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Pulmonary surfactant

About: Pulmonary surfactant is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 31931 publications have been published within this topic receiving 692067 citations.


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Book
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gibbs equation is used to calculate the area per Molecule at the interface by using the Gibbs Equation (GEE) of the Gibbs equilibrium. But the Gibbs equations are not applicable to surface-active agents.
Abstract: Preface. 1 Characteristic Features of Surfactants. A Conditions Under Which Interfacial Phenomena and Surfactants Become Significant. B General Structural Features and Behavior of Surfactants. 1 General Use of Charge Types. 2 General Effects of the Nature of the Hydrophobic Group. I Characteristic Features and Uses of Commercially Available Surfactants. I.A Anionics. 1 Carboxylic Acid Salts. 2 Sulfonic Acid Salts. 3 Sulfuric Acid Ester Salts. 4 Phosphoric and Polyphosphoric Acid Esters. 5 Fluorinated Anionics. I.B Cationics. 1 Long-Chain Amines and Their Salts. 2 Acylated Diamines and Polyamines and Their Salts. 3 Quaternary Ammonium Salts. 4 Polyoxyethylenated (POE) Long-Chain Amines. 5 Quaternized POE Long-Chain Amines. 6 Amine Oxides. I.C Nonionics. 1 POE Alkylphenols, Alkylphenol "Ethoxylates". 2 POE Straight-Chain Alcohols, Alcohol "Ethoxylates". 3 POE Polyoxypropylene glycols. 4 POE Mercaptans. 5 Long-Chain Carboxylic Acid Esters. 6 Alkanolamine "Condensates," Alkanolamides. 7 Tertiary Acetylenic Glycols and Their "Ethoxylates". 8 POE Silicones. 9 N-Alkylpyrrolidones. 10 Alkylpolyglycosides. I.D Zwitterionics. 1 pH-Sensitive Zwitterionics. 2 pH-Insensitive Zwitterionics. I.E Newer Surfactants Based Upon Renewable Raw Materials. 1 a-Sulfofatty Acid Methyl Esters (SME). 2 Acylated Aminoacids. 3 N-Acyl L-Glutamates (AG). 4 N-Acyl Glycinates. 5 N-Acyl DL-Alaninates. 6 Other Acylated Aminoacids. 7 Nopol Alkoxylates. II Environmental Effects of Surfactants. II.A Surfactant Biodegradability. II.B Surfactant Toxicity To and Bioconcentration in Marine Organisms. III Some Useful Generalizations. References. Problems. 2 Adsorption of Surface-Active Agents at Interfaces: The Electrical Double Layer. I The Electrical Double Layer. II Adsorption at the Solid-Liquid Interface. II.A Mechanisms of Adsorption and Aggregation. II.B Adsorption Isotherms. 1 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm. II.C Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Adsorbents with Strongly Charged Sites. 1 Ionic Surfactants. 2 Nonionic Surfactants. 3 pH Change. 4 Ionic Strength. 5 Temperature. II.D Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Adsorbents. II.E Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Polar Adsorbents without Strongly Charged Sites. II.F Effects of Adsorption from Aqueous Solution on the Surface Properties of the Solid Adsorbent. 1 Substrates with Strongly Charged Sites. 2 Nonpolar Adsorbents. II.G Adsorption from Nonaqueous Solution. II.H Determination of the Specific Surface Areas of Solids. III Adsorption at the Liquid-Gas (L/G) and Liquid-Liquid (L/L) Interfaces. III.A The Gibbs Adsorption Equation 60 III.B Calculation of Surface Concentrations and Area per Molecule at the Interface By Use of the Gibbs Equation. III.C Effectiveness of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces. III.D The Szyszkowski, Langmuir, and Frumkin Equations. III.E Efficiency of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces. III.F Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces. III.G Adsorption from Mixtures of Two Surfactants. References. Problems. 