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Psychotropic drug

About: Psychotropic drug is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2309 publications have been published within this topic receiving 54070 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Efficacy and safety issues in the pharmacological treatment of SCZ are directly linked to genetic clusters involved in the Pharmacogenomics of antipsychotic drugs and also to environmental factors.
Abstract: Antipsychotic drugs are the neuroleptics currently used in the treatment of schizophrenia (SCZ) and psychotic disorders. SCZ has a heritability estimated at 70% - 90%; and pharmacogenomics accounts for 60% - 90% variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic drugs. Personalized therapeutics based on individual genomic profiles in SCZ entails the characterization of 5 types of gene clusters and their related metabolomic profiles: 1) genes associated with disease pathogenesis; 2) genes associated with the mechanism of action of drugs; 3) genes associated with drug metabolism (phase I and II reactions); 4) genes associated with drug transporters; and 5) pleiotropic genes involved in multifaceted cascades and metabolic reactions. Genetic studies in SCZ have revealed the presence of chromosome anomalies, copy number variants, multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms of susceptibility distributed across the human genome, aberrant single-nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNA genes, mitochondrial DNA mutations, and epigenetic phenomena. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variation in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately 18% of neuroleptics are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4. About 10% - 20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily. Only 26% of Southern Europeans are pure extensive metabolizers for the trigenic cluster integrated by the CYP2D6 + CYP2C19 + CYP2C9 genes. Efficacy and safety issues in the pharmacological treatment of SCZ are directly linked to genetic clusters involved in the pharmacogenomics of antipsychotic drugs and also to environmental factors. Consequently, the incorporation of pharmacogenomic procedures both to drugs under development and drugs on the market would help to optimize therapeutics in SCZ and other central nervous system disorders.

23 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This targeted review provides brief historical accounts of the main classes of psychoactive drugs and discusses several foundational total syntheses that ultimately provide the groundwork for producing these molecules in academic, industrial, and clandestine settings.
Abstract: Humankind has used and abused psychoactive drugs for millennia. Formally, a psychoactive drug is any agent that alters cognition and mood. The term “psychotropic drug” is neutral and describes the entire class of substrates, licit and illicit, of interest to governmental drug policy. While these drugs are prescribed for issues ranging from pain management to anxiety, they are also used recreationally. In fact, the current opioid epidemic is the deadliest drug crisis in American history. While the topic is highly politicized with racial, gender, and socioeconomic elements, there is no denying the toll drug mis- and overuse is taking on this country. Overdose, fueled by opioids, is the leading cause of death for Americans under 50 years of age, killing ca. 64,000 people in 2016. From a chemistry standpoint, the question is in what ways, if any, did organic chemists contribute to this problem? In this targeted review, we provide brief historical accounts of the main classes of psychoactive drugs and discuss ...

23 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The objective assessment of acute and chronic intoxication by the above reported compounds demonstrate that the development of analytical methods aiming at the detection of a broad spectrum of compounds in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices is helpful when facing the new challenging threat of intoxications caused by NPS.
Abstract: The acute and chronic toxicity of several new psychoactive substances (NPS) is unknown, and only little information is available on the pharmacology and toxicology, toxicokinetics, and detectability in body samples of such new compounds. We here propose analytical methods to disclose acute and chronic use of two types of new psychostimulants: benzofurans and ethylphenidate and we applied them to a real case of a subject attending Emergency Department with signs of acute intoxication due to psychotropic drug(s). After a urinary immunoassay screening which gave a positivity to amphetamines, general unknown gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) urine analysis identified 5-(2-methylaminopropyl)benzofuran (5-MAPB), 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB), 5-(2-ethylaminopropyl)benzofuran (5-EAPB), ethylphenidate, and ritalinic acid. All these substances were confirmed and quantified not only in urine but also in serum samples at different times after hospitalization by GC-MS and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Two subsequent 2-cm hair segments were also analyzed and tested positive for the above reported substances, evidencing repeated use. The matching quantitative results in all the analyzed biological matrices demonstrated that both analytical methodologies were suitable to correctly quantify NPS involved in the current intoxication. The objective assessment of acute and chronic intoxication by the above reported compounds demonstrate that the development of analytical methods aiming at the detection of a broad spectrum of compounds in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices is helpful when facing the new challenging threat of intoxications caused by NPS.

23 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: Responses to a national survey of state agencies regarding statutes, regulations, and operating procedures for initiating and monitoring psychotropic drug regimens showed that most states had more rules and regulations for persons in institutions than in community settings.
Abstract: Concerns involved with prescription of psychotropic medication to persons with developmental disabilities to ameliorate maladaptive behavior were described. Responses to a national survey of state agencies regarding statutes, regulations, and operating procedures for initiating and monitoring psychotropic drug regimens were examined. The survey showed that most states had more rules and regulations for persons in institutions than in community settings. It also showed that some states have initiated rules similar to court-ordered guidelines for assessing tardive dyskinesia, restricting the use of antiparkinson drugs and polypharmacy, and implementing periodic drug interruptions. Recommendations were made based on these findings. Language: en

23 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: Consultations for advice and psychotropic drug prescriptions were compared during one year, both before and after treatment, and were found to be reduced by over 50% following treatment.
Abstract: Thirty general practitioner consultations with patients with psychological problems referred to a clinical psychologist for behaviour therapy, were examined. Treatment was carried out wholly within the practice. Consultations for advice and psychotropic drug prescriptions were compared during one year, both before and after treatment, and were found to be reduced by over 50 per cent following treatment. Contact with clinical psychology services, therefore, considerably reduced the demand made by these patients for general practitioner time.

23 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202332
202268
202175
202058
201960
201876