Showing papers on "Pyrolysis published in 2017"
TL;DR: A broad review of the state-of-the-art biomass pyrolysis research can be found in this article, where three major components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) are discussed in detail.
1,613 citations
TL;DR: Compared with traditional activated carbon, activated biochar appears to be a new potential cost-effective and environmentally-friendly carbon materials with great application prospect in many fields.
457 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of catalytic applications of biochar in the field of catalysis is presented, focusing on the catalytic challenges and practices of Biochar, e.g., biochar is pyrogenic carbon rich material generated from carbon neutral sources (i.e., biomass).
Abstract: Biochar is pyrogenic carbon rich material generated from carbon neutral sources ( i.e. , biomass). Being an environmentally benign means for soil amendment, it also offers principle strategies for carbon capture and storage (CCS). In addition, recent recognition of biochar as versatile media for catalytic applications has brought forth initial research exploring the catalytic capacity of biochar and mechanistic practices in various routes. Thus, to provide comprehensive information on the catalytic applications of biochar in the field of catalysis, this review focuses on the catalytic challenges and practices of biochar, e.g. , biodiesel production, tar reduction in bio-oil and syngas (synthetic gas: H 2 and CO), enhanced syngas production, conversion of biomass into chemicals and biofuels, deNO x reactions, and microbial fuel cell electrodes. This review also provides an in-depth assessment on the catalytic properties of biochar with respect to production recipes at the fundamental level. Lastly, the performance of various biochar catalysts is also evaluated in this review.
440 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the principles and concepts involved in biochar production, the factors that affect biochar quality, as well as the applications of biochar can be found.
Abstract: Pyrolysis is one of the most promising technologies for the conversion of biomass into high-value products such as bio-oil, syngas, and biochar in the absence of oxygen High yield biochar can be produced through torrefaction or slow pyrolysis The efficiency of biochar production from biomass is highly dependent on the pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, type and composition of feedstock, particle size, and reactor conditions Application of biochar to agriculture may have a significant effect on reducing global warming through the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the sequestering of atmospheric carbon into soil At the same time, biochar can help improve soil health and fertility, and enhance agricultural production Livestock manure, along with waste-feed residues and bedding materials, is a potential source of biochar This waste emits significant amounts of GHGs adding to global warming and threatening the environment in other ways The environmental challenges caused by agricultural and animal-waste disposal can be reduced by recycling the waste using pyrolysis, into biochar, energy, and value-added products Biochar can act as a sorbent for organic and inorganic contaminants and can efficiently remove these materials from affected waters Contaminant removal is mainly based on the presence of functional groups and charges on the surface of the biochar Thus, biochar can help to improve food security by contributing to sustainable production systems and maintaining an eco-friendly environment This review details the principles and concepts involved in biochar production, the factors that affect biochar quality, as well as the applications of biochar
429 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of various operating factors such as: adsorbent dose, contact time, solution pH, initial concentration and temperature on the sorption of heavy metal ions of Cu(II, Zn(II), Cd( II), Co(II and Pb(II) were carried out using the commercial active carbon Purolite AC 20 and biochar.
392 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulose biomass to renewable fuel grade bio-oil and chemicals is presented, along with catalysts type and their catalytic activities in the production of renewable biooil and bio-chemicals.
Abstract: Pyrolysis converts lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oil that can be a precursor to fuel and chemicals for industries. The bio-oil contains high oxygenates fractions that deteriorate the bio-oil fuel properties. Catalysts acted to upgrade the bio-oil through selected bond cleavage reactions such as deoxygenation, cracking, decarbonylation and others reactions. Bulk and supported acid or base catalysts in biomass pyrolysis tailored the production of high-grade bio-oil. The catalytic biomass pyrolysis is an approach that is reliable for producing quality renewable fuel and chemical precursors. This paper elucidated recent studies on catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulose biomass to renewable fuel grade bio-oil and chemicals. The review discussed the various principal activities on biomass characteristics and their potentials in pyrolysis process to produce the high-grade biofuel precursor. The possible processes used in perpetuating the pyrolysis devolatilisation of biomass are also appraised along with catalysts type, and their catalytic activities in the production of renewable bio-oil and bio-chemicals. Therefore, catalyst development for the upgrade of bio-oils from pyrolysis of biomass to renewable fuel and chemicals precursor remains a topical issue.
385 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review article summarizes the state-of-the-art research into molecular mechanisms of lignin pyrolysis and gasification, which is useful for understanding the influence of high temperature heat treatments on the properties of wood.
Abstract: Lignin, an aromatic constituent of woody biomass, is a potential renewable aromatic feedstock for a sustainable future carbon economy. Pyrolysis-based technologies, such as fast pyrolysis and gasification, are promising methods for converting lignin into biochemicals, biomaterials, and biofuels. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in lignin pyrolysis/gasification would guide the development of the controlled pyrolysis and gasification systems to overcome issues with low product selectivity, an intrinsic drawback of current pyrolysis-based technologies. This review article summaries the state-of-the-art research into molecular mechanisms of lignin pyrolysis and gasification. This information should also be useful for understanding the influence of high temperature heat treatments on the properties of wood.