3 Micelle Formation by Surfactants. I The Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). II Micellar Structure and Shape. II.A The Packing Parameter. II.B Surfactant Structure and Micellar Shape. II.C Liquid Crystals. III Micellar Aggregation Numbers. IV Factors Affecting the Value of the CMC in Aqueous Media. IV.A Structure of the Surfactant. 1 The Hydrophobic Group. 2 The Hydrophobic Group. 3 The Counterion in Ionic Surfactants: Degree of Binding to the Micelle 139 4 Empirical Equations. IV.B Electrolyte. IV.C Organic Additives. 1 Class I Materials. 2 Class II Materials. IV.D The Presence of a Second Liquid Phase. IV.E Temperature. V Micellization in Aqueous Solution and Adsorption at the Aqueous Solution-Air or Aqueous Solution-Hydrocarbon Interface. V.A. The CMC/C20 ratio. VI CMCs in Nonaqueous Media. VII Equations for the CMC Based on Theoretical Considerations. VIII Thermodynamic Parameters of Micellization. IX Mixed Micelle Formation in Mixtures of Two Surfactants. References. Problems. 4 Solubilization by Solutions of Surfactants: Micellar Catalysis. I Solubilization in Aqueous Media. I.A Locus of Solubilization. I.B Factors Determining the Extent of Solubilization. 1 Structure of the Surfactant. 2 Structure of the Solubilizate. 3 Effect of Electrolyte. 4 Effect of Monomeric Organic Additives. 5 Effect of Polymeric Organic Additives. 6 Mixed Anionic-Nonionic Micelles. 7 Effect of Temperature. 8 Hydrotropy. I.C Rate of Solubilization. II Solubilization in Nonaqueous Solvents. II.A Secondary Solubilization. III Some Effects of Solubilization. III.A Effect of Solubilization on Micellar Structure. III.B Change in the Cloud Points of Aqueous Solutions of Nonionic Surfactants. III.C Reduction of the CMC. III.D Miscellaneous Effects of Solubilization. IV Micellar Catalysis. References. Problems. 5 Reduction of Surface and Interfacial Tension by Surfactants. I Efficiency in Surface Tension Reduction. II Effectiveness in Surface Tension Reduction. II.A The Krafft Point. II.B Interfacial Parameter and Chemical Structural Effects. III Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension Reduction. III.A Ultralow Interfacial Tension. IV Dynamic Surface Tension Reduction. IV.A Dynamic Regions. IV.B Apparent Diffusion Coefficients of Surfactants. References. Problems. 6 Wetting and Its Modification by Surfactants. I Wetting Equilibria. I.A Spreading Wetting. 1 The Contact Angle. 2 Measurement of the Contact Angle. I.B Adhesional Wetting. I.C Immersional Wetting. I.D Adsorption and Wetting. II Modification of Wetting by Surfactants. II.A General Considerations. II.B Hard Surface (Equilibrium) Wetting. II.C Textile (Nonequilibrium) Wetting. II.D Effect of Additives. III Synergy in Wetting by Mixtures of Surfactants. IV Superspreading (Superwetting). References. Problems. 7 Foaming and Antifoaming by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants. I Theories of Film Elasticity. II Factors Determining Foam Persistence. II.A Drainage of Liquid in the Lamellae. II.B Diffusion of Gas Through the Lamellae. II.C Surface Viscosity. II.D The Existence and Thickness of the Electrical Double Layer. III The Relation of Surfactant Chemical Structure to Foaming in Aqueous Solution. III.A Efficiency as a Foaming Agent. III.B Effectiveness as a Foaming Agent. III.C Low-Foaming Surfactants. IV Foam-Stabilizing Organic Additives. V Antifoaming. VI Foaming of Aqueous Dispersions of Finely Divided Solids. References. Problems. 8 Emulsification by Surfactants. I Macroemulsions. I.A Formation. I.B Factors Determining Stability. 1 Physical Nature of the Interfacial Film. 2 Existence of an Electrical or Steric Barrier to Coalescence on the Dispersed Droplets. 3 Viscosity of the Continuous Phase. 4 Size Distribution of Droplets. 5 Phase Volume Ratio. 6 Temperature. I.C Inversion. I.D Multiple Emulsions. I.E Theories of Emulsion Type. 1 Qualitative Theories. 