Showing papers on "Pyrolysis published in 1970"

Application of Pyrolysis and Gas Chromatography to Geochemical Characterization of Kerogen in Sedimentary Rock

Abstract: Pyrolysis and gas chromatography are combined in a new technique which characterizes the kerogen in a sedimentary rock. This technique makes it possible to determine with very small quantities (50-100 mg) of rock material, such as drill cuttings, the origin of the organic matter and its degree of evolution. The technique was tested on a clay-bearing formation from North Africa which was very well defined both geologically and palynologically. The tests gave the following results: (1) low-temperature pyrolysis (250°C) of continental deposits yields degradation products which are rich in aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene, cumene, etc.), whereas products rich in paraffinic hydrocarbons are derived from marine deposits; (2) the relative concentrations of light hydrocar ons in some samples indicate whether gas or oil has originated from a particular source rock; and (3) the evolution of the kerogen (which results in an increase in the C/H ratio) can be estimated from the nature of the degradation products and more especially from the degree of degradation of the kerogen at high temperatures. The results seem to be consistent with those obtained from parallel studies of the carbonization of spores and "organic microfossils" and the crystallization of clays.

High‐temperature pyrolysis of poly(vinyl chloride): Gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis of the pyrolysis products from PVC resin and plastisols

Abstract: A pyrolysis–gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric technique for analyzing the pyrolysis products from polymers in an inert atmosphere is described. Initial studies encompassing the pyrolysis of poly(vinyl chloride) homopolymer and a series of PVC plastisols (based on o-phthalate esters) have provided a complete qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of the pyrolysis products from these materials. PVC resin yields a series of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons when pyrolyzed at 600°C; the amount of aromatic products is greater than the amount of aliphatic products. Benzene is the major organic degradation product. A typical PVC plastisol [PVC/o-dioctyl phthalate (100/60)] yields, upon pyrolysis, products that are characteristic of both the PVC matrix and the phthalate plasticizer. The pyrolysis products from the plasticizer dilute those from the PVC portion of the plastisol and are, in turn, the major degradation products. There are no degradation products resulting from an interaction of the PVC with the plastisol. The pyrograms resulting from pyrolysis of the various plastisols of PVC can be used for purposes of “fingerprinting.” Identification of the major peaks in a typical plastisol pyrogram provides information leading to a precise identification of the plasticizer. The pyrolysis data from this study were related to a special case of flammability and toxicity.

Structure des acides corynomycoliques de Corynebacterium hofmanii et leur implication biogénétique

Abstract: The three main components of the mixture of corynomycolic acids (α-branched, β-hydroxy acids of the general formula R1—CHOH—CHR2—COOH) isolated from a strain of Corynebacterium hofmanii are: C32H64O3 (corynomycolic acid); C34H66O3 (corynomycolenic acids); C36H68O3 (corynomycoldienic acid). By thin-layer chromatography on silver nitrate-impregnated Silicagel G, we were able to separate the hydroxy acids having 0, 1 or 2 double bonds. The pyrolytic chromatography of their methyl esters indicates that the mono-unsaturated acids form a mixture of C34-acids containing the double bond either in the main chain or in the side chain; the di-unsaturated acid fraction is constituted solely by a C36-acid with a double bond in each fragment arising from pyrolysis. By oxidative cleavage, we find that the position of the double bond is 9, 10 (as in oleic acid). According to the nature of the main chain (aldehyde fragment of pyrolysis) and of the side chains (ester fragment of pyrolysis), some suggestions are made about the selective use of fatty acids in the biosynthesis of corynomycolic acids.

Production of Levoglucosan by Pyrolysis of Carbohydrates. Pyrolysis in Hot Inert Gas Stream

Abstract: Starch pyrolysis was carried out in a hot gas stream to establish optimum conditions for the production of levoglucosan. Helium, nitrogen, and steam were used. Steam was most effective and convenient because of its high heat capacity and because it is easily condensed. Yields of levoglucosan increased as pressures decreased. The effect of temperature, feed weight, gas flow rate, reduced air pressure, and catalyst on the yield of levoglucosan is reported. Optimum operating conditions for the acid-catalyzed process were established. A maximum yield of 44.5% levoglucosan was obtained from cornstarch.

Composite hydrocarbon refinery apparatus and process arrangement

Abstract: A HIGHLY INTEGRATED CRUDE OIL REFINERY ARRANGEMENT FOR PRODUCING FUEL AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, INVOLVING CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION MEANS, HYDROCRACKING MEANS, DELAYED COKING MEANS, REFORMING MEANS, ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE PRODUCING MEANS COMPRISING A PYROLYSIS STEAM CRACKING UNIT AND A PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS SEPARATION UNIT, CATALYTIC CRACKING MEANS, AROMATIC PRODUCT RECOVERY MEANS, BUTADIENE RECOVERY MEANS AND ALKYLATION MEANS IN A HIGHLY FLEXIBLE, CLOSELY CONTROLLED AND INTER-RELATED SYSTEM TO PRODUCE A HIGH CONVERSION OF CRUDE OIL TO CHEMICALS OF AS HIGH AS ABOUT 50% AND A CONVERSION OF CRUDE OIL TO GASOLINE AND JET FUEL AS LOW AS ABOUT 50% FOR A MAXIMUM VALUE COMBINATION OF WIDELY VARIED PRODUCTS.

