Showing papers on "Psychotropic drug published in 1980"
TL;DR: The results confirm the value of a combined therapeutic approach to the relief of the irritable bowel syndrome and suggest the possibility of synergism between agents.
Abstract: A previous therapeutic trial of factorial design showed that a combination of a psychotropic drug, a smooth-muscle relaxant, and a bulk former (lorazepam, hyoscine hydrobromide, and ispaghula husk) relieved symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome more effectively than the same agents given singly Another trial of similar design was undertaken to compare each of these three agents with another having the equivalent clinical actions--namely, Motival (fluphenazine/nortriptylene mixture), mebeverine, and bran Ninety-six patients took part; all received three agents, one from each of the three pairs being compared, and no placebos were used Fifty-six patients reported a sustained symptomatic improvement, which was a significantly higher incidence than in the previous trial, when placebos were used Ispaghula was significantly more effective than bran The combination of ispaghula, Motival, and mebeverine improved 11 out of 12 patients--significantly more than bran, Motival, and hyoscine (five improved), or bran, lorazepam, and mebeverine (four improved) Mebeverine was significantly more effective when combined with Motival (18 out of 24 improved) than with lorazepam (10 improved) These results confirm the value of a combined therapeutic approach to the relief of the irritable bowel syndrome and suggest the possibility of synergism between agents
93 citations
TL;DR: 5. Barker PA, Ashcroft GW, Binns JK: Imipramine in chronic depression.
Abstract: 6 Hollister LE: Clinical Pharmacology of Psychotherapeutic Drugs New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1978 7 Shader RI, DiMascio A: Psychotropic Drug Side Effects Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co 1970 8 Biros D, Schiele BC, Ferguson D: A comparison of Melitracen and imipramine, in Treatment of Depressed Patients, Current Therapeutic Research, vol 2 New York, Therapeutic Research Press, 1969, pp 289-295 9 Barker PA, Ashcroft GW, Binns JK: Imipramine in chronic depression J Ment Sci 106:1447-1451, 1960
64 citations
TL;DR: The investigation of consultees' responses to consultants' recommendations is extended and anticipates the development of specific consultation strategies derived from quantitative outcome studies.
Abstract: • In an attempt to identify variables critical to consultees' concordance with the recommendations of psychiatric consultants for the use of psychotropic medications in a general hospital, the medical records from 394 psychiatric consultations were reviewed. Using quantitative concordance criteria, consultee response was examined as a function of 29 variables. These characterized the patient, the consultee, the consultant, and the consultation. Seven variables were found to be significantly related to concordance. Among these were the patient's history of exposure to psychotropic medications, the presence of multiple recommendations, specification of starting dosage, the category of psychotropic drug recommendation, and the timing of the consultation. The latter two variables emerged as most noteworthy. This work extends the investigation of consultees' responses to consultants' recommendations and anticipates the development of specific consultation strategies derived from quantitative outcome studies.
30 citations
TL;DR: Antidepressants, which pose a risk to the elderly patient, were overprescribed and underdosed.
Abstract: A survey was made of drug prescriptions written for all medical/surgical patients in a general hospital on a single weekday in 1978. Of these 348 patients, 195 were over the age of 60. In this elderly group, 62 (32 percent) were receiving psychoactive drugs. Flurazepam was the drug most commonly prescribed (in 63 percent of the patients). Diazepam was the most frequently prescribed nonhypnotic psychoactive drug (in 29 percent). Neuroleptic drugs and phenothiazine anti-emetics (in 52 percent) were not prescribed for psychosis but for augmenting analgesia and sedation and for reducing nausea. The average daily doses were about 20 percent of those used to treat psychotic young adults. All antidepressants (in 9.7 percent) had been prescribed before admission. No monoamine oxidase inhibitors were used, and doses of tricyclic antidepressants were half to one-third lower than those used to treat younger depressed adults. Antidepressants, which pose a risk to the elderly patient, were overprescribed and underdosed.
25 citations
TL;DR: Trazodone is a new psychotropic drug which has a marked norepinephrine receptor blocking power and was fully effective in the treatment of man's withdrawal syndrome and inhibits serotonin reuptake.
Abstract: Central monoaminergic pathways dysfunction has been shown in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome of experimental animals: noradrenergic hyperfunction and serotonin transmission impairment is suggested by many studies. Trazodone is a new psychotropic drug which has a marked norepinephrine receptor blocking power; moreover, it inhibits serotonin reuptake and was fully effective in the treatment of man's withdrawal syndrome (17 alcoholic inpatients). The good therapeutical results make it conceivable that monoaminergic pathways dysfunction has an important pathophysiological role in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome of man also.
24 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate a binding site heterogeneity consistent with the labelling of both 5-HT and dopamine (DA) receptors by [ 3 H]-spiperone both in vitro and in vivo.
