Showing papers on "Qualitative research published in 1994"

Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook

Abstract: Matthew B. Miles, Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook, Third Edition. The Third Edition of Miles & Huberman's classic research methods text is updated and streamlined by Johnny Saldana, author of The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Several of the data display strategies from previous editions are now presented in re-envisioned and reorganized formats to enhance reader accessibility and comprehension. The Third Edition's presentation of the fundamentals of research design and data management is followed by five distinct methods of analysis: exploring, describing, ordering, explaining, and predicting. Miles and Huberman's original research studies are profiled and accompanied with new examples from Saldana's recent qualitative work. The book's most celebrated chapter, "Drawing and Verifying Conclusions," is retained and revised, and the chapter on report writing has been greatly expanded, and is now called "Writing About Qualitative Research." Comprehensive and authoritative, Qualitative Data Analysis has been elegantly revised for a new generation of qualitative researchers. Johnny Saldana, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, Second Edition. The Second Edition of Johnny Saldana's international bestseller provides an in-depth guide to the multiple approaches available for coding qualitative data. Fully up-to-date, it includes new chapters, more coding techniques and an additional glossary. Clear, practical and authoritative, the book: describes how coding initiates qualitative data analysis; demonstrates the writing of analytic memos; discusses available analytic software; suggests how best to use the book for particular studies. In total, 32 coding methods are profiled that can be applied to a range of research genres from grounded theory to phenomenology to narrative inquiry. For each approach, Saldana discusses the method's origins, a description of the method, practical applications, and a clearly illustrated example with analytic follow-up. A unique and invaluable reference for students, teachers, and practitioners of qualitative inquiry, this book is essential reading across the social sciences. Stephanie D. H. Evergreen, Presenting Data Effectively Communicating Your Findings for Maximum Impact. This is a step-by-step guide to making the research results presented in reports, slideshows, posters, and data visualizations more interesting. Written in an easy, accessible manner, Presenting Data Effectively provides guiding principles for designing data presentations so that they are more likely to be heard, remembered, and used. The guidance in the book stems from the author's extensive study of research reporting, a solid review of the literature in graphic design and related fields, and the input of a panel of graphic design experts. Those concepts are then translated into language relevant to students, researchers, evaluators, and non-profit workers - anyone in a position to have to report on data to an outside audience. The book guides the reader through design choices related to four primary areas: graphics, type, color, and arrangement. As a result, readers can present data more effectively, with the clarity and professionalism that best represents their work.

Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research

Abstract: While heated arguments between practitioners of qualitative and quantitative research have begun to test the very integrity of the social sciences, Gary King, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba have produced a farsighted and timely book that promises to sharpen and strengthen a wide range of research performed in this field. These leading scholars, each representing diverse academic traditions, have developed a unified approach to valid descriptive and causal inference in qualitative research, where numerical measurement is either impossible or undesirable. Their book demonstrates that the same logic of inference underlies both good quantitative and good qualitative research designs, and their approach applies equally to each. Providing precepts intended to stimulate and discipline thought, the authors explore issues related to framing research questions, measuring the accuracy of data and uncertainty of empirical inferences, discovering causal effects, and generally improving qualitative research. Among the specific topics they address are interpretation and inference, comparative case studies, constructing causal theories, dependent and explanatory variables, the limits of random selection, selection bias, and errors in measurement. Mathematical notation is occasionally used to clarify concepts, but no prior knowledge of mathematics or statistics is assumed. The unified logic of inference that this book explicates will be enormously useful to qualitative researchers of all traditions and substantive fields.

