Showing papers on "Qualitative research published in 2009"
Book•
06 Apr 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a methodology for the collection and reporting of qualitative data from documents, dealing with reliability, reliability, and ethics issues in a qualitative research study. But they focus on the qualitative case studies.
Abstract: Preface vii The Author xv PART ONE: THE DESIGN OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1 1 What is Qualitative Research? 3 2 Types of Qualitative Research 21 3 Qualitative Case Study Research 39 4 Designing Your Study and Selecting a Sample 55 PART TWO: COLLECTING QUALITATIVE DATA 85 5 Conducting Effective Interviews 87 6 Being a Careful Observer 117 7 Mining Data from Documents 139 PART THREE: ANALYZING AND REPORTING QUALITATIVE DATA 165 8 Qualitative Data Analysis 169 9 Dealing with Validity, Reliability, and Ethics 209 10 Writing Qualitative Research Reports 237 Appendix: The Methodology Section of a Qualitative Research Study 265 References 271 Name Index 287 Subject Index 293
10,097 citations
TL;DR: The nature and forms of documents are described, the advantages and limitations of document analysis are outlined, and specific examples of the use of documents in the research process are offered.
Abstract: This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts‐and‐bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.
6,333 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: A Framework for Design Three Elements of Inquiry Alternative Knowledge Claims Strategies of Inquiry Research Methods Three Approaches to Research Criteria for Selecting an Approach Personal Experiences Audience Summary Writing Exercises Additional Readings.
4,309 citations
01 Jan 2009
2,099 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore membership roles by illustrating the insider status of one author and the outsider status of the other when conducting research with specific parent groups, and explore the strengths and challenges of conducting qualitative research from each membership status.
Abstract: Should qualitative researchers be members of the population they are studying, or should they not? Although this issue has been explored within the context of qualitative research, it has generally been reserved for discussions of observation, field research, and ethnography. The authors expand that discussion and explore membership roles by illustrating the insider status of one author and the outsider status of the other when conducting research with specific parent groups. The strengths and challenges of conducting qualitative research from each membership status are examined. Rather than consider this issue from a dichotomous perspective, the authors explore the notion of the space between that allows researchers to occupy the position of both insider and outsider rather than insider or outsider.
2,064 citations
Book•
01 Apr 2009
TL;DR: Introduction Theory and Method in Education Research The Contexts for Education Research Ethics in Educational Research Research Questions From Research Questions to Data Literature Searching and Reviewing Qualitative Research Design collecting Qualitative Data collects data for analysis.
Abstract: Introduction Theory and Method in Education Research The Contexts for Education Research Ethics in Educational Research Research Questions From Research Questions to Data Literature Searching and Reviewing Qualitative Research Design Collecting Qualitative Data The Analysis of Qualitative Data Quantitative Research Design Collecting Quantitative Data The Analysis of Quantitative Data Mixed Methods Research Research Writing
1,804 citations
TL;DR: Methods for qualitative synthesis vary across a range of dimensions and broadly fall into 'realist' or 'idealist' epistemologies, which partly accounts for these differences.
Abstract: In recent years, a growing number of methods for synthesising qualitative research have emerged, particularly in relation to health-related research. There is a need for both researchers and commissioners to be able to distinguish between these methods and to select which method is the most appropriate to their situation. A number of methodological and conceptual links between these methods were identified and explored, while contrasting epistemological positions explained differences in approaches to issues such as quality assessment and extent of iteration. Methods broadly fall into 'realist' or 'idealist' epistemologies, which partly accounts for these differences. Methods for qualitative synthesis vary across a range of dimensions. Commissioners of qualitative syntheses might wish to consider the kind of product they want and select their method – or type of method – accordingly.
1,486 citations
TL;DR: The potential benefits and weaknesses of a qualitative descriptive approach to medical research are discussed, to identify its strengths and weaknesses and to provide examples of use.
Abstract: The knowledge and use of qualitative description as a qualitative research approach in health services research is limited. The aim of this article is to discuss the potential benefits of a qualitative descriptive approach, to identify its strengths and weaknesses and to provide examples of use. Qualitative description is a useful qualitative method in much medical research if you keep the limitations of the approach in mind. It is especially relevant in mixed method research, in questionnaire development and in research projects aiming to gain firsthand knowledge of patients', relatives' or professionals' experiences with a particular topic. Another great advantage of the method is that it is suitable if time or resources are limited. As a consequence of the growth in qualitative research in the health sciences, researchers sometimes feel obliged to designate their work as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography or a narrative study when in fact it is not. Qualitative description might be a useful alternative approach to consider.