21 citations
TL;DR: It is admitted with disappointment that no consistent spectra of such actions have been described which provide convincing bases for hypothetical central mechanisms of action, but studies of the peripheral autonomic actions of drugs of any therapeutic class are an important part of their early screening because they may be predictive of important adverse effects and drug interactions that may be encountered during their long-term therapeutic use.
Abstract: The major classes of centrally-acting drugs in psychotherapeutic use have marked peripheral autonomic actions in man, which may appear at therapeutic doses and not be related only to overdosage. Studies on the central nervous pharmacological effects of these drugs in man are severely limited methodologically, and it has been tempting, therefore, to extrapolate from their peripheral autonomic effects to possible central actions. It has to be admitted with disappointment, however, that no consistent spectra of such actions have been described which provide convincing bases for hypothetical central mechanisms of action. Nevertheless, studies of the peripheral autonomic actions of drugs of any therapeutic class are an important part of their early screening because they may be predictive of important adverse effects and drug interactions that may be encountered during their long-term therapeutic use.
16 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the frequencies of inappropriate behaviors were lowest during the response cost conditions, and the drug, drug plus response cost, and placebo conditions resulted in similar frequencies of inappropriately behaviors.
15 citations
TL;DR: Recommendations are made: re-evaluation of the efficacy of registered drugs should be carried out, and new registration criteria, an active registration policy, and different resource allocation could be considered.
9 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Electroencephalography (EEG), the major method of clinical neurophysiology has widely been used in psychopharmacology, has led to the discovery of “drug-specific” neurophysiological profiles which reflect the changes of brain bioelectric activity induced by a CNS-active drug.
Abstract: Electroencephalography (EEG), the major method of clinical neurophysiology has widely been used in psychopharmacology. It has led to the discovery of “drug-specific” neurophysiological profiles which reflect the changes of brain bioelectric activity induced by a CNS-active drug. Every substance which has a significant effect on human brain function also produces systematic and significant effects on EEG. The changes seen after administration of a CNS-active substance are invariably different from placebo-induced changes; and, what is more important, these are replicable. They follow the same general pattern after repeated administration in the same or even in different populations. Of course, there are intra- and interindividual differences in the neurophysiological response to a certain CNS-active substance, depending obviously on several factors, with the more prominent being the intra- and interindividual “biologic variability.” The group response of several individuals to a therapeutically effective psychotropic drug, however, invariably shows a similar profile on repeated trials (Itil, 1974).
9 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Operant techniques offer one of the best possible controls of behavior and can uniquely provide very stable and reproducible baselines for drug studies, and this explains the broad use of these techniques in drug testing.
Abstract: Operant techniques offer one of the best possible controls of behavior. Depending on the pattern of reinforcement the animals produce characteristic patterns of responding (Ferster and Skinner, 1957). As these patterns have been found highly reproducible in different species (even in man), schedule controlled behavior is a phenomenon of great generality; and it is on these patterns that the critical behavioral effects of drugs depend upon (Kelleher and Morse, 1968, 1969). That is why especially operant procedures can uniquely provide very stable and reproducible baselines for drug studies, and it also explains the broad use of these techniques in drug testing, even if they require a lot of time and effort (Cook and Sepinwall, 1976a; Dews, 1978). The specifity of behavioral changes and the sensitivity to drugs is a further advantage of operant procedures (Cook and Kelleher, 1963), as is the possibility of testing drug effects on the behavior of an intact living system (Cook and Sepinwall, 1976b).
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Clinicians generally delineate a specific pharmacological action of a drug as its main therapeutic effect and regard other actions as side effects, which may be as precise in psychiatry as in internal medicine.
Abstract: Psychotropic drugs are prescribed for the express purpose of altering one or more components of the patient’s mood, cognition, or gross behavior, which have become disturbed. Clinicians generally delineate a specific pharmacological action of a drug as its main therapeutic effect and regard other actions as side effects. While this determination may not always be as precise in psychiatry as in internal medicine, given the complexities of human behavior and of the target symptoms, one can usually designate specific drug actions as clinically beneficial and useful.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The observation provides an important example of how an adverse neuroleptic drug response can be predicted by base-line biochemical measures which are closer to the basic pathophysiology of the condition and the site of psychotropic drug action.
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: The actions of psychotropic drugs on behavior and accompanying psychophysiological variables vary considerably with various parameters.
Abstract: The actions of psychotropic drugs on behavior and accompanying psychophysiological variables vary considerably with various parameters. The most basic parameters are dose level of the drug, administration schedule (single or chronic administration), situational variables (situation in which the drug is given), and patient or subject parameters (personality, initial level of arousal).
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: The consideration of dependence by women on drugs poses two contrasting problems: the need to seek what is common in a field where differences are striking, but in regard to their use by females, the author seeks to define differences from the male in a fields where uniformity is increasing.
Abstract: The consideration of dependence by women on drugs poses two contrasting problems. In regard to the drugs, we need to seek what is common in a field where differences are striking, but in regard to their use by females, we seek to define differences from the male in a field where uniformity is increasing.
