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Showing papers on "Qualitative research published in 2018"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Enhancing understanding of the Indonesian context would benefit from future qualitative research on HIV care in urban settings, describing the experiences of the most at-risk populations, and examining the role of clinics and providers in delivering HIV Care in an increasingly decentralised health system.
Abstract: Background The Indonesian response to HIV has been informed largely by quantitative evidence. This review examines what is known about the Indonesian HIV care cascade from published qualitative research. Methods: A ‘scoping review’ method was used to synthesise and interpret the findings of 17 eligible peer-reviewed publications. Results: Qualitative findings are reported in relation to two themes. Factors influencing successful engagement include a lack of HIV-related knowledge among clients, fear of stigma or lack of privacy/confidentiality at services, limited accessibility and affordability, and poor linkages between services. Factors affecting the broader response include a failure to adapt programs to specific socio-cultural settings, political issues in the distribution of donor funding, distrust and poor communication between service users and providers, the need for cultural privacy in particular community settings, and systemic experiences of gendered stigmatisation. Conclusions: Enhancing understanding of the Indonesian context would benefit from future qualitative research on HIV care in urban settings, describing the experiences of the most at-risk populations, and examining the role of clinics and providers in delivering HIV care in an increasingly decentralised health system.

1,841 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This series of four articles intends to provide novice researchers with practical guidance for conducting high-quality qualitative research in primary care and provides researchers, readers, reviewers and editors with references to criteria and tools for judging the quality of qualitative research papers.
Abstract: In the course of our supervisory work over the years we have noticed that qualitative research tends to evoke a lot of questions and worries, so-called frequently asked questions (FAQs). This series of four articles intends to provide novice researchers with practical guidance for conducting high-quality qualitative research in primary care. By 'novice' we mean Master's students and junior researchers, as well as experienced quantitative researchers who are engaging in qualitative research for the first time. This series addresses their questions and provides researchers, readers, reviewers and editors with references to criteria and tools for judging the quality of qualitative research papers. The first article provides an introduction to this series. The second article focused on context, research questions and designs. The third article focused on sampling, data collection and analysis. This fourth article addresses FAQs about trustworthiness and publishing. Quality criteria for all qualitative research are credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Reflexivity is an integral part of ensuring the transparency and quality of qualitative research. Writing a qualitative research article reflects the iterative nature of the qualitative research process: data analysis continues while writing. A qualitative research article is mostly narrative and tends to be longer than a quantitative paper, and sometimes requires a different structure. Editors essentially use the criteria: is it new, is it true, is it relevant? An effective cover letter enhances confidence in the newness, trueness and relevance, and explains why your study required a qualitative design. It provides information about the way you applied quality criteria or a checklist, and you can attach the checklist to the manuscript.

1,361 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This publication marks a historical moment-the first inclusion of qualitative research in APA Style, which is the basis of both the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010) andAPA Style CENTRAL, an online program to support APA style.
Abstract: The American Psychological Association Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards for Qualitative Research (JARS-Qual Working Group) was charged with examining the state of journal article reporting standards as they applied to qualitative research and with generating recommendations for standards that would be appropriate for a wide range of methods within the discipline of psychology. These standards describe what should be included in a research report to enable and facilitate the review process. This publication marks a historical moment-the first inclusion of qualitative research in APA Style, which is the basis of both the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010) and APA Style CENTRAL, an online program to support APA Style. In addition to the general JARS-Qual guidelines, the Working Group has developed standards for both qualitative meta-analysis and mixed methods research. The reporting standards were developed for psychological qualitative research but may hold utility for a broad range of social sciences. They honor a range of qualitative traditions, methods, and reporting styles. The Working Group was composed of a group of researchers with backgrounds in varying methods, research topics, and approaches to inquiry. In this article, they present these standards and their rationale, and they detail the ways that the standards differ from the quantitative research reporting standards. They describe how the standards can be used by authors in the process of writing qualitative research for submission as well as by reviewers and editors in the process of reviewing research. (PsycINFO Database Record

982 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This methodology review will outline how to perform rigorous thematic analyses on qualitative data to draw interpretations from the data and make them explicitly known in the data process.

