Showing papers on "Qualitative research published in 1992"

Qualitative Evaluation And Research Methods

Abstract: PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN THE USE OF QUALITATIVE METHODS The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Strategic Themes in Qualitative Methods Variety in Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications PART TWO: QUALITATIVE DESIGNS AND DATA COLLECTION Designing Qualitative Studies Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods Qualitative Interviewing PART THREE: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND REPORTING Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis

Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect homes and classrooms

Abstract: (1992). Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect homes and classrooms. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 31, Qualitative Issues in Educational Research, pp. 132-141.

Doing qualitative research.

Abstract: Introduction - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller PART ONE: OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Clinical Research - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree A Multimethod Typology and Qualitative Roadmap PART TWO: DISCOVERY: DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry - Anton J Kuzel Participant Observation - Stephen P Bogdewic Key Informant Interviews - Valerie J Gilchrist and Robert L Williams Depth Interviewing - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree The Use of Focus Groups in Clinical Research - Judith Belle Brown PART THREE: INTERPRETATION: STRATEGIES OF ANALYSIS The Dance of Interpretation - William L Miller and Benjamin F Crabtree A Grounded Hermeneutic Editing Approach - Richard B Addison Using Codes and Code Manuals - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller A Template Organizing Style of Interpretation Immersion/Crystallization - Jeffrey Borkan Data Management and Interpretation Using Computers To Assist - Lynn M Meadows and Diane M Dodendorf PART FOUR: SPECIAL DESIGNS Narrative Approaches to Qualitative Research in Primary Care - Jessica H Muller Using Video Tapes in Qualitative Research - Virginia Elderkin-Thompson and Howard Waitzkin An Armchair Adventure in Case Study Research - Virginia A Aita and Helen E McIlvain Participatory Inquiry - Janecke Thesen and Anton J Kuzel PART FIVE: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER Researching Practice Settings - Benjamin F Crabtree and William L Miller A Case Study Approach Making Changes with Key Questions in Medical Practices - Kirsti Malterud Studying What Makes a Difference PART SIX: SUMMARY Standards of Qualitative Research - Richard M Frankel Qualitative Research - Lucy M Candib, Kurt C Stange and Wendy Levinson Perspectives on the Future

Methods of Educational and Social Science Research: An Integrated Approach

Abstract: I. THE NATURE OF RESEARCH. 1. An Introduction to Two Contrasting Research Styles. 2. The Variety of Research Methods. 3. From Findings into Knowledge. 4. The Research Chain of Reasoning. II. FOUNDATIONAL RESEARCH SKILLS. 5. Problem Finding. 6. Linking to Past Research: The Literature. III. FOUNDATIONAL RESEARCH CONCEPTS. 7. Casual Inference and Internal Validity. 8. Sampling, Representation and External Validity. 9. Other Criteria of Research to be Satisfied. 10. Ethics and Legal Constraints IV. THE CONTINUUM OF RESEARCH METHODS: QUALITATIVE END. 11. Overview of Qualitative Research Methods. 12. Fieldwork and Observation. 13. Interviewing. 14. Data Analysis. 15. Drawing Conclusions and Reporting. V. THE CONTINUUM OF RESEARCH METHODS: QUALITATIVE/QUANTITATIVE MIDDLE. 16. Survey Research: Questionnaires. V. THE CONTINUUM OF RESEARCH METHODS: QUALITATIVE END. 17. Descriptive Statistics. 18. Measurement, Testing, and Observation. 19. The Nature and Logic of Inferential Statistics. 20. Experimental Methods and Experimental Design. 21. Meta-analysis Section Seven: Other Research Fields Using Qualitative and/or Quantitative. 22. Historical Research. 23. Evaluation and Action Research Section Eight: The Larger Context of Research. 24. Optimizing Research Effectiveness Through Multiple Methods. 25. The Macrosystem of Educational and Social Science Research. Appendix: Writing a Research Proposal. Glossary. References. Name Index. Subject Index.

Qualitative research and psychological theorizing.

Abstract: Unlike other disciplines in the human sciences, psychology has undervalued the role of qualitative research methods in scientific inquiry. This has done a disservice to psychology, depriving its practitioners of skills which can simultaneously liberate and discipline the theoretical imagination. ‘Grounded theory’ is one useful approach to the systematic generation of theory from qualitative data, and alternative criteria can be advanced for judging the adequacy of research where qualitative methods have been used. An advantage of qualitative research is that theory is generated which is contextually sensitive, persuasive, and relevant.

