Topic
Pyrolysis
About: Pyrolysis is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 34918 publications have been published within this topic receiving 833524 citations.
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01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The state of the art in carbon-carbon composites can be found in this paper, where a brief survey of commercial CVD composite fabrication processes is presented, as well as a review of the state-of-the-art.
Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: carbon bonding in carbon materials order and disorder in carbon materials techniques for characterizing the structure of carbons definition of carbon forms and processes carbon composites carbon-carbon composites. Patr 2 Carbon fibres: processing of carbon fibres the structure of carbon fibres commercially available fibres surface treatment of carbon fibres and interfacial bonding carbon fibre product form. Part 3 Gas phase impregnation/densification of carbon-carbon and other high-temperature composite materials: the CVD process physics - chemical principles of the CVD process experimental CVD techniques CVD processing of carbon-carbon composites CVD processing of ceramic matrix composites a brief study of commercial CVD composite fabrication processes. Part 4 Thermosetting resin matrix precursors: general considerations isotropic carbon carbon yield from polymers carbonization of composites graphitization impregnation technology high carbon yield matrix precursors. Part 5 Thermoplastic matrix precursors: pitch characterization of pitches pyrolysis of pitches carbon yield from pitch the influence of additives on carbonization control of microstructure in pitch-derived carbon-carbon composites low-pressure composites processing high-pressure processing of pitch derived carbon-carbon thermoplastic polymer matrix precursors. Part 6 Oxidation behaviour of carbon-carbon: fundamental concerns in the oxidation protection of carbon-carbon composites protection at temperatures below 1500 degrees C protection coating for the 1500-1800 degree C range oxidation protection at temperatures in excess of 1800 degrees C. Part 7 Raw materials: densification of composites by CVD fabrication of thermoset resin laminated precursors processing thermoplastic precursors graphitization of carbon-carbon mechanical testing of carbon-carbon microscopy density and porosity measurements oxidation and oxidation protection measurement of thermal conductivity. Part 8 The properties of carbon-carbon composites: general consierations microstructure interfaces in carbon-carbon composites mechanical properties thermal properties electromagnetic properties. Part 9 Applications of carbon-carbon composites: brakes and clutches rocket motors heatshields for re-entry vehicles aero-engine components industrial applications biomedical devices. Part 10 Technology summary and market review: the state of the art the carbon-carbon market commercializing a product organization of the carbon-carbon business major companies in the carbon-carbon market.
664 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of selected non-isothermal methods for analyzing solid-state kinetics data is presented, and the results of the kinetic study can be used in modeling devolatilization process through computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) to simulate mass and energy balances.
663 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that both feedstock properties and production conditions are important for determining the yield and properties of biochar, but their respective influence changes with the property or set of properties of interest.
657 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the conversion of biomass compounds to aromatics by thermal decomposition in the presence of catalysts was investigated using a pyroprobe analytical pyrolyzer.
Abstract: The conversion of biomass compounds to aromatics by thermal decomposition in the presence of catalysts was investigated using a pyroprobe analytical pyrolyzer The first step in this process is the thermal decomposition of the biomass to smaller oxygenates that then enter the catalysts pores where they are converted to CO, CO2, water, coke and volatile aromatics The desired reaction is the conversion of biomass into aromatics, CO2 and water with the undesired products being coke and water Both the reaction conditions and catalyst properties are critical in maximizing the desired product selectivity High heating rates and high catalyst to feed ratio favor aromatic production over coke formation Aromatics with carbon yields in excess of 30 molar carbon% were obtained from glucose, xylitol, cellobiose, and cellulose with ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 60) at the optimal reactor conditions The aromatic yield for all the products was similar suggesting that all of these biomass-derived oxygenates go through a common intermediate At lower catalyst to feed ratios volatile oxygenates are formed including furan type compounds, acetic acid and hydroxyacetaldehyde The product selectivity is dependent on both the size of the catalyst pores and the nature of the active sites Five catalysts were tested including ZSM-5, silicalite, beta, Y-zeolite and silica–alumina ZSM-5 had the highest aromatic yields (30% carbon yield) and the least amount of coke
656 citations
TL;DR: The pyrolysis platform for producing bio-oil and biochar from biomass appears to be a practical, effective, and en- vironmentally sustainable means of producing large quantities of renewable bioenergy while simultaneously reducing emissions of greenhouse gases as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Pyrolysis is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and robust thermochemical technology for transforming biomass into bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. The robust nature of the pyrolysis technology, which allows considerable fl exibility in both the type and quality of the biomass feedstock, combined with a distributed network of small pyrolysis plants, would be compatible with existing agriculture and forestry infrastructure. Bio-oil can be used as a fuel in existing industrial boilers. Biochar can be used with existing infrastructure as a replacement for pulverized coal; however, use of biochar as a soil amendment results in signifi cant environmental and agronomic benefi ts. Soil application of biochar is a means of sequestering large amounts of C and may have other greenhouse gas benefi ts. Preliminary reports of the impact of soil biochar applications on crop yields indicate that biochar quality is very important. Biochar is an effective adsorbent for both nutrients and organic contaminants, hence the presence of biochar in soils has been shown to improve water qual- ity in column leaching and fi eld lysimeters studies and it is anticipated to do the same for agricultural watersheds. The pyrolysis platform for producing bio-oil and biochar from biomass appears to be a practical, effective, and en- vironmentally sustainable means of producing large quantities of renewable bioenergy while simultaneously reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. At the present time, the pyrolysis platform is economically marginal because markets for bio-oil and biochar are highly competitive. However, if the USA adopts a program for controlling greenhouse gases, the pyrolysis platform would be highly competitive. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
651 citations