727 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Generalization in relation to qualitative research has rarely been discussed in-depth in sport and exercise psychology, the sociology of sport, sport coaching, or sport management journals as mentioned in this paper, and often t...
Abstract: Generalisation in relation to qualitative research has rarely been discussed in-depth in sport and exercise psychology, the sociology of sport, sport coaching, or sport management journals. Often t...

638 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article provided a synthesized summary of a Showcase Symposium held at the 2016 Academy of Management Annual Meeting in which prominent scholars such as Denny Gioia, Domenico et al. participated.
Abstract: This article, together with a companion video, provides a synthesized summary of a Showcase Symposium held at the 2016 Academy of Management Annual Meeting in which prominent scholars—Denny Gioia, ...

521 citations


Book
03 Sep 2018
TL;DR: This paper presents a history of visual data in social research and some of the approaches to studying the visual visual methods and field research used in this work.
Abstract: Introduction The Place of Visual Data in Social Research A Brief History Approaches to Studying the Visual Visual Methods and Field Research Presenting Visual Research Conclusion Images and Social Research

513 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work provides a description of field note content for contextualization of an entire study as well as individual interviews and focus groups and two “sketch note” guides, one for study context and one for individual interviews or focus groups for use in the field.
Abstract: Field notes are widely recommended in qualitative research as a means of documenting needed contextual information. With growing use of data sharing, secondary analysis, and metasynthesis, field notes ensure rich context persists beyond the original research team. However, while widely regarded as essential, there is not a guide to field note collection within the literature to guide researchers. Using the qualitative literature and previous research experience, we provide a concise guide to collection, incorporation, and dissemination of field notes. We provide a description of field note content for contextualization of an entire study as well as individual interviews and focus groups. In addition, we provide two "sketch note" guides, one for study context and one for individual interviews or focus groups for use in the field. Our guides are congruent with many qualitative and mixed methodologies and ensure contextual information is collected, stored, and disseminated as an essential component of ethical, rigorous qualitative research.

471 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed 16-step method of data analysis in this paper is a detailed description of analytical steps to be taken in directed qualitative content analysis that covers the current gap of knowledge in international literature regarding the practical process of qualitative data analysis.
Abstract: Qualitative content analysis consists of conventional, directed and summative approaches for data analysis. They are used for provision of descriptive knowledge and understandings of the phenomenon under study. However, the method underpinning directed qualitative content analysis is insufficiently delineated in international literature. This paper aims to describe and integrate the process of data analysis in directed qualitative content analysis. Various international databases were used to retrieve articles related to directed qualitative content analysis. A review of literature led to the integration and elaboration of a stepwise method of data analysis for directed qualitative content analysis. The proposed 16-step method of data analysis in this paper is a detailed description of analytical steps to be taken in directed qualitative content analysis that covers the current gap of knowledge in international literature regarding the practical process of qualitative data analysis. An example of "the resuscitation team members' motivation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation" based on Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is also presented. The directed qualitative content analysis method proposed in this paper is a reliable, transparent, and comprehensive method for qualitative researchers. It can increase the rigour of qualitative data analysis, make the comparison of the findings of different studies possible and yield practical results.

410 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A literature review paper as mentioned in this paper discusses the proper use of qualitative research methodology to discuss several aspects of the research for the improvement of the skill of the readers, and analyzes the design of the qualitative research giving some methodological suggestions to make it explicable.
Abstract: This literature review paper discusses the proper use of qualitative research methodology to discuss several aspects of the research for the improvement of the skill of the readers. During the last few decades, the use of qualitative research has been increased in many institutions. It can be used to explore several areas of human behavior for the development of organizations. The purpose of this study is to provide inspirations to the new researchers for the development of their qualitative articles. The paper analyzes the design of qualitative research giving some methodological suggestions to make it explicable to the reader. In this paper an attempt has been taken to study the background of the qualitative research methodology in social sciences and some other related subjects , along with the importance, and main features of the study.