Mixing Methods: qualitative and quantitative research

Abstract: Part 1 Considerations using multi-methods: combining qualitative and quantitative approaches - an overview, Julia Brannen deconstructing the qualitative-quantitative divide, Martyn Hammersley quantitative and qualitative research - further reflections on their integration, Alan Bryman. Part 2 Studies using multi-methods: the relationship between quantitative and qualitative approaches in social policy research, Roger Bullock, et al integrating methods in applied research in social policy - a case study of carers, Hazel Qureshi combining quantitative and qualitative methods - a case study of the implementation of the Open College policy, Margaret Bird multiple methods in the study of household resource allocation, Heather Laurie.

Method slurring: the grounded theory/phenomenology example

Abstract: Increasingly, qualitative research methods are being embraced by nurse researchers because these approaches allow exploration of human experience. Failure to explicate qualitative methodologies is resulting in a body of nursing research that is either mislabelled or is classified broadly as qualitative and subject to charges that qualitative research lacks rigour. In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of specificity in methodology and distinguish between phenomenology and grounded theory, two frequently misused terms in the description of qualitative methodology.

Toward Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: An Introduction:

Abstract: Both the qualitative and quantitative paradigms have weaknesses which, to a certain extent, are compensated for by the strengths of the other. As indicated in this article, the strengths of quantitative methods are that they produce factual, reliable outcome data that are usually generalizable to some larger population. The strengths of qualitative methods are that they generate rich, detailed, valid process data that usually leave the study participants' perspectives in tact. This article discusses how qualitative and quantitative methods can be combined and it introduces the articles included in this issue.

Critical frames in educational research: Feminist and post‐structural perspectives

Abstract: (1992). Critical frames in educational research: Feminist and post‐structural perspectives. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 31, Qualitative Issues in Educational Research, pp. 87-99.

Qualitative Analysis as a Public Event: The Documentation of Category Development Procedures:

Abstract: Although the use of qualitative methods has increased greatly in popularity, many still question the defensibility of the qualitative orientation It is argued here that questions concerning the credibility and status of qualitative inquiry are related to the privatization of qualitative analysis The particular area of qualitative analysis I focus on is the process of category development It is my argument that qualitative researchers must make all aspects of their analysis open to public inspection In order to achieve this objective, I propose a two-dimensional model designed to facilitate the documentation of procedures used to generate categories The domain representing the first dimension specifies the various components or actions associated with the development of categories The second domain addresses the temporal aspects of category development The intersection of these two analytical domains forms a two-dimensional table that may be used to document the nature of the analytical actions empl

Intention-to-Treat Analysis: Implications for Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Abstract: Intention-to-treat analysis is an important aspect of randomized controlled trials of health care interventions. The concept is now widely accepted in theory, but not always implemented in practice. Failure to analyse by intention-to-treat can give misleading and indeed life-threatening interpretations. In some studies, a case is put for estimating the effect that would have been observed if all patients had received the allocated treatment. Situations where this is valid are rare, but an example is given of such an exceptional study. The relevance of the intention-to-treat concept is not always taken into account in qualitative research. Interviews with new mothers who delivered their babies at home in a hypothetical controlled trial of home versus hospital confinement would provide fascinating accounts of the pleasure of successful delivery at home. But by definition the interviews would exclude the hazard and drama of necessary transfers to hospital due to complications in late pregnancy and early labour. The intention-to-treat approach would avoid this bias.

Qualitative Methods in Family Research

Abstract: PART ONE: INTRODUCTION The Fit Between Qualitative Research and Characteristics of Families - Kerry Daly The Qualitative Tradition in Family Research - Gerald Handel Definitions, Methodologies, and Methods in Qualitative Family Research - Jane F Gilgun PART TWO: INTERVIEWS Interviews with Individuals Interviewing College Students About Their Constructions of Love - Susan U Snyder Case Study Interviews - Linda K Matocha Caring for Persons with AIDS Life Histories - Daniel F Detzner Conflict in Southeast Asian Refugee Families Conjoint Interviews Parenthood as Problematic - Kerry Daly Insider Interviews with Couples Seeking to Adopt An In-Depth Interview with the Parents of Missing Children - Deborah Lewis Fravel and Pauline G Boss Interviews with Multiple Family Members Using Multiple Forms of Family Data - Susan O Murphy Identifying Pattern and Meaning in Sibling-Infant Relationships A Family Case Study - Robin L Jarrett An Examination of the Underclass Debate A Feminist Analysis of Interviews with Elderly Mothers and Their Daughters - Katherine R Allen and Alexis J Walker PART THREE: OBSERVATION Participant Observation in Special Needs Adoptive Families - Anita Lightburn The Mediation of Chronic Illness and Handicap Observations in a Clinical Setting - Jane F Gilgun Team Decision-Making in Family Incest Treatment PART FOUR: DOCUMENT ANALYSIS Analyzing Popular Literature - Ellen M Harbert, Barbara H Vinick and David J Ekerdt Emergent Themes on Marriage and Retirement PART FIVE: COMBINED QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES The Blending of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Understanding Childbearing Among Welfare Recipients - Mark R Rank Using Qualitative and Quantitative Methods - Margarete Sandelowski, Diane Holditch-Davis and Betty Glenn Harris The Transition to Parenthood of Infertile Couples