Qualitative Communication Research Methods

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction to Qualitative Communication Research Introduction: Working With (and Studying) Cops Four Paradigms and (Maybe) a Funeral: A Brief History of Qualitative Communication Research Feeling Corporate, Going Global: Two Trends in Qualitative Communication Research Looking Closer: The Conduct of Qualitative Research in Communication Conclusion 2. Theoretical Traditions and Qualitative Communication Research Qualitative Research and Communication Theory The Phenomenological Tradition The Sociocultural Tradition The Critical Tradition Conclusion 3. Design I: Planning Research Projects Introduction "My City, My Society, and My Life": Renee's Story Sources of Research Ideas Moving Toward a Commitment Evaluating the Scene Conclusion 4. Design II: Implementing Research Projects Introduction Negotiating Access Exploratory Methods Sampling Human Subject Protections The Research Proposal Conclusion Exercises 5. Producing Data I: Participating, Observing, and Recording Social Action Introduction: Fieldwork, Ethnography, and Participant Observation Successful Participant Observation Adapting Roles Tactical Observing Writing Fieldnotes New Media and Participant Observation Conclusion Exercises 6. Producing Data II: Qualitative Interviewing Introduction Purposes of the Qualitative Interview Types of Interviews in Communication Research The Practices of Interviewing Question Design and Use Transcribing Interviews Conclusion Exercises 7. Producing Data III: Analyzing Material Culture and Documents Introduction Material Culture Documents Conclusion Exercises 8. Sensemaking: Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation Introduction Qualitative Data Analysis Tools for Analysis Interpretation Evaluating Interpretations Conclusion Exercises 9. Writing, Authoring, and Publishing Introduction: Going Public The Crisis of Representation After the Fall: Reading and Writing Qualitative Research Institutional Contexts of Qualitative Writing The Craft of Qualitative Writing: Three Types of Format and Their Related Strategies Some Final Thoughts on Writing Exercises Epilogue References Author Index Subject Index About the Authors

Beginning Qualitative Research: A Philosophical and Practical Guide

Abstract: The authors have focused this book on the serious, beginning, qualitative researcher - theoretically rigorous, yet with an understandable perspective.; The book has three main features. First, it provides a strong theoretical base for the understanding of competing research paradigms. Secondly, it features a "methods" section consistent with the non-linear nature of naturalistic inquiry, yet it allows the beginner to see direction. Thirdly, the authors include examples of actual research studies conducted (and completed) in a single year.

Transforming Qualitative Data: Description, Analysis, and Interpretation

Abstract: Something Old, Something New Description, Analysis, and Interpretation in Qualitative Inquiry PART ONE: EMPHASIS ON DESCRIPTION Adequate Schools and Inadequate Education The Life History of a Sneaky Kid The Elementary School Principal Notes from a Field Study Confessions of a 'Trained' Observer PART TWO: EMPHASIS ON ANALYSIS A Malay Village That Progress Chose Sungai Lui and the Institute of Cultural Affairs Life's Not Working Cultural Alternatives to Career Alternatives PART THREE: EMPHASIS ON INTERPRETATION The Teacher as an Enemy Afterword, 1989 A Kwakiutl Village and School 25 Years Later The Acquisition of Culture Notes on a Working Paper On Seeking - and Rejecting - Validity in Qualitative Research PART FOUR: TEACHING AND LEARNING QUALITATIVE INQUIRY Teaching Qualitative Inquiry Learning Qualitative Inquiry Some Power of Reasoning, Much Aided

Establishing rigour in qualitative research: the decision trail

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to show the way in which the decision trail of a qualitative research process can be maintained. It is argued that the trustworthiness (rigour) of a study may be established if the reader is able to audit the events, influences and actions of the researcher. The actual study containing the recording of this decision trail aimed to express the concerns of older patients who were admitted to the acute care sector. The study took place in two care of the elderly wards in a 1000-bed National Health Service hospital in the UK, in 1991. Eventually, 14 patients were interviewed, each on several occasions, and their concerns are expressed in themes, namely: routine geriatric style of care, depersonalization, care deprivation and geriatric segregation. I describe the preparations that were undertaken before patient interviews could commence. The literature recording the process of the interviewer's experience as data in qualitative research is scarce. I show the researcher's participation in making the data as part of an existential phenomenological research process. Existential phenomenology relies on recording influences while generating data such as significant literature, media reports, my value position and journal data.