2 Kinetic Theory of Macroemulsion Type. II Microemulsions. III Nanoemulsions. IV Selection of Surfactants as Emulsifying Agents. IV.A The HLB Method. IV.B The PIT Method. IV.C The HLD Method. V Demulsification. References. Problems. 9 Dispersion and Aggregation of Solids in Liquid Media by Surfactants. I Interparticle Forces. I.A Soft (electrostatic) and van der Waals Forces: DLVO Theory. 1 Limitations of the DLVO Theory. I.B Steric Forces. II Role of the Surfactant in the Dispersion Process. II.A Wetting of the Powder. II.B Deaggregation or Fragmentation of Particle Clusters. II.C Prevention of Reaggregation. III Coagulation or Flocculation of Dispersed Solids by Surfactants. III.A Neutralization or Reduction of the Potential at the Stern Layer of the Dispersed Particles. III.B Bridging. III.C Reversible Flocculation. IV The Relation of Surfactant Chemical Structure to Dispersing Properties. IV.A Aqueous Dispersions. IV.B Nonaqueous Dispersions. References. Problems. 10 Detergency and Its Modification by Surfactants. I Mechanisms of the Cleaning Process. I.A Removal of Soil from Substrate. 1 Removal of Liquid Soil. 2 Removal of Solid Soil. I.B Suspension of the Soil in the Bath and Prevention of Redeposition. 1 Solid Particulate Soils: Formation of Electrical and Steric Barriers Soil Release Agents. 2 Liquid Oily Soil. I.C Skin Irritation. I.D Dry Cleaning. II Effect of Water Hardness. II.A Builders. II.B Lime Soap Dispersing Agents. III Fabric Softeners. IV The Relation of the Chemical Structure of the Surfactant to Its Detergency. IV.A Effect of Soil and Substrate. 1 Oily Soil. 2 Particulate Soil. 3 Mixed Soil. IV.B Effect of the Hydrophobic Group of the Surfactant. IV.C Effect of the Hydrophilic Group of the Surfactant. IV.D Dry Cleaning. References. Problems. 11 Molecular Interactions and Synergism in Mixtures of Two Surfactants. I Evaluation of Molecular Interaction Parameters. I.A Notes on the Use of Equations 11.1-11.4. II Effect of Chemical Structure and Molecular Environment on Molecular Interaction Parameters. III Conditions for the Existence of Synergism. III.A Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Surface or Interfacial Tension Reduction Efficiency. III.B Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Mixed Micelle Formation in Aqueous Medium. III.C Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Surface or Interfacial Tension Reduction Effectiveness. III.D Selection of Surfactants Pairs for Optimal Interfacial Properties. IV The Relation between Synergism in Fundamental Surface Properties and Synergism in Surfactant Applications. References. Problems. 12 Gemini Surfactants. I Fundamental Properties. II Interaction with Other Surfactant. III Performance Properties. References. Problems. Answers to Problems. Index.

6,147 citations

Book
01 May 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the concept of Surfactants and discuss their role as emulsifiers for oil and soil removal, as well as their relationship with surface active polymers and polymers containing Oxyethylene groups.
Abstract: Introduction to Surfactants.Association of Surfactants.Phase Behaviour of Concentrated Surfactant Systems.Physiocochemical Properties of Surfactants and Polymers Containing Oxyethylene Groups.Mixed Micelles.Intermolecular Interactions.Colloidal Forces.Polymers in Solution.Regular Solution Theory.Surface Active Polymers.Surfactant-Polymer Systems.Surface Tension and Adsorption at the Air-Water Interface.Adsorption of Surfactants at Solid Surfaces.Interaction of Polymers with Surfaces.Foaming of Surfactant Solutions.Polymerizable Surfactants.Use of Surfactants as Emulsifiers.Microemulsions.Microemulsions for Oil and Soil Removal.Chemical Reactions in Microemulsions.Appendices.Index.