Qualitative Research, Appropriation of the ‘Other’ and Empowerment

Abstract: The issues I want to explore in this essay have arisen in the context of my qualitative research into the everyday experiences of twenty-eight family caregivers caring for elderly confused spouses or relatives at home. 1 My interpretation of the interview data, derived from lengthy and unstructured interviews, has drawn extensively on feminist comment and research on caring in order to challenge conventional political and social knowledge about caring. Yet, in constructing an analysis which adequately represents the complexity of the experiences in which the interview texts are grounded, I have also become conscious of limitations in feminist interpretations. Although at one point they are liberatory because they open to inspection what has been previously hidden, they are also restrictive in the sense that they can appropriate the data to the researcher's interests, so that other significant experiential elements which challenge or partially disrupt that interpretation may also be silenced. The significance of feminist analyses of social policy and caregiving (for example Croft, 1986; Dalley, 1988; Finch and Groves, 1980, 1983; Gibson and Allen, 1989; Pascali, 1986; Williams, 1989) lies in their challenge to the conventional construction offamily and gender in social policy and in particular their elaboration of the need for integration of the dual surface of the hitherto privatized domain of the home and the public arena across which these analyses must move. Importantly, the feminist perspective has emphasized the exploitative relationship between the carer and the state and opened for scrutiny contradictions within the notion of 'care' by identifying the oppositional character of 'taking charge' and 'feeling concern' (Graham, 1983), and of affection and physical management and work in contrast to its delineation as intuitive and essentialist.

Qualitative Research: Valuable or Irrelevant?

Abstract: This paper evaluates qualitative research methods in relation to the emancipatory research model. It identifies the main reasons why researchers opt for qualitative research, describes the principal data collection techniques used by them, and discusses some of the problems associated with these procedures. Drawing on insights gained from doing qualitative research in day centres for disabled young adults, I argue that these methodologies are fundamental to the emancipatory research paradigm; but their relevance can only be determined by researchers' willingness to challenge the institutions which control disability research production.

Getting over the Quantitative-Qualitative Debate

Abstract: The quantitative-qualitative debate has been unfolding for several decades now and has evolved from one about the incompatibility of quantitative and qualitative techniques and procedures to one ab...

The use of the first person in academic writing: objectivity, language and gatekeeping

Abstract: Researchers have experienced difficulties in having papers which are based on qualitative research accepted for publication because the papers have been written in the first person. Arguments are presented to show why the use of the neutral, anonymous third person is deceptive when applied to quantitative research because it obliterates the social elements of the research process. With regard to research in the qualitative, critical and feminist paradigms, it is further argued that the use of the first person is required in keeping with the epistemologies of the research and in the pursuit of reflexivity. Links are made between these arguments and the process of reviewing for academic journals. Conclusions are drawn in favour of the use of the first person, where this is appropriate to the mode of research reported and where an author is giving a personal judgement arrived at on the basis of reasonable evidence. In keeping with this position, this paper is written in the first person.

Local Worlds of Suffering: An Interpersonal Focus for Ethnographies of Illness Experience

Abstract: Ethnography is advanced as a methodology that links the humanities and social sciences with the health sciences. Ethnography deepens the study of human suffering by refraining the experience of illness as interpersonal processes in a moral context. Because ethnography's validity depends on the skills and training of the ethnographer, medical ethnographers must be effectively prepared to conduct research studies. This will become a serious issue in the development of qualitative research within the health sciences.

Interpreting disability : a qualitative reader

Abstract: What is so exciting about the recent popularity of qualitative research in disability studies? Does the use of this type of inquiry in special education and rehabilitation really promise a fundamental shift in our understanding of disability as a personal experience and a social construction, or is it simply a fad that will gradually subside into just one more research technique among many? This book attempts to answer these questions by practical example rather than by methodological debate. For those interested in the use of qualitative research in the study of disability, this book should provide an excellent starting point for sampling the range and vitality of this approach.

Qualitative Research methodology in music education

Abstract: This chapter reviews the basic theory and method of qualitative research in music education. Qualitative approaches come with various names and descriptions: case study, field study, ethnographic research, naturalistic, phenomenological, interpretive, symbolic interactionist, or just plain descriptive. The roots of qualitative research methods can be traced to ethnography and sociological fieldwork as well as literary criticism, biography, and journalism. Just as music and education can be traced back across the centuries ultimately to the crude and custom-driven habits of primitive societies, qualitative inquiry has its roots in the intuitive and survivalist behavior of early peoples. Music educators increasingly drew from philosophers and social scientists to codify research procedures. Researchers interested in the uniqueness of particular teaching or learning find value in qualitative studies because the design allows or demands extra attention to physical, temporal, historical, social, political, economic, and aesthetic contexts.