Nursing research : methods, critical appraisal, and utililization

Abstract: Part 1 Nursing research - roles, approaches and issues: the role of research in nursing the scientific approach to the research process the evolution of research - from science to practice. Part 2 The research process: overview of the research process the literature review the theoretical framework the problem statement and hypothesis introduction to design experimental and quasiexperimental designs nonexperimental designs qualitative approaches to research sampling legal and ethical issues data collection methods reliability and validity descriptive data analysis inferential data analysis analysis of the findings. Part 3 Critique and application: evaluating quantitative research evaluating qualitative research.

Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods

Abstract: In what case do you like reading so much? What about the type of the critical issues in qualitative research methods book? The needs to read? Well, everybody has their own reason why should read some books. Mostly, it will relate to their necessity to get knowledge from the book and want to read just to get entertainment. Novels, story book, and other entertaining books become so popular this day. Besides, the scientific books will also be the best reason to choose, especially for the students, teachers, doctors, businessman, and other professions who are fond of reading.

Doing counselling research

Abstract: Doing Counselling Research Reading the Literature Placing Research in Context The Research Process Stages, Tasks and Traps Using Quantitative Methods Test, Rating Scales and Survey Questionnaires Listening to Stories about Therapy From Qualitative Research to Human Science Systematic Inquiry into Individual Cases Does It Work? Evaluating the Outcomes of Counselling Exploring the Interior of Therapy Method and Strategy in Process Research An Ethical Framework for Research Practice Critical Issues in Counselling Research

Critical theory and methodology

Abstract: PART ONE: METATHEORY: GROUNDING METHOD Introduction What is Critical Theory? Foundations of Metatheory Between Subjectivism and Objectivism Postempiricist Critiques of Positivism and Empiricism PART TWO: CRITICAL THEORY AS A RESEARCH PROGRAM Early Critical Theory as a Research Program An Historical Introduction Postempiricist Metatheory and the Human Sciences Interim Developments The Metatheory of Critical Theory Beyond Objectivism and Relativism Contemporary Critical Theory as a Resarch Program Giddens and Habermas PART THREE: CRITICAL THEORY AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Deconstructing the Conventional Discourse of Methodology Quantitative versus Qualitative Methods Non-Empirical Methods Reflexive Procedures Empirical Procedures in Critical Research Contexts of Critical Empirical Research Critical Social Science and Society Theory and Practice

The strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research: what method for nursing?

Abstract: The overall purpose of research for any profession is to discover the truth of the discipline. This paper examines the controversy over the methods by which truth is obtained, by examining the differences and similarities between quantitative and qualitative research. The historically negative bias against qualitative research is discussed, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, with issues highlighted by reference to nursing research. Consideration is given to issues of sampling; the relationship between the researcher and subject; methodologies and collated data; validity; reliability, and ethical dilemmas. The author identifies that neither approach is superior to the other; qualitative research appears invaluable for the exploration of subjective experiences of patients and nurses, and quantitative methods facilitate the discovery of quantifiable information. Combining the strengths of both approaches in triangulation, if time and money permit, is also proposed as a valuable means of discovering the truth about nursing. It is argued that if nursing scholars limit themselves to one method of enquiry, restrictions will be placed on the development of nursing knowledge.

A Phenomenological Perspective on Certain Qualitative Research Methods

Abstract: In this article the phenomonelogical approach to qualitative research is compared with certain other qualitative approaches following other paradigms. The thesis is that a deepened understanding of phenomenological philosophy can provide the alternative framework that many of these authors have been seeking. The comparison with other approaches is made in terms of theoretical and methodical consistency. Theoretically, the argument is that the situation known as "mixed discourse" exists because practitioners have not sufficiently freed themselves from the criteria and practices of traditional paradigms in which most qualitative researchers have been trained. The shift from the collection of numerical data to linguistic data takes place without appropriate shift in theoretical context. This state of affairs should be overcome in order to strengthen qualitative research. On the other hand, many qualitative researchers carry on practices that seem to be analogous to phenomenological prescriptions which are explicitly usually misunderstood or resisted when stated directly and generically. Thus, greater theoretical clarity and consistency as well as deeper reflection or better utilization of imaginative possibilities still seem to be called for in order to bring better theoretical conceptualization and more consistent practices to qualitative research.