2,191 citations

Book
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the chemistry of Surfactants in Solution: Micellization and Related Association Phenomena, as well as their applications in solubilization, microemulsions, and micellar Catalysis.
Abstract: Preface to the Third Edition. Chapter 1. An Overview of Surfactant Science and Technology. 1.1. A Brief History of Surfactant Science and Technology. 1.2. The Economic Importance of Surfactants. 1.3. Some Traditional and Non-Traditional Applications of Surfactants. 1.3.1. Detergents and Cleaners. 1.3.2. Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. 1.3.3. Textiles and fibers. 1.3.4. Leather and furs. 1.3.5. Paints, Lacquers and Other Coating Products. 1.3.6. Paper and Cellulose Products. 1.3.7. Mining and Ore Flotation. 1.3.8. Metal Processing Industries. 1.3.9. Plant Protection and Pest Control. 1.3.10. Foods and Food Packaging. 1.3.11. The Chemical Industry. 1.3.12. Oilfields Chemicals and Petroleum Production. 1.3.13. Plastics and Composite Materials. 1.3.14. Pharmaceuticals. 1.3.15. Medicine and Biochemical Research. 1.3.16. Other "Hi-Tech" Areas. 1.4. Surfactant Consumption. 1.5. The Economic and Technological Future. 1.6. Surfactants In the Environment. 1.7. Petrochemical vs. "Renewable" Oleochemical-based Surfactants. 1.8. A Surfactant Glossary. Chapter 2. The Organic Chemistry of Surfactants. 2.1. Basic Surfactant Building Blocks. 2.1.1. Basic Surfactant Classifications. 2.1.2. Making A Choice. 2.2. The Generic Anatomy of Surfactants. 2.2.1. The Many Faces of Dodecane. 2.2.2. Surfactant Solubilizing Groups. 2.2.3. Common Surfactant Hydrophobic Groups. 2.2.3.1. The Natural Fatty Acids. 2.2.3.2. Saturated Hydrocarbons or Paraffins. 2.2.3.3. Olefins. 2.2.3.4. Alkyl benzenes. 2.2.3.5. Alcohols. 2.2.3.6. Alkyl phenols. 2.2.3.7. Polyoxypropylenes. 2.2.3.8. Fluorocarbons. 2.2.3.9. Silicone Surfactants. 2.2.3.10. Miscellaneous Biological Structures. 2.3. The Systematic Classification of Surfactants. 2.4. Anionic Surfactants. 2.4.1. Sulfate Esters. 2.4.1.1. Fatty Alcohol Sulfates. 2.4.1.2. Sulfated Fatty Acid Condensation Products. 2.4.1.3. Sulfated Ethers. 2.4.1.4. Sulfated Fats and Oils. 2.4.2. Sulfonic Acid Salts. 2.4.2.1. Aliphatic Sulfonates. 2.4.2.2. Alkylaryl Sulfonates. 2.4.2.3. a-Sulfocarboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. 2.4.2.4. Miscellaneous Sulfo-Ester and Amide Surfactants. 2.4.2.5. Alkyl Glyceryl Ether Sulfonates. 2.4.2.6. Lignin sulfonates. 2.4.3. Carboxylate Soaps and Detergents. 2.4.4. Phosphoric Acid Esters and Related Surfactants. 2.5. Cationic Surfactants. 2.6. Nonionic Surfactants. 2.6.1. Polyoxyethylene-Based Surfactants. 2.6.2. Derivatives of Polyglycerols and Other Polyols. 2.6.3. Block Copolymer Nonionic Surfactants. 2.6.4. Miscellaneous Nonionic Surfactants. 2.7. Amphoteric Surfactants. 2.7.1. Imidazoline Derivatives. 2.7.2. Surface Active Betaines and Sulfobetaines. 2.7.3. Phosphatides and Related Amphoteric Surfactants. Problems. Chapter 3. Fluid Surfaces and Interfaces. 3.1. Molecules At Interfaces. 3.2. Interfaces and Adsorption Phenomena. 3.2.1. A Thermodynamic Picture of Adsorption. 3.2.2. Surface and Interfacial Tensions. 3.2.3. The Effect of Surface Curvature. 3.3. The Surface Tension of Solutions. 3.3.1. Surfactants and the Reduction of Surface Tension. 3.3.2. Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Surfactant Structure. Problems. Chapter 4. Surfactants in Solution: Monolayers and Micelles. 4.1. Surfactant Solubility. 4.2. The Phase Spectrum of Surfactants In Solution. 4.3. The History and Development of Micellar Theory. 4.3.1. Manifestations of Micelle Formations. 4.3.2. Thermodynamics of Dilute Surfactant Solutions. 4.3.3. Classical Theories of Micelle Formation. 4.3.4. Free Energy of Micellization. 4.4. Molecular Geometry and the Formation of Association Colloids. 4.5. Experimental Observations of Micellar Systems. 4.5.1. Micellar Aggregation Numbers. 4.5.2. The Critical Micelle Concentration. 4.5.3. The Hydrophobic Group. 4.5.4. The Hydrophilic Group. 4.5.5. Counter-ion Effects on Micellization. 4.5.6. The Effects of Additives On the Micellization Process. 4.5.6.1. Electrolyte Effects on Micelle Formation. 4.5.6.2. The Effect of pH. 4.5.6.3. The Effects of Added Organic Materials. 4.5.7. The Effect of Temperature On Micellization. 4.6. Micelle Formation In Mixed Surfactant Systems. 4.7. Micelle Formation In Nonaqueous Media. 4.7.1. Aggregation in Polar Organic Solvents. 4.7.2. Micelles in Nonpolar Solvents. Problems. Chapter 5. Higher Level Surfactant Aggregate Structures: Liquid Crystals, Continuous Bi-phases, and Microemulsions. 5.1. The Importance of Surfactant Phase Information. 5.2. Amphiphilic Fluids. 5.2.1. Liquid Crystalline, Bicontinuous, and Microemulsion Structures. 5.2.2. "Classical" Liquid Crystals. 5.2.3. Liquid Crystalline Phases in Simple Binary Systems. 5.3. Temperature and Additive Effects on Phase Behavior. 5.4. Some Current Theoretical Analyses of Novel Mesophases. 5.5. Vesicles and Bilayer Membranes. 5.5.1. Vesicles. 5.5.2. Polymerized Vesicles. 5.6. Biological Membranes. 5.6.1. Some Biological Implications of Mesophases. 5.6.2. Membrane Surfactants and Lipids. 5.7. Microemulsions. 5.7.1. Surfactants, Co-surfactants, and Microemulsion Formation. 5.7.1.1. Ionic Surfactant Systems. 5.7.1.2. Nonionic Surfactant Systems. 5.7.2. Applications. Problems. Chapter 6. Solubilization and Micellar and Phase Transfer Catalysis. 6.1. Solubilization In Surfactants Micelles. 6.1.1. The "Geography" of Solubilization in Micelles. 6.1.2. Surfactant Structure and the Solubilization Process. 6.1.3. Solubilization and the Nature of the Additive. 6.1.4. The Effect of Temperature on Solubilization Phenomena. 6.1.5. The Effects of Non-electrolyte Solutes. 6.1.6. The Effects of Added Electrolyte. 6.1.7. Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Solubilization. 6.2. Micellar Catalysis. 6.2.1. Micellar Catalysis in Aqueous Solution. 6.2.2. Micellar Catalysis in Nonaqueous Solvents. 6.3. Phase Transfer Catalysis. 6.3.1. Cross-phase Reactions. 6.3.2. Some Examples of PTC Applications. 6.3.2.1. Alkylnitrile Synthesis. 6.3.2.2. Dihalocyclopropanes. 6.3.3. Some Notes on the Use of PTC. 6.3.4. Some Requirements for a Successful PTC Reaction. Problems. Chapter 7. Polymeric Surfactants and Surfactant-Polymer Interactions. 7.1. Polymeric Surfactants and Amphiphiles. 7.2. Some Basic Chemistry of Polymeric Surfactant Synthesis. 7.2.1. The Modification of Natural Cellulosics, Gums, and Proteins. 7.2.2. Synthetic Polymeric Surfactants. 7.3. Polymeric Surfactants at Interfaces: Structure & Methodology. 7.4. The Interactions of "Normal" Surfactants with Polymers. 7.4.1. Surfactant-Polymer Complex Formation. 7.4.2. Nonionic Polymers. 