of a Ripe Old Age? The Disability Pathway. Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Disability. Medical Care for Disease and Disability. Dealing with Disability. Community Options for the Disabled. Nursing Home Care. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. PART III: THE COGNITIVE DIMENSION. 6. INTELLIGENCE. Intelligence as Measured by Traditional Tests. Interpreting the Findings: A Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence. Unraveling the Truth about Change: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. Speed, Health, Mental Activity, Stability, and Decline. New Conceptions and Tests of Adult Intelligence. Robert Sternberg"s Tests of Practical Intelligence. Nancy Denney"s Non-Exercised and Exercised Abilities. A Neo-Piagetian Perspective on Adult Intelligence. Concluding Questions and Criticisms. Specifics: Intelligence in Action. Wisdom. Creative Achievements. Interventions. Improving Performance on I.Q. Tests. Enhancing Wisdom. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. 7. MEMORY AND DEMENTIA. Memory. The Tests and the Findings. An Information-Processing Perspective on Memory. A Memory Systems Perspective on Memory. Measuring Everyday Memory. Memory for the Future and Memory of the Past. Interventions. Dementia. The Demography of Dementia. Vascular Dementia. Alzheimer"s Disease. Interventions. Key Terms. Recommended. PART IV: THE EMOTIONAL DIMENSION. 8. PERSONALITY. Setting the Stage. Personal Conceptions about Change. Problems of Measuring Change. The Great Consistency. Change Debate. Phase 1: Focus on Change: The Kansas City Studies of Adult Life. Phase 2: Focus on Stability: Costa and McCrae"s Big Five Traits. Phase 3: Focus on Change: Exploring Life-Stories, Goals, Priorities, and Hopes. Do We Grow More Mature with Age? Old Age: Season of Stress or Period of Peace? Interventions. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. 9. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. The Problems. Scope and Age Patterns. Specific Disorders. Alcoholism. Phobias. Depression. Biological Approaches to Mental Health. Older Adults and the Mental Health System. Interventions. The Diagnostic Evaluation. Chemotherapy. Psychotherapy. Too Little Mental Health Care in Long Term Care. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. PART V: THE SOCIAL DIMENSION. 10. THE OLDER FAMILY. Older Married Couples. The Positive Reality: Increasing Harmony. The Negative Possibility: Decreasing Passion. Sexuality in Later Life. The Social Framework. Age Changes in Sexual Responsiveness. Age Changes in Sexual Interest and Activity. Factors Affecting Sexuality in Middle and Later Life. Interventions. Parents and Children as Adults. Quantity versus Quality. Caring for an Ill Parent. Interventions. Grandparenthood. Varied and Flexible Grandparent Roles. Grandparent Barriers. Interventions. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. 11. LIFE TRANSITIONS: RETIREMENT AND WIDOWHOOD. Retirement. Setting the Context. The Drive to Retire. The Consequences: Life as a Retiree. Interventions. Old and Rich or Old and Poor? Widowhood. Setting the Context. Mourning. Life as a Widowed Person. Interventions. Old and Living Alone. Key Terms. Recommended Readings. PART VI: CONCLUSIONS. 12. DEATH AND DYING. Death Anxiety. Predicting Death Anxiety. Life-Threatening Illness. Religious Faith. Dying. The Person. Health Care Providers. Interventions (and Ongoing Issues). Hospice Care. Humanizing Hospital Care. Controlling the Timing of Death. Age-Based Rationing of Care. KEY TERMS. RECOMMENDED READINGS. EPILOGUE. REFERENCES. INDICES. CREDITS.
TL;DR: Overall, only patients who participated in intervention 1 showed a significant increase in anxiety during imaging, and psychologic preparation that includes relaxation strategies is more effective than providing information alone.
Abstract: The authors compared the effectiveness of three anxiety-reducing interventions for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Each of 50 subjects was randomly assigned to one of the interventions. Intervention 1 involved provision of information about the imager and nature of the examination. Intervention 2 included information and counseling. Intervention 3 included information and a 12-minute relaxation exercise. Anxiety levels were measured by means of a 20-item questionnaire before and after imaging. The latter provided a retrospective report of anxiety experienced during imaging. Patients in intervention group 3 showed significantly less increase in anxiety compared with those in groups 1 and 2. Overall, only patients who participated in intervention 1 showed a significant increase in anxiety during imaging. When anxiety levels experienced before and during the examination were compared, with the focus on each questionnaire item for each group, those in group 1 showed a significant increase in a...
TL;DR: It is less clear that deinstitutionalization is still the best way to characterize current mental health long-term care, or the best policy for the future, but some reasons why this is so are explored.
Abstract: Deinstitutionalization is perhaps the most widely recognized term in mental health policy. It has dominated our thinking about policy, especially about mental health long-term care policy, for nearly 30 years. But it is less clear that it is still the best way to characterize current mental health long-term care, or the best policy for the future. In this article, we explore some reasons why this is so, and we present a new picture of current mental health long-term care policy.
TL;DR: The intervention had a significant effect only on the happiness/depression measure, with both intervention groups showing positive changes compared to the control group.
Abstract: In this randomized study, we compared the psychological well-being of elderly nursing home residents who participated in reminiscence and current topics group discussions with a control group of residents. We rated participants happiness/depression, activity, mood, and functional levels before and after the group interventions. The intervention had a significant effect only on the happiness/depression measure, with both intervention groups showing positive changes compared to the control group.
TL;DR: The community as a setting for psychological intervention faces ethical challenges: the authors work for the well-being of groups too broad to give informed consent to their interventions; they act in collaboration with others, but collaborative action does not free us from professional obligation.
Abstract: Each ethical decision is a blend of general principles and contextual features. Many require compromises between competing values, must be made in the absence of perfect information, and require the courage to confront mistakes.
TL;DR: This parent-taught intervention had significantly greater impact on parent than did the school-only curriculum in the following areas: knowledge about diet and heart disease; attitudes of efficacy, intention, outcome expectation and modeling; and parent-child communication and child involvement in food or nutrition-related issues in the home.
TL;DR: It is argued that brief interventions should not be justified only in terms of early intervention; there is at present insufficient evidence to warrant the abandonment of conventional outpatient treatment for clinic attenders; and that the relative contribution of motivational and active behaviour-change components of brief interventions is an important area for research.
Abstract: In this article, a discussion of the definition and description of brief interventions is followed by broad reviews of their effectiveness in the cigarette smoking and alcohol fields. It is then argued that brief interventions should not be justified only in terms of early intervention; that there is at present insufficient evidence to warrant the abandonment of conventional outpatient treatment for clinic attenders; and that the relative contribution of motivational and active behaviour-change components of brief interventions is an important area for research.
TL;DR: There is enormous contemporary interest in strategy instruction and in conducting research on this topic, with many researchers attempting to develop strategy interventions for use with both normal and special situations as discussed by the authors...
Abstract: There is enormous contemporary interest in strategy instruction and in conducting research on this topic, with many researchers attempting to develop strategy interventions for use with both normal...