Showing papers on "Qualitative research published in 1984"
Book•
12 May 1984
TL;DR: The Role and Experience of the Researcher as mentioned in this paper The Role of Theory in the Research Process. Personal Computers in Qualitative Research. Evaluating Qualitative Design. Data Collection Strategies.
Abstract: Characteristics and Origins of Qualitative and Ethnographic Research in Education. Considerations on Selecting a Research Design. Selecting and Sampling in Qualitative Research. The Role and Experience of the Researcher. The Role of Theory in the Research Process. Data Collection Strategies. Analysis and Interpretation of Qualitative Data. Personal Computers in Qualitative Research. Evaluating Qualitative Design. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
4,972 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: This chapter discusses research Designs, Data Collection Techniques, and Research Reports, and Guidelines for Research Proposals, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis of research findings.
Abstract: I. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH. 1. Introduction to the Field of Educational Research. 2. Research Designs, Data Collection Techniques, and Research Reports. 3. Research Problems: Statements, Questions, and Hypotheses. 4. Literature Review. II. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS. 5. Introduction to Designing Quantitative Research. 6. Descriptive Statistics. 7. Data Collection Techniques. 8. Nonexperimental Research Designs. 9. Experimental and Single-Subject Research Designs. 10. Inferential Statistics. III. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS. 11. Introduction to Designing Qualitative Research. 12. Ethnographic Research. 13. Analytical Research: Historical and Legal Studies. 14. Qualitative Data Analysis. IV. EVALUATION AND POLICY RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS. 15. Evaluation Research and Policy Analysis. V. COMMUNICATION OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH. 16. Guidelines for Research Proposals.
4,069 citations
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The case of Head Start and the Handicapped Defending Illusions: The Institution's Struggle for Survival A Closing Remark Appendix - Field Notes Bibliography Author Index Subject Index as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Introduction PART ONE: AMONG THE PEOPLE: HOW TO CONDUCT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Participant Observation: Pre- Fieldwork Participant Observation: In the Field Indepth Interviewing Montage: Discovering Methods Working with Data: Data Analysis in Qualitative Research PART TWO: WRITING UP FINDINGS: The Presentation of Findings The Judged Not the Judges: An Insider's View of Mental Retardation Be Honest But Not Cruel: Staff/Parent Communication on a Neonatal Unit Let Them Eat Programs: Attendant's Perspectives and Programming on Wards in State Schools National Policy and Situated Meaning: The Case of Head Start and the Handicapped Defending Illusions: The Institution's Struggle for Survival A Closing Remark Appendix - Field Notes Bibliography Author Index Subject Index.
1,272 citations
01 Jan 1984
880 citations
TL;DR: Focus groups have received little attention from sociologists, although they are a commonly used qualitative technique in market research as mentioned in this paper, and the data collected in focus group sessions typically consist of tape-recorded group discussions among four to ten participants who share their thoughts and experiences on a set of topics selected by the researcher.
Abstract: Focus groups have received little attention from sociologists, although they are a commonly used qualitative technique in market research. The data collected in focus group sessions typically consist of tape-recorded group discussions among four to ten participants who share their thoughts and experiences on a set of topics selected by the researcher. We present a brief description of dimensions along which focus groups vary in their format and relate these dimensions to an example from our own focus groups, where the topic is how people think about the causes and prevention of heart attacks. We compare focus groups to informant interviews and participant observation, and we describe their application, either as a self-contained data collection strategy, or in conjunction with other qualitative and quantitative methods. We conclude with a discussion of the value of focus groups in triangulating data collection from several different methods.
552 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of the research process is presented, including the nature and purpose of research common terms and concepts in research Validity and reliability Agencies supportive to research, ethical issues in research, and the use of research - Reporting and disseminating research.