1,443 citations
TL;DR: The situations in which qualitative approaches are most helpful are described and the primary principles and practices in study design, sampling, data collection, and data analysis for qualitative studies are summarized to synthesize current standards for qualitative research methods.
Abstract: Outcomes research examines the effects of medical care interventions and policies on the health outcomes of individuals and society.1 Investigators conducting outcomes research seek to inform the development of clinical practice guidelines, to evaluate the quality of medical care, and to foster effective interventions to improve the quality of care.2 Outcomes research has traditionally used quantitative sciences to examine the utilization, cost, and clinical effectiveness of medical care through randomized and nonrandomized experimental designs. Quantitative methods are not as well suited to measure other complex aspects of the healthcare delivery system, such as organizational change, clinical leadership in implementing evidence-based guidelines, and patient perceptions of quality of care, which are also critical issues in outcomes research.3–7 These more nuanced aspects of healthcare delivery may be most appropriately examined with qualitative research methods.8–10
Qualitative approaches are becoming more common in clinical medicine and health services research.5,11–15 Federal encouragement of qualitative research is regularly reflected in funding program announcements issued by the National Institutes of Health.16 For more than a decade, federal agencies and foundations such as the National Science Foundation have demonstrated a commitment to supporting qualitative research through funding scientific conferences, workshops, and monographs on this field of inquiry.17–20 Despite this steady growth in qualitative research, outcomes investigators in cardiology have relatively little guidance on when and how best to implement these methods in their investigations.
The purpose of the present report is to introduce qualitative methods as providing unique and critical contributions to outcomes research. This report will describe the situations in which qualitative approaches are most helpful; summarize the primary principles and practices in study design, sampling, data collection, and data analysis for qualitative studies; present representative examples of cardiovascular outcomes research that uses qualitative methods; and synthesize current standards for …
991 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: Introduction: Qualitative Data Analysis in Context Theory, Grounded Theory and Analysis Engaging with Literature Research Design Using Documents in Research Generating Data through Questions and Observation Transcribimg and Representing Data.
Abstract: Introduction: Qualitative Data Analysis in Context Theory, Grounded Theory and Analysis Engaging with Literature Research Design Using Documents in Research Generating Data through Questions and Observation Transcribimg and Representing Data Identifying Themes, Codes and Hypotheses Images and Texts Video and Audio Data Using Technology Writing and Presenting Analysis Concluding Remarks
902 citations
TL;DR: These guidelines are based on a framework for theorizing in grounded theory studies that focuses on conceptualization and theory scope and it is hoped that the guidelines will help to raise the quality and aspirations of grounded theory Studies in information systems.
Abstract: Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the use of grounded theory in information systems research. Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that seeks to develop theory that is grounded in data systematically gathered and analysed. The purpose of this paper is to suggest guidelines for grounded theory studies in information systems. Our guidelines are based on a framework for theorizing in grounded theory studies that focuses on conceptualization and theory scope. Our hope is that the guidelines will help to raise the quality and aspirations of grounded theory studies in information systems.
TL;DR: This paper aims to serve as a four-part introductory primer on the "go-along" qualitative interview methodology for studying the health issues of neighborhood or local-area contexts by considering the method's strengths and limitations for population health research on neighborhoods and local areas.
TL;DR: This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding qualitative research to establish content validity based on the scientific methodological literature and authors’ experience and suggests best practices for establishing content validity.
Abstract: Establishing content validity for both new and existing patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures is central to a scientifically sound instrument development process. Methodological and logistical issues present a challenge in regard to determining the best practices for establishing content validity. This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding qualitative research to establish content validity based on the scientific methodological literature and authors’ experience. Conceptual issues and frameworks for qualitative interview research, developing the interview discussion guide, reaching saturation, analysis of data, developing a theoretical model, item generation and cognitive debriefing are presented. Suggestions are offered for dealing with logistical issues regarding facilitator qualifications, ethics approval, sample recruitment, group logistics, taping and transcribing interviews, honoraria and documenting content validity. It is hoped this paper will stimulate further discussion regarding best practices for establishing content validity so that, as the PRO field moves forward, qualitative research can be evaluated for quality and acceptability according to scientifically established principles.
TL;DR: A review of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research methods in engineering education research can be found in this paper, where the authors argue that no particular method is privileged over any other, rather, the choice must be driven by the research questions.