375 citations
TL;DR: The novel synthesis of 3D graphitic carbon networks through the pyrolysis of nanosized ZIF-67 crystals is reported, which shows excellent electrochemical performance for the insertion and extraction of potassium ions.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) networks of graphitic carbon are promising materials for energy storage and conversion devices because of their high electrical conductivity, which is promoted by the good interconnection between the carbon particles. However, it is still difficult to directly synthesize such carbon networks. Herein, we report the novel synthesis of 3D graphitic carbon networks through the pyrolysis of nanosized ZIF-67 crystals. Interestingly, the unusual effect of downsizing the ZIF-67 crystals and the incorporation of catalytic Co nanoparticles was the spontaneous formation of graphitic networks. The obtained graphitic carbon networks show excellent electrochemical performance for the insertion and extraction of potassium ions.
343 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review on parameters that influence the pyrolysis process, such as temperature, reaction time, heating rate, gas flow rate, feed rate, particle size and biomass composition, is presented.
334 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure and physicochemical properties of biochar derived from apple tree branches (ATBs), whose valorization is crucial for the sustainable development of the apple industry, were studied.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to study the structure and physicochemical properties of biochar derived from apple tree branches (ATBs), whose valorization is crucial for the sustainable development of the apple industry. ATBs were collected from apple orchards located on the Weibei upland of the Loess Plateau and pyrolyzed at 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C (BC300, BC400, BC500 and BC600), respectively. Different analytical techniques were used for the characterization of the different biochars. In particular, proximate and element analyses were performed. Furthermore, the morphological, and textural properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Boehm titration and nitrogen manometry. In addition, the thermal stability of biochars was also studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that the increasing temperature increased the content of fixed carbon (C), the C content and inorganic minerals (K, P, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg), while the yield, the content of volatile matter (VM), O and H, cation exchange capacity, and the ratios of O/C and H/C decreased. Comparison between the different samples show that highest pH and ash content were observed in BC500. The number of acidic functional groups decreased as a function of pyrolysis temperature, especially for the carboxylic functional groups. In contrast, a reverse trend was found for the basic functional groups. At a higher temperature, the brunauer–emmett–teller (BET) surface area and pore volume are higher mostly due to the increase of the micropore surface area and micropore volume. In addition, the thermal stability of biochars also increased with the increasing temperature. Hence, pyrolysis temperature has a strong effect on biochar properties, and therefore biochars can be produced by changing pyrolysis temperature in order to better meet their applications.
330 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the link between pyrolysis conditions, the chemical and mineralogical composition of their products and the benefits of pyroolysis in the waste management sector.
Abstract: The fundamentals of pyrolysis, its latest developments, the different conditions of the process and its residues are of great importance in evaluating the applicability of the pyrolysis process within the waste management sector and in waste treatment. In particular the types of residue and their further use or treatment is of extreme interest as they could become the source of secondary raw materials or be used for energy generation in waste treatments. The main area of focus of this paper is the investigation of the link between the pyrolysis conditions, the chemical and mineralogical composition of their products and the benefits of pyrolysis in the waste management sector. More specifically the paper covers the fast, intermediate and slow pyrolysis of organic waste and mixtures of inorganic and organic waste from households. The influence of catalysts during fast pyrolysis on the product yield and composition is not being considered in this review.
TL;DR: In this article, a green and facile protocol of thermal treatment of graphene oxide (GO) with urea was adopted to synthesize nitrogen-doped graphene (NG-Urea-air) at a low temperature (350°C) in the static air.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effect of different plastic waste types such as polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylenes terephthalate (PET) on the yield and quality of produced liquid oil from the pyrolysis process.
TL;DR: In this article, three primary lignocellulosic biomass components (cellulose, xylan and lignin), synthetic biomass samples (prepared by mixing the three primary components) were pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser and a wire mesh reactor.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the thermodynamic behavior of pyrolysis in cattle manure and revealed the complex mechanism of cattle manure pyrotechnics using TGA experiments with six different heating rates, e.g., 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80°C min −1.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new environmentally friendly and low-cost adsorbent to remove As(V) from industry waste water was synthesized by the mixture of 723 K pyrolyzed chestnut shell and magnetic gelatin.
TL;DR: Calculations show that the active metals in the molten alloys are atomically dispersed and negatively charged, and there is a correlation between the amount of charge on the atoms and their catalytic activity.