Abstract: Part I - Introduction to the research process - The nature and purpose of research Common terms and concepts in research Validity and reliability Agencies supportive to research Ethical issues in research An overview of the research process Part II - The research process Part A - Preparatory work - Asking the research question Searching the literature Reviewing and evaluating the literature Preparing a research proposal Gaining access to the research site Part B - Research design - Qualitative research, Grounded theory, Quantitative research, Experimental research, Action research, Historical research, Descriptive research, Evaluation research, Single case study, Longitudinal research, Survey design and sampling Part C - Data collection - Attitude measurement, Interview, Questionnaire, Observation, The critical incident technique, Physiological measurement Part D - Data handling - Data Storage Quantitative analysis (descriptive) Quantitative analysis (inferential), Qualitative Analysis, Computer assisted data analysis, Data presentation Part III - The use of research - Reporting and disseminating research The research, education, management and practice interface Epilogue Index.
339 citations
TL;DR: A framework for reporting qualitative research that provides a guide for assuring consistency across original study purpose, study design, and final report was presented and can be used for either evaluating or writing a report of qualitative research.
Abstract: The aims of this paper were to clarify the nature and purpose of qualitative research and to suggest specific guidelines for reporting the results of qualitative studies. Confusion about the purpose of qualitative research and the absence of a standardized format for reporting such research make it difficult to assess the validity of qualitative studies. Four general purposes of qualitative research were discussed: instrument development, illustration of results, description, and conceptualization. A framework for reporting qualitative research that provides a guide for assuring consistency across original study purpose, study design, and final report was presented and can be used for either evaluating or writing a report of qualitative research.
176 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine a different methodology, i.e., qualitative research, as a way to broaden the research perspective in special education, defined and compared to quantitative research.
Abstract: For most of the 20th century, quantitative research has been the predominant methodology used to expand the knowledge base in special education. However, there is growing recognition of the limitations of quantitative research (Campbell, 1979; Rist, 1980). Thus, the purpose of this article is to examine a different methodology, i.e., qualitative research, as a way to broaden the research perspective in special education. Qualitative research is defined and compared to quantitative research. Subsequently, areas in which qualitative methodology could make a contribution to research in special education are discussed.
90 citations
TL;DR: It is hoped that discussions such as this will promote increased attention to validity and reliability concerns in qualitative evaluations and thus help improve the quality of those evaluations.
Abstract: Interest in and use of qualitative methodological strategies in evaluating research have increased considerably in the last few years. Many of the recent evaluation frameworks or models are entirely or partly oriented toward use of qualitative methods. A number of methodological issues and concerns have been raised, including the appropriateness of validity and reliability estimation for the measurement strategies employed in qualitative evaluations becoming more common in health and other fields. In this article, the views of prominent qualitative methodologists on this topic are briefly summarized; a case is made for the relevance of validity and reliability estimation; definitions of validity and reliability for qualitative measurement are presented; and appropriate estimation techniques are suggested. It is hoped that discussions such as this will promote increased attention to validity and reliability concerns in qualitative evaluations and thus help improve the quality of those evaluations.
76 citations
TL;DR: The authors provided an impetus for more widespread familiarity with and use of qualitative research methodology among educators concerned with the education of persons with severe handicaps by drawing together and attempting to clarify the present state of the art in qualitative research research methodology.
Abstract: There has been a growing interest in the potential contributions qualitative research could make to “scientific”/scholarly inquiry in special education (Edgerton, 1984; Stainback & Stainback, 1984; Taylor & Bogdan, 1984). The purpose of this paper is to provide an impetus for more widespread familiarity with and use of qualitative research methodology among educators concerned with the education of persons with severe handicaps by drawing together and attempting to clarify the present state of the art in qualitative research methodology.
65 citations
TL;DR: A new scientific paradigm is emerging that is compatible with social work values as mentioned in this paper, which supports the possibility that practice can be and is research, and offers a more holistic way of thinking about the profession.
Abstract: Paradigmatic concerns from quantum physics, qualitative research, new paradigm research, and philosophy can contribute to understanding the relation between research and social work practice. Attention is focused on the issue of the research subject as conscious observer, and the attendant issue of whether that process can be mechanistically bypassed. A new scientific paradigm is emerging that is compatible with social work values. It supports the possibility that practice can be and is research, and offers a more holistic way of thinking about the profession.
TL;DR: This paper reviews three approaches to using computers to perform qualitative analysis and the advantages and disadvantages of each are identified based on the way they perform basic tasks of qualitative research.