399 citations


Book
15 Nov 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take the reader on a step-by-step journey through the different stages of analysis of qualitative data from interviews or focus groups, focusing on the part of the research project that students and first-time qualitative researchers find the most difficult.
Abstract: Tackling the part of the research project that students and first time qualitative researchers find the most difficult - being faced with data from interviews or focus groups which they are unsure how to analyze - this book takes the reader on a step-by-step journey through the different stages of analysis.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a literature review paper discusses the proper use of qualitative research methodology to discuss several aspects of the research for the improvement of the skill of the readers, which can be used to explore several areas of human behavior for the development of organizations.
Abstract: This literature review paper discusses the proper use of qualitative research methodology to discuss several aspects of the research for the improvement of the skill of the readers. During the last few decades, the use of qualitative research has been increased in many institutions. It can be used to explore several areas of human behavior for the development of organizations. The purpose of this study is to provide inspirations to the new researchers for the development of their qualitative articles. The paper analyzes the design of qualitative research giving some methodological suggestions to make it explicable to the reader. In this paper an attempt has been taken to study the background of the qualitative research methodology in social sciences and some other related subjects, along with the importance, and main features of the study.

Book
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches to qualitative analysis can be found, and examples of how different psychologists have used qualitative analysis in research are discussed. But the focus is on qualitative analysis as an integral part of a full theoretical critique of positivistic methodologies in psychology.
Abstract: In recent years, qualitative analysis has become accpeted as part of modern psychology. Concern about the limitations of conventional laboratory-based research combine with a growing interest in real world issues to produce an awareness of the rich potential of qualititative analysis.; Virtualy all psychology students underatake practical work as part of their courses. More and more of them are seeking to conduct research which includes qualitative analysis. Too often, though, students lack awareness of the range and diversity of qualitative approaches. Qualitative analysis can take many different forms, and can use any different sources of data. At one end of the spectrum, this diversity provides the eclectic psychologists with a rich anaytical "tool-box". For those at the other end qualitative analysis is an integral part of a full theoretical critique of positivistic methodologies in psychology. This text provides examples of how different psychologists have used qualitative analysis in research. Eachchapter is based around a real piece of research, and the researcher discusses exactly how they went about conducting the analysis. The text covers a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches to qualitative analysis, and should be of interest to research psychologists as well as to students.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This chapter deals with logic models supporting two key evaluator challenges: measuring expected and achieved project outcomes and attributing these outcomes to specific project activities, based on the application of theory-based approaches.
Abstract: The qualitative evaluation methods presented in this chapter play a complementary role to the quantitative methods referred to in the previous chapter of this book. The author shows wider aspects regarding qualitative research, in addition to detailed remarks concerning fieldwork observation. In the latter part the chapter deals with logic models supporting two key evaluator challenges: measuring expected and achieved project outcomes and attributing these outcomes to specific project activities, based on the application of theory-based approaches. It is essential in the case of development, public and European projects, nevertheless, that the author should encourage these models to be introduced within the wider scope of different projects, including business-related situations. The end of the chapter focuses on the applications of new qualitative intelligent systems. Such systems should not only support the analysis of available qualitative data, but should also be characterized by machine intelligence, as a result of discovering knowledge from data that can be observed subjectively, suggesting specific decision rules, adapting to a particular project situation and the specific needs of researchers and evaluators.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explain the rationale for choosing the qualitative approach to research human resources practices, namely, recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, rewards management, employee communication and participation, diversity management and work and life balance using deductive and inductive approaches to analyse data.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explain the rationale for choosing the qualitative approach to research human resources practices, namely, recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, rewards management, employee communication and participation, diversity management and work and life balance using deductive and inductive approaches to analyse data. The paper adopts an emic perspective that favours the study of transfer of human resource management practices from the point of view of employees and host country managers in subsidiaries of western multinational enterprises in Ghana.,Despite the numerous examples of qualitative methods of data generation, little is known particularly to the novice researcher about how to analyse qualitative data. This paper develops a model to explain in a systematic manner how to methodically analyse qualitative data using both deductive and inductive approaches.,The deductive and inductive approaches provide a comprehensive approach in analysing qualitative data. The process involves immersing oneself in the data reading and digesting in order to make sense of the whole set of data and to understand what is going on.,This paper fills a serious gap in qualitative data analysis which is deemed complex and challenging with limited attention in the methodological literature particularly in a developing country context, Ghana.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research finds that coding using traditional tools such as colored pens, paper, and sticky notes supporting data analysis combined with digital software packages such as NVivo supporting data management offer a valid and tested analysis method for grounded theory generation.
Abstract: Deep and insightful interactions with the data are a prerequisite for qualitative data interpretation, in particular, in the generation of grounded theory. The researcher must also employ imaginati...