TL;DR: The following is a report of the CT findings in three patients who had frontal lobotomies and the correlation of these findings will be compared with the pathological findings in a fourth patient who came to postmortem examination.
TL;DR: Simultaneous acute administration of ethanol with psychotropic drugs such as chlordiazepoxide (librium), diazepam (valium), chlorpromazine (thorazine) or meprobamate (equanil) to pregnant or non-pregnant rats led to a decrease in the blood alcohol clearance rates.
Abstract: Simultaneous intake of ethanol with chlorpromazine (thorazine), an antipsychotic drug, leads to about 60% decrease in the chlorpromazine removal from the rat blood. Studies with liver homogenates showed that ethanol inhibits the metabolism of this drug by about 50%. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on the metabolism of chlorpromazine can be largely abolished by pyrazole (2 mM) preincubation. Prolonged maternal ethanol consumption during pregnancy and lactation leads to a decrease in chlorpromazine metabolism in the fetal (30%), neonatal (46%) and maternal livers. Prolonged maternal ethanol intake also leads to an increase in the (UDPG)/(UDPGA) ratio in the suckling neonatal liver and the maternal liver. Simultaneous acute administration of ethanol (2g/kg) with psychotropic drugs such as chlordiazepoxide (librium), diazepam (valium), chlorpromazine (thorazine) or meprobamate (equanil) to pregnant or non-pregnant rats led to a decrease in the blood alcohol clearance rates. In another group of nonpsychotropic drugs tested, tolbutamide (orinase) produced the most pronounced (47%) decrease in blood alcohol clearance rates. This decrease was found to be accompanied by the inhibition of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In my 1971 survey of psychotropic drugs I suggested that the variety of psychotrop drugs and the use of barbiturates and minor tranquillizers ought to be reduced and five years later these objectives had been achieved.
Abstract: In my 1971 survey of psychotropic drugs I suggested that the variety of psychotropic drugs and the use of barbiturates and minor tranquillizers ought to be reduced. Five years later these objectives had been achieved.
A comparison is made with the national prescription rate in the main categories of psychotropic drugs. The prescription rate of antidepressants was appreciably higher but that of hypnotics and tranquillizers was considerably lower. The net ingredient cost of the drugs prescribed was 33 per cent of the rate for England.
Hospital referrals, suicides, and overdoses are related to the national figures.
TL;DR: An automatic acquisition and processing system for the identification of the sleep cycle states in the freely moving cat, which uses as the only input the electrocorticogram, is described.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The records of 201 patients in a family medicine training clinic were examined for frequency of prescription of psychotropic drugs, and it was found that only 11.5 percent of patients received a psychotropic drug, lower than expected.
Abstract: The records of 201 patients in a family medicine training clinic were examined for frequency of prescription of psychotropic drugs. It was found that 11.5 percent (23/201 patients) had received a psychotropic drug over an average clinic visit time of 2 1/2 years. Patients were primarily female (2:1), with the socioeconomic status skewed towards the lower end, and with patient age ranging from 18 to 87 years. It was found that most psychotropic drugs were prescribed for short periods of time, with the prescriptions ranging from 1 month to 4 1/2 years. That only 11.5 percent of patients received a psychotropic drug was lower than expected. The clinic's conceptualization of the role of psychotropic drugs, the different approach utilized in data collection, or characteristics of the "training" setting, may account for these phenomena.
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: The most important psychophysiological changes observed in anxious patients and the effects of benzodiazepines on these parameters are reviewed.
Abstract: The characteristic psychophysiological effects of benzodiazepines are few but important. At therapeutic doses, most of their actions are centrally mediated. Before I review the most important psychophysiological changes observed in anxious patients and the effects of benzodiazepines on these parameters, I would like to spend a few moments on some of the basics of psychophysiology.
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: ‘one of the most significant factors which have promoted recent progress, has been the continuing dialogue conducted between laboratory-based research workers, probing into the ways psychotropic drugs interact with neurotransmitter systems in the brain, and clinical psychiatrists evaluating in patients the way these same drugs alter the symptoms and signs of mental illness’.
Abstract: Several factors have given impetus to the great advances that we have witnessed in the field of psychopharmacology. As Silverstone wrote, ‘one of the most significant factors which have promoted recent progress, has been the continuing dialogue conducted between laboratory-based research workers, probing into the ways psychotropic drugs interact with neurotransmitter systems in the brain, and clinical psychiatrists evaluating in patients the way these same drugs alter the symptoms and signs of mental illness’17.
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: Behaviour problems present as the commonest secondary handicap causing difficulty in providing education, training and care in people with mental retardation in a community.
Abstract: When the whole population of people with mental retardation in a community is looked at, rather than selected groups receiving particular services, behaviour problems present as the commonest secondary handicap causing difficulty in providing education, training and care Parents with children at home will see problems different from those seen by staff working in schools, training centres and residential homes or hospitals, and it is not surprising that attitudes to, and experience of, medical treatment vary widely and often give rise to controversy