Abstract: This paper reviews three approaches to using computers to perform qualitative analysis. These approaches are distinguished by the way they represent knowledge in the computer—as text, things, or concepts—and the operations they permit on that knowledge. These approaches are compared and the advantages and disadvantages of each are identified based on the way they perform basic tasks of qualitative research. Finally, fundamental issues and problems likely to influence qualitative computing for years to come are discussed.
TL;DR: The Glaser and Strauss Grounded Theory approach to research, the history behind its discovery, a description of the method, and some important ways in which nurses and other investigators have used it are described in this article.
Abstract: This paper details the Glaser and Strauss Grounded Theory approach to research, the history behind its discovery, a description of the method, and some important ways in which nurses and other investigators have used it. Short descriptions of Mead's symbolic interactionism and the computer methodology of factor analysis are included.
TL;DR: This paper explores some of the possibilities of using computers in qualitative research and introduces the metaphor of the computer as a clerk for organizing, indexing, and retrieving notes.
Abstract: This paper explores some of the possibilities of using computers in qualitative research. The common association of computing with quantitative procedures in social science is a very narrow and restricted way of thinking about them. In fact, the predominant use of computers in social science is in text-processing and record-managing tasks, many of which are very similar to the kinds of clerical work which qualitative researchers have traditionally performed for themselves. Recent developments in computing technology have aroused interest in the possibility of using computing as a means to support qualitative research (e.g., Werner, 1982; Drass, 1980; Becker and Gordon, 1984). This paper is not concerned with the details of developing the necessary programs. Rather, it outlines what such a system might do for researchers, and why. The first section makes some general points about qualitative research and introduces the metaphor of the computer as a clerk for organizing, indexing, and retrieving notes. The second section presents a series of specific features which a working computer system might have. The third section discusses current prospects for the development of such systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, a discursive approach to qualitative research involving the method of collecting and simultaneously analyzing data known as "grounded theory" is described, which has the potential of providing guidance to change agents in designing effective strategies to mitigate the crisis.
Abstract: The shortage of qualified teachers, and the quality and quantity of the science taught in precollege institutions are two focal issues in today's national crisis in science education. This article delineates aspects of qualitative research having the potential of providing guidance to change agents in designing effective strategies to mitigate the crisis. A discursive approach to qualitative research involving the method of collecting and simultaneously analyzing data known as “grounded theory” is described. Role theory and schools as organizations composed of interactive subsystems are defined as suitable frameworks within which to analyze data.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the benefits of conducting qualitative research and cite its appropriateness to specific marketing questions, and provide examples of how qualitative research can be applied to marketing and business decisions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the proposition that the lack of research in communication could be attributed to research apprehension on the part of communication teachers, but conclude that a different "mindset" toward research, not apprehension, might explain the paucity of research.
Abstract: The authors consider the proposition that the lack of research in communication could resuLt from research apprehension on the part of communication teachers, but conclude that a different "mind-set" toward research, not apprehension, might explain the paucity of research. They advance qualitative research as an alternative to (not a replacement for) quantitative research techniques in communication, define qualitative research and researchers, and propose a model of the interaction between the two types of research.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors interviewed thirty-one caregivers and directors involved in various types of day care for young children were interviewed and qualitative methods were used to assess their role identity constructs and attitudes toward parents and the child care profession.
Abstract: Thirty‐one caregivers and directors involved in various types of day care for young children were interviewed Qualitative methods were used to assess their role identity constructs and attitudes toward parents and the child care profession Caregivers thought of themselves as “mothers,” “grandmothers,” or “teachers” These social role identities clustered with attitudes about parents and professional role (eg, “mothers” tended to see parents as neglectful, while “teachers” felt parents failed to reinforce progress made in day care) The authors concluded that conflict over attachment issues contributed to problems between parents and caregivers
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this article, an exploratory study which focused on teachers responses to the demand for role change brought about by the implementation of a new course is reported, where the authors describe the teachers' perceptions of factors influencing their willingness to change behaviors in order to comply with the role demands of the innovation.