7.4.3. Ionic Polymers and Proteins. 7.5. Polymers, Surfactants, and Solubilization. 7.6. Surfactant-Polymer Interactions in Emulsion Polymerization. Problems. Chapter 8. Foams and Liquid Aerosols. 8.1. The Physical Basis for Foam Formation. 8.2. The Role of Surfactant in Foams. 8.2.1. Foam Formation and Surfactant Structure. 8.2.2. Amphiphilic Mesophases and Foam Stability. 8.2.3. The Effects of Additives on Surfactant Foaming Properties. 8.3. Foam Inhibition. 8.4. Chemical Structures of Antifoaming Agents. 8.5. A Summary of the Foaming and Antifoaming Activity of Additives. 8.6. The Spreading Coefficient. 8.7. Liquid Aerosols. 8.7.1. The Formation of Liquid Aerosols. 8.7.1.1. Spraying and Related Mechanisms of Mist and Fog Formation. 8.7.1.2. Nozzle Atomization. 8.7.1.3. Rotary Atomization. 8.7.2. Aerosol Formation by Condensation. 8.7.3. Colloidal Properties of Aerosols. 8.7.3.1. The Dynamics of Aerosol Movement. 8.7.3.2.Colloidal Interactions in Aerosols. Problems. Chapter 9. Emulsions. 9.1. The Liquid/Liquid Interface. 9.2. General Considerations of Emulsion Stability. 9.2.1. The Lifetimes of Typical Emulsions. 9.2.2. Theories of Emulsion Stability. 9.3. Emulsion Type and the Nature of the Surfactant. 9.4. Surface Activity and Emulsion Stability. 9.5. Mixed Surfactant Systems and Interfacial Complexes. 9.6. Amphiphile Mesophases and Emulsion Stability. 9.7. Surfactant Structure and Emulsion Stability. 9.7.1. The Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB). 9.7.2. Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT). 9.7.3. Application of HLB and PIT in Emulsion Formulation. 9.7.4. The Effects of Additives on the "Effective" HLB of Surfactants. 9.8. Multiple Emulsions. 9.8.1. Nomenclature for Multiple Emulsions. 9.8.2. Preparation and Stability of Multiple Emulsions. 9.8.3. Pathways for Primary Emulsion Breakdown. 9.8.4. The Surfactants and Phase Components. Problems. Chapter 10. Solid Surfaces and Dispersions. 10.1. The Nature of Solid Surfaces. 10.2. Liquid versus Solid Surfaces. 10.3. Adsorption At the Solid/Liquid Interface. 10.3.1. Adsorption Isotherms. 10.3.2. Mechanisms of Surfactant Adsorption. 10.3.2.1. Dispersion Forces. 10.3.2.2. Polarization and Dipolar Interactions. 10.3.2.3. Electrostatic Interactions. 10.3. The Electrical Double Layer. 10.4. The Mechanics of Surfactant Adsorption. 10.4.1. Adsorption and the Nature of the Adsorbent Surface. 10.4.2. Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Surfaces. 10.4.3. Polar, Uncharged Surfaces. 10.4.4. Surfaces Having Discrete Electrical Charges. 10.5. Surfactant Structure and Adsorption from Solution. 10.5.1. Surfaces Possessing Strong Charge Sites. 10.5.2. Adsorption by Uncharged, Polar Surfaces. 10.5.3. Surfactants at Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Surfaces. 10.6. Surfactant Adsorption and the Character of Solid Surfaces. 10.7. Wetting and Related Phenomena. 10.7.1. Surfactant Manipulation of the Wetting Process. 10.7.2. Some Practical Examples of Wetting Control By Surfactants. 10.7.3. Detergency and Soil Removal. 10.7.4. The Cleaning Process. 10.7.5. Soil Types. 10.7.6. Solid Soil Removal. 10.7.7. Liquid Soil Removal. 10.7.8. Soil Re-deposition. 10.7.9. Correlations of Surfactant Structure and Detergency. 10.7.10. Nonaqueous Cleaning Solutions. 10.8. Enhanced Oil Recovery. 10.9. Suspensions and Dispersions. Problems. Bibliography. Index.