Abstract: The purpose of this research review is to open dialog about quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research methods in engineering education research. Our position is that no particular method is privileged over any other. Rather, the choice must be driven by the research questions. For each approach we offer a definition, aims, appropriate research questions, evaluation criteria, and examples from the Journal of Engineering Education. Then, we present empirical results from a prestigious international conference on engineering education research. Participants expressed disappointment in the low representation of qualitative studies; nonetheless, there appeared to be a strong preference for quantitative methods, particularly classroom-based experiments. Given the wide variety of issues still to be explored within engineering education, we expect that quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches will be essential in the future. We encourage readers to further investigate alternate research methods by accessing some of our sources and collaborating across education/social science and engineering disciplinary boundaries.
Book•
15 Jun 2009
TL;DR: This brief, inexpensive guide introduces students and novices to the key elements of qualitative research methods and works ideally with other qualitative textbooks to provide a comprehensive overview to qualitative methods for students.
Abstract: This brief, inexpensive guide introduces students and novices to the key elements of qualitative research methods. Written in a friendly, conversational style, replete with good examples from multiple disciplines, student exercises, and key points to remember, the volume works ideally with other qualitative textbooks to provide a comprehensive overview to qualitative methods for students. Chapters cover the essentials of theory building, research design, methods, data collection and analysis, writing, ethics, rigor and proposal writing.
TL;DR: It is argued that by carefully considering the audience for one’s research and by reenvisioning the informed consent process, qualitative researchers can avoid confidentiality dilemmas that might otherwise lead them not to report rich, detailed data.
Abstract: For qualitative researchers, maintaining respondent confidentiality while presenting rich, detailed accounts of social life presents unique challenges. These challenges are not adequately addressed in the literature on research ethics and research methods. Using an example from a study of breast cancer survivors, I argue that by carefully considering the audience for one's research and by reenvisioning the informed consent process, qualitative researchers can avoid confidentiality dilemmas that might otherwise lead them not to report rich, detailed data.
TL;DR: This article offers a conceptual frame for addressing questions of power distribution in qualitative research through a developmental analysis of power relations across the different stages of the research process.
Abstract: This article focuses on the tensions between the commitment to power redistribution of the qualitative paradigm and the ethical and methodological complexity inherent in clinical research. Qualitative inquiry, in general, though there are significant variations between its different paradigms and traditions, proposes to reduce power differences and encourages disclosure and authenticity between researchers and participants. It clearly departs from the traditional conception of quantitative research, whereby the researcher is the ultimate source of authority and promotes the participants' equal participation in the research process. But it is precisely this admirable desire to democratize the research process, and the tendency to question traditional role boundaries, that raises multiple ethical dilemmas and serious methodological challenges. In this article, we offer a conceptual frame for addressing questions of power distribution in qualitative research through a developmental analysis of power relations across the different stages of the research process. We discuss ethical and methodological issues.
Book•
01 Dec 2009
TL;DR: Harrell and Bradley as mentioned in this paper developed a short course of introductory qualitative research methods to help organizations in the police community improve their data collection techniques, which should be of interest to researchers interested in qualitative research.
Abstract: : The authors developed a short course of introductory qualitative research methods to help the lessons learned organizations in the police community improve their data collection techniques. This document provides an annotated version of the course material. It should be of interest to research professionals interested in qualitative research methods. This research was conducted within the Intelligence Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. The authors of this work are Margaret Harrell and Melissa Bradley.
01 Jun 2009
TL;DR: The authors sketch how consumers make use of virtual communities as social and information networks, and how this affects their decision-making processes, and present three studies that address determinants and effects of virtual community influence on the consumer decision process.
Abstract: Increasingly, consumers interact through the Internet to share their knowledge, experiences, and opinions. Consequently, 'word-of-mouse' has become a significant market force that influences consumer decision-making. On the basis of extensive quantitative and qualitative research, the authors sketch how consumers make use of virtual communities as social and information networks, and how this affects their decision-making processes. We present three studies that address (i) determinants and effects of virtual community influence on the consumer decision process; (ii) virtual community participation patterns; and (iii) discussion practices of the most active community members. Key implications for managers, marketers, and market researchers are discussed.
TL;DR: The reflective and interrogative processes required for developing effective qualitative research questions can give shape and direction to a study in ways that are often underestimated as discussed by the authors, and how the processes of generating and refining questions are critical to the shaping of a qualitative study.
Abstract: The reflective and interrogative processes required for developing effective qualitative research questions can give shape and direction to a study in ways that are often underestimated. Good research questions do not necessarily produce good research, but poorly conceived or constructed questions will likely create problems that affect all subsequent stages of a study. In qualitative studies, the ongoing process of questioning is an integral part of understanding the unfolding lives and perspectives of others. This article addresses both the development of initial research questions and how the processes of generating and refining questions are critical to the shaping of a qualitative study.
TL;DR: The analysis of cross-language qualitative research indicated that researchers attempting cross- language studies need to address the methodological issues surrounding language barriers between researchers and participants more systematically.