Ten standard Objections to Qualitative Research Interviews

Abstract: Qualitative research has tended to evoke rather stereotyped objections from the mainstream of social science. Ten standardized responses to the stimulus "qualitative research interview" are discussed: it is not scientific, not objective, not trustworthy, nor reliable, not intersubjective, not a formalized method, not hypothesis testing, not quantitative, not generalizable, and not valid. With the objections to qualitative interviews highly predictable, they may be taken into account when designing, reporting, and defending an interview study. As a help for new qualitative researchers, some of the issues, concepts, and arguments involved are outlined, and the relevancy of the standard objections is discussed. Alternative conceptions of qualitative research, coming from phenomenological and hermeneutical traditions, are suggested. The qualitative interview based on conversation and interaction here appears as a privileged access to a linguistically constituted social world.

Studying Your Own School: An Educator′s Guide to Qualitative Practitioner Research

Abstract: Foreword - by Susan E. Noffke Acknowledgments Preface About the Authors 1. What Is Practitioner Research? 2. Merging Educational Practice and Research: A New Paradigm 3. What Does Practitioner Research Look Like? 4. Empowerment and Practitioner Research: An Example 5. Qualitative Research Approaches for Everyday Realities 6.Toward a New Paradigm References Index

Understanding qualitative data: a framework of text analysis methods

Abstract: Information systems (IS) researchers have argued the need for using qualitative approaches, such as action research, ethnomethodology, phenomenology, and futures research, to supplement widely used quantitative approaches. Despite the interest in qualitative approaches, almost all IS articles published in leading IS journals during the previous decade continue to report the results of quantitative studies. The disparity between the interest in and adoption of qualitative approaches may be attributed to unfamiliarity with qualitative approaches for analyzing text data and the mistaken belief that all qualitative approaches are antipositivist. This paper makes qualitative methods more accessible to both researchers and practitioners by providing a framework that categorizes various text analysis approaches. The framework classifies methods as positivist, linguistic, and interpretivist, based on assumptions about the nature of text data, the researcher's influence on text interpretation, and the validity checks used to justify text interpretations. Thus, all researchers can consider qualitative text analysis methods regardless of their paradigmatic position.

Qualitative methods for assessing health care.

Abstract: The evaluation of health care and efforts to maintain and improve quality in health care have very largely drawn on quantitative methods. Quantification has made possible precise expression of the extent to which interventions are efficient, effective, or appropriate and has allowed the use of statistical techniques to assess the significance of findings. For many questions, however, quantitative methods may be neither feasible nor desirable. Qualitative methods may be

Benefits of Participating in Research Interviews

Abstract: Interviews are a fundamental data collection method used in qualitative health research to help understand people's responses to illness or a particular situation. The risks associated with participating in 7 or 2 hour research interviews when a study focuses on vulnerable populations and sensitive issues are scrutinized by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and Human Subjects Committees. This paper shifts attention away from the risks to the benefits and describes catharsis, self-acknowledgment, sense of purpose, self-awareness, empowerment, healing, and providing a voice for the disenfranchised as the sometimes unanticipated benefits reported by interview participants

Focus on qualitative methods. The use of quotes in qualitative research

Abstract: Quoted words and phrases from research participants are a common feature of qualitative research reports. Quoting is a process that requires the achievement of the proper balance between the obligations of scientific reporting and the taking of artistic license. Quotes are used to support researcher claims, illustrate ideas, illuminate experience, evoke emotion, and provoke response. Quoting involves researchers in acts of choosing that lie in the domains of aesthetics and ethics.