Sympathetic Connections between Qualitative Methods and Health Research

Abstract: This article argues that shifting paradigms for health promotion research would result in a better fit between research intents and social and behavioral phenomena. Further, it argues that the constructivist paradigm exhibits great utility, power, and synergism with emerging concepts in health research. Such inquiry also provides for grounded theory and more stakeholder-based policy analyses and evaluation studies. For the purposes of health promotion, qualitative and constructivist research provides a model superior to conventional research.

In search of ethical guidance: constructing a basis for dialogue 1

Abstract: This paper focuses on protecting human subjects in qualitative research. The standards of informed consent, avoidance of harm, and confidentiality are critiqued from utilitarian, deonto‐logical, re...

An Action Research Approach to Workplace Health: Integrating Methods

Abstract: Action research, which combines the generation and testing of theory with social system change, demands multiple sources of knowledge about the research setting and encourages the integration of data collection techniques. This article describes the implementation of a longitudinal multi-methodological research and intervention project aimed both at examining the relationship between occupational stress and psychosocial moderating factors (e.g., social support, participation, and influence over decision-making) and health outcomes; and reducing work stress and improving employee health. Combining qualitative and quantitative research techniques such as semi-structured individual and focus group interviews, field notes and survey data increases confidence in research findings and strengthens the process and outcomes of needs assessment, program planning, implementation, and evaluation. Specific examples are provided that illustrate the usefulness of this approach in identifying and understanding problem areas and in developing and evaluating appropriate health education interventions.

The Utilization of Qualitative and Quantitative Data for Health Education Program Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation: A Spiral Approach

Abstract: The process of development of a Dutch smoking prevention project is described. An essential feature of the project is the combination and interaction of qualitative and quantitative research methods. It is advocated that each method has its own contribution and can be considered as a separate methodology contributing to social science in general and health education research in particular. Combining the two approaches in a spiral approach will result in a synergistic effect, because of the interaction of both approaches. The results of both methods suggest that qualitative methods enhanced the generation of ideas and theories. Qualitative methods were used to formulate ideas for improving quantitative data gathering, analyzing and comparing ideas with respect to program development, and for testing the internal validity of a quantitative design. The quantitative method enabled testing of results in different groups and detecting detailed differences. It also provided information that one of the assumptions of the program, the development of a teacher independent program, was not completely realized. The major advantage of using both methods is that this provides feedback between assumptions and data, thus enhancing comparison of results and critical reflection during the whole project.

An Uneasy Alliance: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

Abstract: The paper describes the difficulties encountered in trying to combine qualitative and quantitative research methods in a study of the relationship between moral reasoning and teenage drug use. Four problems that arose in the attempt to reduce qualitative data to a quantitative format are described. These problems are: (1) making analytic sense of singular responses; (2) a mistaken logical inference that demands that each pattern of judgment should have discrete behavioral indicators; (3) the construction and use of ideal types; and (4) making analytic sense of universal responses. The roots of these problems are then traced to the underlying philosophical premises that distinguish the qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. The implications of the different goals, assumptions, and standards of evaluation informing each of the respective methods for future research are discussed.

Current Issues, Problems, and Trends to Advance Qualitative Paradigmatic Research Methods for the Future

Abstract: Paradigmatic research has great potential to discover some of the most covert, complex, and difficult human problems and concerns. There remain, however, a number of critical issues and problems related to the misuse of qualitative methods and a lack of knowledge about the purposes, goals, and proper uses of the qualitative paradigmatic methods. Moreover, there are still too few researchers who have been prepared and mentored to use the nearly 20 different kinds of qualitative research methods in light of specific epistemic and ontologic philosophies related to specific research methods. In addition, many researchers tend to violate data analysis by using quantitative criteria instead of qualitative criteria to establish the credibility and accuracy of findings. These problems and many others reflect a general lack of substantive knowledge about qualitative methods that is leading to serious abuses and misuses of methods. It is, therefore, time to rectify past problems and to address realistic issues rela...

Quality Design of Focus Groups in Early Childhood Special Education Research.

Abstract: Interest is growing in the contributions of qualitative research to the field of early childhood special education. One qualitative method, focus groups, is examined. This article discusses what types of early childhood special education questions might be addressed in focus groups and suggests guidelines by which to consider the quality of design of focus group use in early childhood special education research. Four key questions are explored that aid in designing and judging focus group research. These include: (a) Who should participate in the focus groups? (b) What checks on credibility should we include? (c) How shall we maintain research stability while allowing for an emergent design? and (d) How will the Information gained in the focus groups inform us about the general phenomenon?