TL;DR: In this paper, two ideal types of researcher, one a criteriologist and the other a relativist, are constructed to illustrate how each might judge qualitative studies of different kinds.
Book•
26 Mar 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the purpose of a study is to identify the intention of the study and the overall plan for a study, as well as how information is gathered in a study.
Abstract: PART I -- An Introduction to Research Chapter 1 -- The Process of Research: Learning How Research Is Done The Quantitative Parent Involvement Study The Qualitative Parent Role Study Chapter 2 -- Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Research PART II -- UNDERSTANDING THE INTRODUCTIONS TO RESEARCH REPORTS Chapter 3 -- The Research Problem: Identifying Why a Study Is Important The Qualitative New Teacher Study Chapter 4 -- The Literature Review: Examining the Background for a Study Chapter 5 -- The Purpose: Identifying the Intent of a Study The Quantitative Goal Orientation Study PART III -- UNDERSTANDING THE METHODS AND RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS Chapter 6 -- Quantitative Research Designs: Recognizing the Overall Plan for a Study Chapter 7 -- Quantitative Data Collection: Identifying How Information Is Gathered The Quantitative Youth Literacy Study Chapter 8 -- Quantitative Data Analysis and Results: Examining What Was Found in a Study PART IV -- UNDERSTANDING THE METHODS AND RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS Chapter 9 -- Qualitative Research Designs: Recognizing the Overall Plan for a Study Chapter 10 -- Qualitative Data Collection: Identifying How Information Is Gathered The Qualitative Classroom Management Study Chapter 11 -- Qualitative Data Analysis and Results: Examining What Was Found in a Study PART V -- UNDERSTANDING REPORTS THAT COMBINE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Chapter 12 -- Mixed Methods Research The Mixed Methods Learning Environment Study Chapter 13 -- Action Research Designs: Research for Solving Practical Problems The Action Research Internet Skills Study PART VI -- UNDERSTANDING THE CONCLUSIONS TO RESEARCH REPORTS Chapter 14 -- Interpreting Research
TL;DR: This article illustrates how the concept of reflexivity has matured in conjunction with developments in qualitative research, and makes the case for inclusion of a reflexive account to increase the rigour of the research process.
Abstract: This article illustrates how the concept of reflexivity has matured in conjunction with developments in qualitative research, and makes the case for inclusion of a reflexive account to increase the rigour of the research process. A qualitative study (Jootun and McGhee 2006) is used to show how the reflexive process improved data reliability. Reflexivity is an invaluable tool to promote understanding of the phenomenon under study and the researcher's role. The relationship between, and influence of, the researcher and participants should be made explicit.
TL;DR: The authors used interview and survey data to identify gender-responsive offending pathways and found that women were more likely to report gender responsiveness to gender-related offending pathways compared to men in the interviews and surveys.
Abstract: Although qualitative research in the area of gender-responsive offending pathways has grown extensively, little quantitative work has been conducted. This study utilizes interview and survey data t...
TL;DR: The controversies surrounding the evidence-based research movement are reviewed from a critical pedagogy framework in this article, where moral and ethical criteria for judging qualitative research are reviewed and discussed.
Abstract: The controversies surrounding the evidence-based research movement are reviewed from a critical pedagogy framework. Standards for assessing quality are forms of interpretive practice that enact a politics of evidence and truth. Moral and ethical criteria for judging qualitative research are reviewed.
TL;DR: A grounded theory analysis of one-on-one interviews with thirty public health researchers working on a qualitative project provided both theoretical and empirical evidence that qualitative researchers undertake emotion work throughout their research projects as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: There is a growing awareness that undertaking qualitative research is an embodied experience and that researchers may be emotionally affected by the work that they do. Despite the interest in the emotional nature of qualitative research, there is very little empirical evidence about the researchers' experiences of undertaking qualitative research. A grounded theory analysis of one-on-one interviews with thirty public health researchers working on a qualitative project provided both theoretical and empirical evidence that qualitative researchers undertake emotion work throughout their research projects. The findings provide examples of researchers doing emotion work in their research projects; highlight some of the consequences of emotion work and offer some suggestions for researcher self-care.
TL;DR: Some of the major ideas that psychotherapy researchers using such interviews must consider both before and during the interview process are discussed and thoughts regarding approaches to strengthen qualitative interviews themselves are offered.
Abstract: After presenting a brief overview of the complexity of the qualitative interviewing process used by psychotherapy researchers, the authors discuss some of the major ideas that psychotherapy researchers using such interviews must consider both before and during the interview process. They then offer thoughts regarding approaches to strengthen qualitative interviews themselves.