Book
25 Feb 2018
TL;DR: This book not only explains the theory of qualitative health research so you can interpret the studies of others, but also showcases how to approach, start, maintain, and disseminate your own research.
Abstract: Packed with practical advice and research quick tips, this book is the perfect companion to your health research project. It not only explains the theory of qualitative health research so you can interpret the studies of others, but also showcases how to approach, start, maintain, and disseminate your own research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An integrated mixed-methodology framework to identify different perspectives and experiences of emergency department staff during the implementation of a time target government policy satisfied the four-dimension criteria and generated potential qualitative research applications to emergency medicine research.
Abstract: The main objective of this methodological manuscript was to illustrate the role of using qualitative research in emergency settings. We outline rigorous criteria applied to a qualitative study assessing perceptions and experiences of staff working in Australian emergency departments. We used an integrated mixed-methodology framework to identify different perspectives and experiences of emergency department staff during the implementation of a time target government policy. The qualitative study comprised interviews from 119 participants across 16 hospitals. The interviews were conducted in 2015–2016 and the data were managed using NVivo version 11. We conducted the analysis in three stages, namely: conceptual framework, comparison and contrast and hypothesis development. We concluded with the implementation of the four-dimension criteria (credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability) to assess the robustness of the study, We adapted four-dimension criteria to assess the rigour of a large-scale qualitative research in the emergency department context. The criteria comprised strategies such as building the research team; preparing data collection guidelines; defining and obtaining adequate participation; reaching data saturation and ensuring high levels of consistency and inter-coder agreement. Based on the findings, the proposed framework satisfied the four-dimension criteria and generated potential qualitative research applications to emergency medicine research. We have added a methodological contribution to the ongoing debate about rigour in qualitative research which we hope will guide future studies in this topic in emergency care research. It also provided recommendations for conducting future mixed-methods studies. Future papers on this series will use the results from qualitative data and the empirical findings from longitudinal data linkage to further identify factors associated with ED performance; they will be reported separately.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of theory in science is an ongoing debate in the production of knowledge as discussed by the authors, and a variety of approaches have been set forth in the literature using the theory of knowledge.
Abstract: The use of theory in science is an ongoing debate in the production of knowledge. Related to qualitative research methods, a variety of approaches have been set forth in the literature using the te...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This material is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form.
Abstract: Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) This material is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. Bansal, Pratima; Smith, Wendy; Vaara, Eero

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A systematic review of qualitative research shows that collaboration between nurses and healthcare professionals from different healthcare organizations is still poorly explored, and sets a direction to follow for implementing changes that meet the challenge of a changing healthcare system and the transition towards non-institutional care.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This commentary contributes to the literature on qualitative research by making suggestions for more consistent and unanimous procedures to adopt in qualitative inquiries, and seeks to show that in qualitative domains, generalizability is possible provided that it is the main objective of the study.
Abstract: Generalizability in qualitative research has been a controversial topic given that interpretivist scholars have resisted the dominant role and mandate of the positivist tradition within social sciences Aiming to find universal laws, the positivist paradigm has made generalizability a crucial criterion for evaluating the rigor of quantitative research This positivist echo has led generalizability to acquire a quantitative meaning, inappropriate for describing qualitative studies The purpose of qualitative research has thus been directed towards providing in-depth explanations and meanings rather than generalizing findings Through a critical review of empirical and theoretical studies, this commentary seeks to show that in qualitative domains generalizability is possible provided that: first, generalizability is the main objective of the study; second, due precautions concerning the philosophy and terminology selected are taken Hence, this commentary contributes to the literature on qualitative research by making suggestions for more consistent and unanimous procedures to adopt in qualitative inquiries