Organic compounds in lunar samples: pyrolysis products, hydrocarbons, amino acids.

Abstract: Lunar fines and a chip from inside a rock pyrolyzed in helium at 700°C gave methane, other gases, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene/methanol extracts of fines yielded traces of high molecular weight alkanes and sulfur. Traces of glycine, alanine, ethanolamine, and urea were found in aqueous extracts. Biological controls and a terrestrial rock, dunite, subjected to exhaust from the lunar module descent engine showed a different amino acid distribution. Interpretation of the origin of the carbon compounds requires extreme care, because of possible contamination acquired during initial sample processing.

Addition of Tellurium Tetrachloride to Olefins and Pyrolysis of the Adduct

Abstract: The tellurium tetrachloride-cyclohexene adduct, 2-chlorocyclohexyltellurium trichloride (I) and bis(2-chlorocyclohexyl) tellurium dichloride (II), both gave, on pyrolysis, chlorocyclohexane as the chlorinated compound. An intermolecular hydrogen transfer is required for the formation of chlorocyclohexane from I. Chloro-n-propyltellurium trichloride (III) and bis(chloro-n-propyl)-tellurium dichloride (IV) were formed by the addition of tellurium tetrachloride to propylene. The pyrolysis of III afforded allyl chloride, 1,2-dichloropropane, and hydrogen chloride, while tellurium was simultaneously reduced. Besides these products, isopropyl chloride was also obtained from IV. Some properties of the adduct and the effect of the temperature on the thermal decomposition were studied.

Free-radical and molecular processes in the pyrolysis of ethylbenzene

Abstract: From 910 to 1089°K, at pressures of 20 to 36 mm, the pyrolysis of ethylbenzene in a toluene carrier flow system occurs primarily by three reactionsThe Arrhenius equation for the reaction [1], log k...

Process for producing ethylene

Abstract: Hydrocarbons having a boiling point above 300* C (fuel oils) are vaporized by means of direct superheated steam; after separation of any liquid components a further amount of superheated steam is added to obtain a feed at 450* -550* C for a tubular pyrolysis reactor operating at 700*-800*C. The total steam content in the feed is 0.5 to 5.0 parts by weight steam per part by weight of the hydrocarbon.

Process and product for converting organic materials by pyrolysis or hydrogenation

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR CHEMICALLY CHANGING SOLID WASTE MATERIALS TO OBTAIN VALUABLE ORGANIC PRODUCTS THEREFROM CONSISTS OF PULPING A MIXTURE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC WASTES IN A LIQUID SUCH AS WATER TO FORM A SLURRY, REMOVING INORGANICS FROM THE SLURRY, DEWATERING THE RESULTING SLURRY OF IRGABUCS ABD EUTGER PYROLYZING OR HYDROGENATING THE DEWATERED SLURRY. ADDITIONALLY, IF IT IS DESIRED TO SORT THE ORGANICS BY TYPES OR BY SPECIFIC MATERIALS FOR SEPARATE PYROLYSIS OR HYDROGENATION, THIS MAY BE DONE BY ONE OR MORE SCREENING, CLASSIFYING OR SEPARATING STEPS INTERMEDIATE THE PULPING AND PYROLYSIS OR HYDROGENATION STEPS.

Benzene from pyrolysis gasoline

Abstract: A process for the production and recovery of benzene from pyrolysis naphtha produced by high-temperature cracking of ethane, propane, naphtha or gas oil to produce ethylene. The process comprises the steps of hydrogenating a selected cut of pyrolysis naphtha to saturate olefins, reforming the hydrocarbon product from the hydrogenation step to convert benzene precursors to aromatic compounds and partially crack the nonaromatic hydrocarbons present and thereafter hydrodealkylating the hydrocarbon product from the reforming step to convert the alkyl aromatics to benzene and further crack nonaromatic compounds including those boiling at about the benzene boiling point, so that benzene may then be separated from the hydrodealkylation effluent by conventional distillation.

The pyrolysis of trimethylarsine

Abstract: The pyrolysis of trimethylarsine has been studied in a toluene carrier flow system from 764 to 858 °K using total pressures from 6.35 to 35.5 mm. Contact times varied from 0.9 to 3.7 s and the amount of decomposition, from 1.2 to 73 %. The progress of the reaction was followed by measuring the amount of methane, ethane, ethylene, and ethylbenzene formed. No heterogeneous reaction was detected and the first order rate constants appear to have been determined at approximately the high pressure limit. In seven runs the undecomposed alkyl was also measured. The quantity found was in agreement with the product analysis if three methyl radicals are released for each molecule undergoing reaction.Least squares analysis of the results givesThe activation energy should be a good approximation to D[(CH3)2As—CH3]. The product analysis and the values of k4/k51/2 are consistent with the simple consecutive release of three methyl radicals but thermodynamic and kinetic considerations may preclude this possibility.