1,255 citations

BookDOI
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of ionic strength, polymer charge and binding density on surfactant/polymer aggregates polymer-surfactant complexation in dilute aqueous solutions.
Abstract: Surfactant fundamentals: branched versus linear hydrocarbon chains in surfactants ellipsometric evidence of anomalous refractive indices is contact angle hysteresis due to a film present behind a drop? STM molecular imaging of disordered molecular wires studies of morphology and phase behaviour of monolayers thermodynamics of adsorption of a cationic surfactant at solid-water interfaces. Micelles and microemulsions: pressure-jump studies on micellar relaxation time and its effect on various technological processes micellar catalyzed reactions in mixed solvent systems silica gels from microemulsions the state of water and surfactant in surfactant-based lyotropic liquid crystals polymerization of menthyl methacrylate and styrene in ternary emulsions and microemulsions. Polymer-surfactant interactions: polymer-surfactant interactions: effect of ionic strength, polymer charge and binding density on surfactant/polymer aggregates polymer-surfactant complexation in dilute aqueous solutions. Adsorption of surfactants: adsorption on high and low molecular weight natural surfactants at the crude oil-water interface and their influence on y-pH and y-time behaviour studies on asphaltenes and related petroleum fractions at interface influence of surfactants on the adhesion of clay particles to metal surfaces guidelines for the formulation, composition, and stirring to attained desired emulsion properties (type, droplet, size, viscosity, and stability) double emulsions stabilized by macromelecular surfactants. Biological applications of surfactants: interactions between the dispersed globules of W/O/W emulsions in the presence of proteins and saccharides the design and evaluation of a novel submicron amphotericin B emulsion in systemic murine cryptococcosis plant protein purification using cloud point extraction (CPE). Environmental aspects: environmental risk assessment of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants toxic spill remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons via microemulsion formation.

1,238 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The A549 cell line should permit in vitro analysis of human surfactant synthesis and secretion and possibly provide a source of human Surfactant for therapeutic intervention in pulmonary disease states characterized by surfactants deficiency.
Abstract: The A549 tumor-cell line, initiated from a human alveolar cell carcinoma, has been continuously propagated in vitro for more than 3 years (more than 1,000 cell generations). These cells have a human karyotype and appear to have been derived from a single parent cell. All A549 cells examined by electron microscopy at both early and late passage levels contain multilamellar cytoplasmic inclusion bodies typical of those found in type II alveolar epithelial cells of the lung. At early and late passage levels, the cells synthesize lecithin with a high percentage of disaturated fatty acids utilizing the cytidine diphosphocholine pathway; such a pattern of phospholipid synthesis is expected for cells believed to be responsible for pulmonary surfactant synthesis. The A549 cell line should permit in vitro analysis of human surfactant synthesis and secretion and possibly provide a source of human surfactant for therapeutic intervention in pulmonary disease states characterized by surfactant deficiency.

1,217 citations


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