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of more than 1,000 articles by combining author co-citation and qualitative content analyses is presented, and the authors suggest that a narrow range of theories and qualitative methods dominate in existing research.
Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this paper is to organize and connect past research from different servitization-related scholarly communities. Design/methodology/approach This study reviews more than 1,000 articles by combining author co-citation and qualitative content analyses. Findings The structure and boundaries of the field are mapped, and the characteristics of the three identified servitization-related communities are assessed qualitatively. These three communities are product-service systems, solution business, and service science. The findings demonstrate that a narrow range of theories and qualitative methods dominate in existing research. Originality/value Through the lens of the sociology of science, this review critically evaluates servitization-related research and offers a list of themes that are considered important to the future development of the field. Regarding future research, the main recommendations are as follows: increasing the use of well-established theories from adjacent mature fields, borrowing ideas from different research communities to stimulate knowledge accumulation within and across communities, and reducing the level of description while increasing the number of confirmatory, quantitative, and longitudinal research designs. Finally, the development of formal structures for socialization (e.g. conferences and special issues) could allow the field to achieve a greater degree of scientific maturity and would influence the direction and pace of the development of servitization-related research.

Journal ArticleDOI
Fang Lee Cooke1
TL;DR: The authors argue that context is important in making sense of what is happening at workplaces in order to provide relevant solutions and outline three layers of context and draws on an empirical story to illustrate how the utilisation and conceptualisation of context may be underpinned by the researcher's intellectual and social upbringing and theoretical orientation.
Abstract: Why is context important in human resource management (HRM) research? What and how contextual factors may be studied when investigating an organisational phenomenon? Against a positivist trend of decontextualisation in HRM research, this paper addresses these questions by situating them in an international context. It argues that context is important in making sense of what is happening at workplaces in order to provide relevant solutions. It also outlines three layers of context and draws on an empirical story to illustrate how the utilisation and conceptualisation of context may be underpinned by the researcher's intellectual and social upbringing and theoretical orientation. The paper calls for more qualitative studies to redress the imbalance in HRM research. It also calls for a more open-minded, inductive, and inclusive approach to indigenous research that may present very different contexts, ways of contextualising, and knowledge paradigms from the dominant discourses prevailing in HRM research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Advice on qualitative methods to address the RE-AIM model and its various dimensions is provided to help understand complex situations and results, why and how outcomes were obtained, and contextual factors not easily assessed using quantitative measures.
Abstract: There have been over 430 publications using the RE-AIM model for planning and evaluation of health programs and policies, as well as numerous applications of the model in grant proposals and national programs. Full use of the model includes use of qualitative methods to understand why and how results were obtained on different RE-AIM dimensions, however, recent reviews have revealed that qualitative methods have been used infrequently. Having quantitative and qualitative methods and results iteratively inform each other should enhance understanding and lessons learned. Because there have been few published examples of qualitative approaches and methods using RE-AIM for planning or assessment and no guidance on how qualitative approaches can inform these processes, we provide guidance on qualitative methods to address the RE-AIM model and its various dimensions. The intended audience is researchers interested in applying RE-AIM or similar implementation models, but the methods discussed should also be relevant to those in community or clinical settings. We present directions for, examples of, and guidance on how qualitative methods can be used to address each of the five RE-AIM dimensions. Formative qualitative methods can be helpful in planning interventions and designing for dissemination. Summative qualitative methods are useful when used in an iterative, mixed methods approach for understanding how and why different patterns of results occur. In summary, qualitative and mixed methods approaches to RE-AIM help understand complex situations and results, why and how outcomes were obtained, and contextual factors not easily assessed using quantitative measures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A description of the structure, content, and objectives of existing appraisal tools for those wanting to evaluate primary qualitative research for a qualitative evidence synthesis is provided.