Abstract: Metals that are active catalysts for methane (Ni, Pt, Pd), when dissolved in inactive low–melting temperature metals (In, Ga, Sn, Pb), produce stable molten metal alloy catalysts for pyrolysis of methane into hydrogen and carbon. All solid catalysts previously used for this reaction have been deactivated by carbon deposition. In the molten alloy system, the insoluble carbon floats to the surface where it can be skimmed off. A 27% Ni–73% Bi alloy achieved 95% methane conversion at 1065°C in a 1.1-meter bubble column and produced pure hydrogen without CO 2 or other by-products. Calculations show that the active metals in the molten alloys are atomically dispersed and negatively charged. There is a correlation between the amount of charge on the atoms and their catalytic activity.
TL;DR: In this paper, characteristics of volatile products in the pyrolysis of three main components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were investigated and compared by amplifying experiments in a tube furnace at 300-700°C.
Abstract: To better understand pyrolysis mechanism and further develop selective pyrolysis technology, characteristics of volatile products in the pyrolysis of three main components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were investigated and compared by amplifying experiments in a tube furnace at 300–700 °C. Distribution of volatile products (including bio-oil and bio-gas), the influence of temperature and contributions of each single component were discussed in depth. It was found that, for each sample pyrolysis, pyrolysis temperature and their own chemical structures played an important role in the yields, composition of bio-oil and bio-gas. The optimal temperatures for production of bio-oil from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin focused at 500 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C, respectively, and cellulose made greater contribution to bio-oil formation, and hemiellulose was the major contributor for bio-gas. Moreover, the more bio-gases from the three components generated at the higher temperature, but compositions of volatile products were different depending on their unique chemical structures. In the three components, cellulose produced the highest CO, hemicellulose owned the highest CO2, and lignin generated the highest CH4 characterized by the largest HHV. As for bio-oil, cellulose bio-oil displayed unique saccharides and higher furans, hemicellulose bio-oil contained higher acids and ketones, while phenols were the dominant composition of lignin bio-oil.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used microwave pyrolysis of palm kernel shell as the selected OPW produced a biochar with zero sulphur content and high heating value that is nearly comparable to conventional coal, thus indicating its potential as an eco-friendly solid fuel.
TL;DR: A state-of-the art review on recent research activities in pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of various microalgae, includingThermogravimetric analysis, and common kinetic models predicting the thermal degradation ofmicroalgae are examined.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-stage pyrolysis-catalysis of high density polyethylene has been investigated, where a mesoporous catalyst was layered on top of a microporous catalyst with the aim of maximising the conversion of the waste plastic to gasoline range hydrocarbons.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pyrolysis of lignocellulose immersed in ZnCl2/NaH2PO4 aqueous solution is used to obtain hierarchical porous P doped carbon.
TL;DR: In this paper, the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of four typical low-rank coals selected from different mines of China using thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) were investigated by the FTIR measurements.
TL;DR: In this article, the conversion of sugarcane bagasse into fuel was studied as a low cost source material, and the results revealed that the conventional pyrolysis produce more syngas yield with the increases of temperature.
TL;DR: The catalytic pyrolysis of various plastic wastes in the presence of natural and synthetic zeolite catalysts revealed that liquid oil contained mostly aromatic compounds with some alkanes, alkenes and small amounts of phenol group.
TL;DR: This study demonstrates a successful example of waste refinery by converting anaerobic digestion sludge to feasible heavy metal adsorbents to implement the concept of circular economy.
TL;DR: In this article, the porosity of carbon nanomaterials has been investigated in different plants with wide disparity in the stems and leaves, such as celery and asparagus lettuce.
Abstract: In most electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, nanostructured carbon materials play essential roles. One-step carbonization of some biomass materials has recently been demonstrated as a promising route to produce high surface area carbon without introducing extra activation agents. Here, this study shows the importance of physiologic function of plant organs in the microstructure and porosity of formed carbon nanomaterials. The lotus stem pyrolyzed carbon at 800 °C presents a specific surface area of 1610 m2 g−1, about 55% higher than the porous carbon from the leaves. A similar organ-dependent effect in the porosity of the pyrolyzed carbon is also observed in other plants with wide disparity in the stems and leaves, such as celery and asparagus lettuce, largely due to the higher metal ion content in the stems, which plays the role of ion transportation for plants. Furthermore, optimizing the celery stem pyrolyzing condition can produce carbon with specific surface area as high as 2194 m2 g−1 without any extra activation process. As a supercapacitor electrode, the porous carbon pyrolyzed from lotus stems exhibits a specific capacitance of 174 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, with 72% capacitance retention at a high scan rate of 500 mV s−1 and good stability over 10 000 cycles.
TL;DR: The evolution behavior of physical-chemical structure for biochar during pyrolysis and modification of biochar and its application as sorbent for gas pollutant were reviewed.
TL;DR: Microwave-assisted pyrolysis with chemical activation was developed and optimized to transform orange peel into activated carbon (AC) desirable for use as a dye adsorbent as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Characterization results confirmed that MgFe2O4 nanoparticles with a cubic spinel structure were successfully embedded in the biochar matrix, and this offered magnetic separability with superparamagnetic behavior and enabled higher phosphate adsorption performance than that of pristine biochar and sole Mg Feldman nanoparticles.