Conducting and Reading Research in Health and Human Performance

Abstract: Part I The Research Process 1 The Nature and Purpose of Research 2 The Research Problem 3 Searching the Literature 4 Developing the Research Plan 5 Ethical Concerns in Research 6 Selection of Research Participants: Sampling Procedures 7 Reading and Evaluating Research Reports Part II Types of Research 8 Experimental Research 9 Descriptive Research 10 Qualitative Research 11 Meta-Analysis 12 Additional Research Approaches Part III Data Analysis 13 Descriptive Data Analysis 14 Inferential Data Analysis 15 Measurement in Research Part IV The Research Report 16 Developing the Research Proposal 17 Writing the Research Report

Some similarities and differences among phenomenological and other methods of psychological qualitative research.

Abstract: This paper compares the research method of phenomenological psychology to other qualitative research methods such as ethnography, participant observation, grounded theory, dramaturgical interviewing and content analysis. An attempt is made to identify similarities and differences. As a prelude, the major metatheories with which they are associated (phenomenology and symbolic interactionism) and the related differences between natural science and human science are discussed.Interest in qualitative research methodology appears to have gathered momentum over the last decade (e.g., Rist, 1980). One of the recurrent themes in the discussion of qualitative methods has been the question of whether quantitative and qualitative methods are compatible. Opinion has been divided. Gibbs (1979) made a plea for complementarity of subjectivist and objectivist methods in psychology. Mahrer (1988) has advocated discovery oriented research in the field of psychotherapy, while Sperry (1988) has suggested an integration of positivistic and phenomenological thought to form a more naturalistic approach to the study of brain and consciousness.The split between those who support and those who do not support complementarity of quantitative and qualitative methodology has also occurred in the field of educational research. For example, Howe (1985, 1988) and Firestone (1987) have argued for compatibility, while Smith (1983) and Smith and Heshusius (1986) have argued for incompatibility.The early eighties marked the growth of an interest in qualitative methodology which has paralleled the growing disenchantment with traditional logical - empirical research methods. The hegemony of natural science type research methods has been increasingly challenged by descriptive and hermeneutically oriented methods (e.g., Giorgi, 1986; Packer, 1985; Palmer, 1969; Polkinghorne, 1983; Rommetveit, 1987). Contextualism (Rosnow & Georgoudi, 1986), social constructionism (Gergen, 1985) and deconstructionism (Derrida, 1977) have also challenged the objectivity of traditional natural science methodology by emphasizing the socially derived foundationalisms upon which methods are based.There seems little doubt that qualitative methodology has come out of the closet in the field of the human sciences. Although quantitative methodological hegemony continues, the degree of coexistence and complementaritybetween quantitative and qualitative research methods seems to be increasing. Nonetheless, there are those who, while seeing symptoms of the inadequacy of standard quantitative methodological practice, see possible cures and solutions in the same metatheoretical terms (e.g., Aiken, West, Sechrest & Reno, 1990). Sarbin (1976) has noted the difficulty that psychologists trained in logical - empirical traditions have in breaking their reliance on habitual methods.The Transition from Quantitative to Qualitative MethodologyThose researchers who are willing to explore qualitative methods face several difficulties. Usually they have been trained in the quantitative tradition and find the transition to qualitative research methods requires a major shift in world - view. The metatheories underlying such methods often differ from the logical - empirical base of natural science (Jacob, 1987). As will be seen later, some aspects of the qualitative methods associated with symbolic interactionism follow normative natural science practice (e.g., the Iowa school of ethnography) while other qualitative methods use a mixture of natural and human science approaches to research (e.g., the Chicago School of ethnography). Qualitative research methods such as phenomenology and the phenomenological aspects of ethnography, participant observation and grounded theory are based on metatheories that are associated with a human science approach to psychology (see Giorgi, 1970). The emphasis is upon discovery, description and meaning rather than the traditional natural science criteria of prediction, control and measurement. …