Abstract: An exploratory study which focused on teachers responses to the demand for role change brought about by the implementation of a new course is reported. Two procedures used to gather data were participant observation and open-ended interviews. Role theory, symbolic interaction, and schools as organizations were used as the frameworks for data analysis in this discursive qualitative study. The data reported describe the teachers' perceptions of factors influencing their willingness to change behaviors in order to comply with the role demands of the innovation. Hypotheses grounded in the data were generated and tied together into a theory which is illustrated by a structural model. The model shows interrelationships of factors influencing the teachers to change roles at the time of initiation of the new course through the ultimate incorporation of the innovation.
TL;DR: Analysis of client cases with the nursing diagnosis of dysfunctional grieving led to the development of a nursing counseling model, which highlights a creative nursing process of assessment and intervention that has not been identified in the literature.
Abstract: The purpose of this qualitative study was to analyze client cases with the nursing diagnosis of dysfunctional grieving. Such research is in congruence with the American Nurses’ Association's definition of nursing as cited in Nursing: A Social Policy Statement and the call for diagnostic and case study research from the National Group for Classification of Nursing Diagnoses. A Grounded Theory, case study methodology was used to discover, categorize, and evaluate defining characteristics and strategies of assessment and counseling for the diagnosis. These cases include spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, infant death, and birth of severely handicapped and premature infants. Findings led to the development of a nursing counseling model, which highlights a creative nursing process of assessment and intervention that has not been identified in the literature. The assessment strategies of this model include the grief behavior paradox, mental imagery, and the diminutive therapeutic effect. Counseling strategies in...
TL;DR: This paper argued that needs research generally is not a good means for deciding whether a new institute should be or can be established: it leads to postponement of decisions and it rests on wrong assumptions about needs and on a misunderstood service orientation in education.
Abstract: During the preparation of new institutes of higher education and adult education, policy makers often ask for needs research, mostly in order to forecast the number of future students. In this paper it is argued that needs research generally is not a good means for deciding whether a new institute should be or can be established: it leads to postponement of decisions and it rests on wrong assumptions about needs and on a misunderstood service orientation in education. When a decision has been taken to establish an institute, research can help planners and programmers by collecting data about future students. Some examples are given from the activities of the Staff Bureau for Research and Evaluation of the Dutch Open University. Consideration of the techniques and assumptions of needs research leads to a research program in which more qualitative research techniques are incorporated in counselling and outreach activities and are more oriented at specific target groups than at the general public.
Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this article, a practical guide to conducting and analysing qualitative research is presented, which explores some of the more commonly used types of qualitative research methods, the management of qualitative Research, and the different areas of application.
Abstract: This book is a practical guide to conducting and analysing qualitative research. It explores some of the more commonly used types of qualitative research methods, the management of qualitative research, and the different areas of application. This fourth edition includes updated references and examples throughout the text as well as a new chapter on conducting cross-cultural research qualitatively.
TL;DR: The cooptive model as discussed by the authors assumes that there is a highly situational element in the process of qualitative research, as there is in any other set of relations, which prevents its characterization as "fundamentally" one of bargaining, cooperation or conflict.
Abstract: With the growing acceptance of qualitative (field observational and intensive interview) research in the social sciences, there has been increasing interest in the practical and philosophical issues related to these methods. Since the foundation of the methodology is social relations, scholars have made numerous attempts to construct an epistemology of research relations; among these are the research bargain, cooperative and conflict models of qualitative research. An alternative model is presented, the cooptive model, in which the basic assumptions are that 1. there is a highly situational element in the process of qualitative research, as there is in any other set of relations, which prevents its characterization as “fundamentally”; one of bargaining, cooperation or conflict; 2. the research respondent will attempt to coopt the researcher into her or his meaning world and 3. the uncautious researcher will, in a parallel manner, attempt to fit the respondent's meanings into the researcher's meaning world...
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The authors describe a variation on established qualitative research procedures that combines research with teaching, thus incorporating students as part of the research team, illustrated with a study designed to analyze interpersonal conflict in relationship definitions, and discusses both methodological and padagogical implications.
Abstract: This article describes a variation on established qualitative research procedures that combines research with teaching, thus incorporating students as part of the research team. The procedure is illustrated with a study designed to analyze interpersonal conflict in relationship definitions, and discusses both methodological and padagogical implications.