Abstract: As the movement toward evidence-based health policy continues to emphasize the importance of including patient and public perspectives, syntheses of qualitative health research are becoming more common. In response to the focus on independent assessments of rigor in these knowledge products, over 100 appraisal tools for assessing the quality of qualitative research have been developed. The variety of appraisal tools exhibit diverse methods and purposes, reflecting the lack of consensus as to what constitutes appropriate quality criteria for qualitative research. It is a daunting task for those without deep familiarity of the field to choose the best appraisal tool for their purpose. This article provides a description of the structure, content, and objectives of existing appraisal tools for those wanting to evaluate primary qualitative research for a qualitative evidence synthesis. We then discuss common features of appraisal tools and examine their implications for evidence synthesis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article conducted a structured review of interviews in the context of conservation decision-making and found that researchers are failing to provide a rationale as to why interviews are the most suitable method; not piloting the interviews (thus questions may be poorly designed), not outlining ethical considerations; not providing clear guides to analysis, nor critically reviewing their use of interviews.
Abstract: 1: Interviews are a widely used methodology in conservation research. They are flexible, allowing in- depth analysis from a relatively small sample size, and place the focus of research on the views of participants. While interviews are a popular method, several critiques have been raised in response to their use, including the lack of transparency in sampling strategy, choice of questions, and mode of analysis. 2: In this paper, we analyse the use of interviews in research aimed at making decisions for conservation. Through a structured review of 228 papers, we explore where, why, and how interviews were used in the context of conservation decision-making. 3: The review suggests that interviews are a widely used method for a broad range of purposes. These include gaining ecological and/or socio-economic information on specific conservation issues, understanding knowledge, values, beliefs or decision-making processes of stakeholders, and strengthening research design and output. The review, however, identifies a number of concerns. Researchers are not reporting fully on their interview methodology. Specifically, results indicate that researchers are: failing to provide a rationale as to why interviews are the most suitable method; not piloting the interviews (thus questions may be poorly designed), not outlining ethical considerations; not providing clear guides to analysis, nor critically reviewing their use of interviews. 4: Based on the results of the review, we provide a detailed checklist aimed at conservation researchers who wish to use interviews in their research (whether experienced in using the methodology or not), and journal editors and reviewers to ensure the robustness of interview methodology use.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reviewing empirical studies of MOOCs published from October 2014 to November 2016 shows that learner retention and motivation were the most mentioned, followed by learner experience and satisfaction, assessment, and instructional design.
Abstract: This study explores the research paradigms and topics of MOOCs to gain a deeper understanding of the MOOC phenomenon by reviewing 146 empirical studies of MOOCs published from October 2014 to November 2016. The results show that: (a) most studies used quantitative research methods followed by mixed research methods and qualitative research methods, (b) the most frequently adopted data collection method was survey, followed by platform database, interviews, and discussion forum, (c) more than half of the collected studies used at least two data collection methods such as survey and interview, (d) the majority of researchers used descriptive statistics to analyze data, followed by inferential statistics and content analysis, and (e) the research focus was mainly on students, followed by design-focused, context and impact-focused, and instructor-focused. Among the foci of that research, learner retention and motivation were the most mentioned, followed by learner experience and satisfaction, assessment, and instructional design.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article will describe a novel process of combining two methods of qualitative data analysis, or Intramethod triangulation, as a means to provide a deeper analysis of text.
Abstract: The overarching aim of qualitative research is to gain an understanding of certain social phenomena Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of empirical materials, all to describe moments and meanings in individuals' lives Data derived from these various materials require a form of analysis of the content, focusing on written or spoken language as communication, to provide context and understanding of the message Qualitative research often involves the collection of data through extensive interviews, note taking, and tape recording These methods are time- and labor-intensive With the advances in computerized text analysis software, the practice of combining methods to analyze qualitative data can assist the researcher in making large data sets more manageable and enhance the trustworthiness of the results This article will describe a novel process of combining two methods of qualitative data analysis, or Intramethod triangulation, as a means to provide a deeper analysis of text